Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated s...Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated significant potential in further enhancing S2S forecasts beyond the capabilities of NWP models.However,most current DLbased S2S forecasting models largely overlook the role of global predictors from multiple spheres,such as ocean,land,and atmosphere domains,that are crucial for effective S2S forecasting.In this study,we introduce EAAC-S2S,a tailored DL model for S2S forecasting of East Asian atmospheric circulation.EAAC-S2S employs the cross-attention mechanism to couple atmospheric circulations over East Asia with representative multi-sphere(i.e.,atmosphere,land,and ocean)variables,providing pentad-averaged circulation forecasts up to 12 pentads ahead throughout all seasons.Experimental results demonstrate,on the S2S time scale,that EAAC-S2S consistently outperforms the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Ensemble Prediction System by decreasing the root-mean-square error(RMSE)by3.8%and increasing the anomaly correlation coefficient(ACC)by 8.6%,averaged across all 17 predictands.Our system also shows good skill for examples of heatwaves and the South China Sea Subtropical High Intensity Index(SCSSHII).Moreover,quantitative interpretability analysis including multi-sphere attribution and attention visualization are conducted for the first time in a DL S2S model,where the traced predictability aligns well with prior meteorological knowledge.We hope that our results have the potential to advance research in data-driven S2S forecasting.展开更多
This paper is aimed at detecting the neutron spectrum of^(241)Am–Be, a widely used neutron source, with the SP9 ~3He proportional counter, which is a multi-sphere spectrometer system of eight thermal neutron detector...This paper is aimed at detecting the neutron spectrum of^(241)Am–Be, a widely used neutron source, with the SP9 ~3He proportional counter, which is a multi-sphere spectrometer system of eight thermal neutron detectors embedded in eight polyethylene(PE) spheres of varying diameters. The transport processes of a neutron in the multi-sphere spectrometer are simulated using the Geant4 code. Two sets of response functions of the PE spheres are obtained for calculating the^(241)Am–Be neutron spectrum.Response Function 1 utilizes the thermal neutron scattering model G4 Neutron HPThermal Scattering for neutron energies of ≤4 eV, and Response Function 2 has no thermal treatment. Neutron spectra of an^(241)Am–Be neutron source are measured and compared to those calculated by using the response functions. The results show that response function with thermal treatment is more accurate and closer to the real spectrum.展开更多
In order to realize the on-line real-time measurement of neutron spectrum of ITER fusion,this paper presents a multi-sphere spectrometer system which consists of eight thermal neutron detectors,namely SP9 3He proporti...In order to realize the on-line real-time measurement of neutron spectrum of ITER fusion,this paper presents a multi-sphere spectrometer system which consists of eight thermal neutron detectors,namely SP9 3He proportional counter,embedded in eight different diameter polyethylene spheres.The response function of eight polyethylene spheres of multi-sphere neutron spectrometer was calculated after the simulation of the neutron transport processes in multi-sphere spectrometer by adopting software Geant4.The peak of the response function is in the low energy region for smaller diameter polyethylene sphere.As the polyethylene sphere diameter increased,the peak of the response function moves to the high energy region.The experimental calibration adopts 241Am-Be neutron source.The relative error between normalized data of experiment 4πsolid angle counts and normalized data of simulated detection efficiency of 4in to 8in polyethylene sphere is from 1.152%to 12.222%.The experimental results verify the response function of the simulation.All these results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for solving the on-line real-time neutron spectrum of ITER fusion.展开更多
Compound extremes,whose socioeconomic and ecological impacts are severer than that caused by each event occurring in isolation,have evolved into a hot topic in Earth Science in the past decade.In the context of climat...Compound extremes,whose socioeconomic and ecological impacts are severer than that caused by each event occurring in isolation,have evolved into a hot topic in Earth Science in the past decade.In the context of climate change,many compound extremes have exhibited increasing frequency and intensity,and shown novel fashions of combinations,posing more pressing demands and tougher challenges to scientific research and disaster prevention and response.This article,via a perspective of multi-sphere interactions within the Earth System,systematically reviews the status quo,new scientific understanding,and deficiencies regarding the definition,mechanism,change,attribution,and projection of compound extremes.This study also sorts out existing challenges and outlines a potential roadmap in advancing the study on compound extremes with respect to data requirement,mechanistic diagnosis,numerical modeling,attribution and projection,risk assessment,and adaptive response.Further directions of compound extremes studies and key research topics that warrant multi-disciplinary and multisectoral coordinated efforts are also proposed.Given that climate change has reshaped the type of extremes,a transformation from the traditional single-event perspective to a compound-event perspective is needed for scientific research,disaster prevention and mitigation,and climate change adaptation,calling for bottom-up innovation in research objects,ideas,and methods.This article will add value to promoting the research on compound extremes and interdisciplinary cooperations.展开更多
