First,we devise in this paper,a multi-regions discrete-time model which describes the spatial-temporal spread of an epidemic which starts from one region and enters to regions which are connected with their neighbors ...First,we devise in this paper,a multi-regions discrete-time model which describes the spatial-temporal spread of an epidemic which starts from one region and enters to regions which are connected with their neighbors by any kind of anthropological movement.We suppose homogeneous Susceptible-Infected-Removed(SIR)populations,and we consider in our simulations,a