In the present study,a combined bonded multi-sphere model was developed,validated,and applied to simulate the motion and breakage behavior of wet fibers in a fluidized bed.The effects of particle resolution,bond numbe...In the present study,a combined bonded multi-sphere model was developed,validated,and applied to simulate the motion and breakage behavior of wet fibers in a fluidized bed.The effects of particle resolution,bond number,and humidity coefficient(γ)on fiber breakage rate,breakage location,and fragment size distribution were systematically investigated.Results show that increasing particle resolution from 3 to 6 generally reduces fiber breakage.While a higher bond number lowers the probability of breakage.Two different breakage modes are identified under varyingγvalues:Mode 1,characterized by breakage due to collisions between rapidly falling individual fibers and fiber clusters,and Mode 2,arising from impacts between fiber clusters and the bed bottom.Asγincreases within a certain range,the dominant breakage mechanism transitions from Mode 1 to a mixed mode involving both Modes 1 and 2,accompanied by a shift in the primary breakage location from the corner region toward the center region of the bed.All these findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of wet fiber fluidization and offer guidance for optimizing wet fiber breakage behavior in real applications.展开更多
Taking the Paleozoic of the Sichuan and Tarim basins in China as example,the controlling effects of the Earth system evolution and multi-spherical interactions on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petr...Taking the Paleozoic of the Sichuan and Tarim basins in China as example,the controlling effects of the Earth system evolution and multi-spherical interactions on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petroleum in China have been elaborated.By discussing the development of“source-reservoir-seal”controlled by the breakup and assembly of supercontinents and regional tectonic movements,and the mechanisms of petroleum generation and accumulation controlled by temperature-pressure system and fault conduit system,Both the South China and Tarim blocks passed through the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ)of the low-latitude Hadley Cell twice during their drifts,and formed hydrocarbon source rocks with high quality.It is proposed that deep tectonic activities and surface climate evolution jointly controlled the types and stratigraphic positions of ultra-deep hydrocarbon source rocks,reservoirs,and seals in the Sichuan and Tarim basins,forming multiple petroleum systems in the Ediacaran-Cambrian,Cambrian-Ordovician,Cambrian-Permian and Permian-Triassic strata.The matching degree of source-reservoir-seal,the type of organic matter in source rocks,the deep thermal regime of basin,and the burial-uplift process across tectonic periods collectively control the entire process from the generation to the accumulation of oil and gas.Three types of oil and gas enrichment models are formed,including near-source accumulation in platform marginal zones,distant-source accumulation in high-energy beaches through faults,and three-dimensional accumulation in strike-slip fault zones,which ultimately result in the multi-layered natural gas enrichment in ultra-deep layers of the Sichuan Basin and co-enrichment of oil and gas in the ultra-deep layers of the Tarim Basin.展开更多
Oil and gas will remain the dominant components of global primary energy consumption during the energy transition period.Innovations in petroleum geology and exploration and development technologies are critical for a...Oil and gas will remain the dominant components of global primary energy consumption during the energy transition period.Innovations in petroleum geology and exploration and development technologies are critical for advancing the energy revolution.Building on a systematic review of the formation and evolution of classical petroleum geology,this paper proposes a new theoretical content and research framework of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment through in-depth analyses of the Earth's multi-spheric coupling mechanisms and cross-spheric cycling processes of volatiles.The core concept of this new theory lies in the principles of Earth system science and multi-spheric interactions,and the aim is to unravel the interplay between Earth system materials and energy cycles and dynamic processes in controlling hydrocarbon formation and enrichment.We reassess the global oil and gas resource potential and identify future exploration priorities and frontier domains for petroleum geology.By focusing on volatile-mediated multi-spheric exchange processes and setting them as a breakthrough,this framework aims to examine the genetic linkages among deep Earth processes,climatic environments,basin evolution,biological activities,and petroleum systems.The additional goals of this research are to decode the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrocarbon resources across diverse scales and types and to establish a novel theoretical paradigm for optimizing target prioritization of both mature field revitalization and frontier play assessment.By integrating the theory of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment with the artificial intelligence powered large-scale model tailored to the petroleum exploration and production industry,this initiative provides transformative scientific and technological underpinning for advancing the ongoing global energy revolution.展开更多
基金supported in part by the Meteorological Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2142211)by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608002)+4 种基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42075141 and 42341202)by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant No.BX20230071)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Youth(Grant No.42205191)by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2021SHZDZX0100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated significant potential in further enhancing S2S forecasts beyond the capabilities of NWP models.However,most current DLbased S2S forecasting models largely overlook the role of global predictors from multiple spheres,such as ocean,land,and atmosphere domains,that are crucial for effective S2S forecasting.In this study,we introduce EAAC-S2S,a tailored DL model for S2S forecasting of East Asian atmospheric circulation.EAAC-S2S employs the cross-attention mechanism to couple atmospheric circulations over East Asia with representative multi-sphere(i.e.,atmosphere,land,and ocean)variables,providing pentad-averaged circulation forecasts up to 12 pentads ahead throughout all seasons.Experimental results demonstrate,on the S2S time scale,that EAAC-S2S consistently outperforms the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Ensemble Prediction System by decreasing the root-mean-square error(RMSE)by3.8%and increasing the anomaly correlation coefficient(ACC)by 8.6%,averaged across all 17 predictands.Our system also shows good skill for examples of heatwaves and the South China Sea Subtropical High Intensity Index(SCSSHII).Moreover,quantitative interpretability analysis including multi-sphere attribution and attention visualization are conducted for the first time in a DL S2S model,where the traced predictability aligns well with prior meteorological knowledge.We hope that our results have the potential to advance research in data-driven S2S forecasting.
基金supported by ITER Plan National Major Project(No.2008GB109000)the Introduces Talents Scientific Research Project of Guizhou University(2014,No.32)
文摘This paper is aimed at detecting the neutron spectrum of^(241)Am–Be, a widely used neutron source, with the SP9 ~3He proportional counter, which is a multi-sphere spectrometer system of eight thermal neutron detectors embedded in eight polyethylene(PE) spheres of varying diameters. The transport processes of a neutron in the multi-sphere spectrometer are simulated using the Geant4 code. Two sets of response functions of the PE spheres are obtained for calculating the^(241)Am–Be neutron spectrum.Response Function 1 utilizes the thermal neutron scattering model G4 Neutron HPThermal Scattering for neutron energies of ≤4 eV, and Response Function 2 has no thermal treatment. Neutron spectra of an^(241)Am–Be neutron source are measured and compared to those calculated by using the response functions. The results show that response function with thermal treatment is more accurate and closer to the real spectrum.
基金Supported by ITER Plan National Major Project 2008GB109000
文摘In order to realize the on-line real-time measurement of neutron spectrum of ITER fusion,this paper presents a multi-sphere spectrometer system which consists of eight thermal neutron detectors,namely SP9 3He proportional counter,embedded in eight different diameter polyethylene spheres.The response function of eight polyethylene spheres of multi-sphere neutron spectrometer was calculated after the simulation of the neutron transport processes in multi-sphere spectrometer by adopting software Geant4.The peak of the response function is in the low energy region for smaller diameter polyethylene sphere.As the polyethylene sphere diameter increased,the peak of the response function moves to the high energy region.The experimental calibration adopts 241Am-Be neutron source.The relative error between normalized data of experiment 4πsolid angle counts and normalized data of simulated detection efficiency of 4in to 8in polyethylene sphere is from 1.152%to 12.222%.The experimental results verify the response function of the simulation.All these results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for solving the on-line real-time neutron spectrum of ITER fusion.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42271024)the Science&Technology Development Funding of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(Grant No.2023KJ015)。
文摘Compound extremes,whose socioeconomic and ecological impacts are severer than that caused by each event occurring in isolation,have evolved into a hot topic in Earth Science in the past decade.In the context of climate change,many compound extremes have exhibited increasing frequency and intensity,and shown novel fashions of combinations,posing more pressing demands and tougher challenges to scientific research and disaster prevention and response.This article,via a perspective of multi-sphere interactions within the Earth System,systematically reviews the status quo,new scientific understanding,and deficiencies regarding the definition,mechanism,change,attribution,and projection of compound extremes.This study also sorts out existing challenges and outlines a potential roadmap in advancing the study on compound extremes with respect to data requirement,mechanistic diagnosis,numerical modeling,attribution and projection,risk assessment,and adaptive response.Further directions of compound extremes studies and key research topics that warrant multi-disciplinary and multisectoral coordinated efforts are also proposed.Given that climate change has reshaped the type of extremes,a transformation from the traditional single-event perspective to a compound-event perspective is needed for scientific research,disaster prevention and mitigation,and climate change adaptation,calling for bottom-up innovation in research objects,ideas,and methods.This article will add value to promoting the research on compound extremes and interdisciplinary cooperations.
文摘In the present study,a combined bonded multi-sphere model was developed,validated,and applied to simulate the motion and breakage behavior of wet fibers in a fluidized bed.The effects of particle resolution,bond number,and humidity coefficient(γ)on fiber breakage rate,breakage location,and fragment size distribution were systematically investigated.Results show that increasing particle resolution from 3 to 6 generally reduces fiber breakage.While a higher bond number lowers the probability of breakage.Two different breakage modes are identified under varyingγvalues:Mode 1,characterized by breakage due to collisions between rapidly falling individual fibers and fiber clusters,and Mode 2,arising from impacts between fiber clusters and the bed bottom.Asγincreases within a certain range,the dominant breakage mechanism transitions from Mode 1 to a mixed mode involving both Modes 1 and 2,accompanied by a shift in the primary breakage location from the corner region toward the center region of the bed.All these findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of wet fiber fluidization and offer guidance for optimizing wet fiber breakage behavior in real applications.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0603101)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42225303,42372162,42102146)+1 种基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA14010101)Basic and Forward-Looking Major Technology Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(2023ZZ0203)。
文摘Taking the Paleozoic of the Sichuan and Tarim basins in China as example,the controlling effects of the Earth system evolution and multi-spherical interactions on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petroleum in China have been elaborated.By discussing the development of“source-reservoir-seal”controlled by the breakup and assembly of supercontinents and regional tectonic movements,and the mechanisms of petroleum generation and accumulation controlled by temperature-pressure system and fault conduit system,Both the South China and Tarim blocks passed through the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ)of the low-latitude Hadley Cell twice during their drifts,and formed hydrocarbon source rocks with high quality.It is proposed that deep tectonic activities and surface climate evolution jointly controlled the types and stratigraphic positions of ultra-deep hydrocarbon source rocks,reservoirs,and seals in the Sichuan and Tarim basins,forming multiple petroleum systems in the Ediacaran-Cambrian,Cambrian-Ordovician,Cambrian-Permian and Permian-Triassic strata.The matching degree of source-reservoir-seal,the type of organic matter in source rocks,the deep thermal regime of basin,and the burial-uplift process across tectonic periods collectively control the entire process from the generation to the accumulation of oil and gas.Three types of oil and gas enrichment models are formed,including near-source accumulation in platform marginal zones,distant-source accumulation in high-energy beaches through faults,and three-dimensional accumulation in strike-slip fault zones,which ultimately result in the multi-layered natural gas enrichment in ultra-deep layers of the Sichuan Basin and co-enrichment of oil and gas in the ultra-deep layers of the Tarim Basin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42288201,42202162,92255303,and 42372162)。
文摘Oil and gas will remain the dominant components of global primary energy consumption during the energy transition period.Innovations in petroleum geology and exploration and development technologies are critical for advancing the energy revolution.Building on a systematic review of the formation and evolution of classical petroleum geology,this paper proposes a new theoretical content and research framework of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment through in-depth analyses of the Earth's multi-spheric coupling mechanisms and cross-spheric cycling processes of volatiles.The core concept of this new theory lies in the principles of Earth system science and multi-spheric interactions,and the aim is to unravel the interplay between Earth system materials and energy cycles and dynamic processes in controlling hydrocarbon formation and enrichment.We reassess the global oil and gas resource potential and identify future exploration priorities and frontier domains for petroleum geology.By focusing on volatile-mediated multi-spheric exchange processes and setting them as a breakthrough,this framework aims to examine the genetic linkages among deep Earth processes,climatic environments,basin evolution,biological activities,and petroleum systems.The additional goals of this research are to decode the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrocarbon resources across diverse scales and types and to establish a novel theoretical paradigm for optimizing target prioritization of both mature field revitalization and frontier play assessment.By integrating the theory of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment with the artificial intelligence powered large-scale model tailored to the petroleum exploration and production industry,this initiative provides transformative scientific and technological underpinning for advancing the ongoing global energy revolution.
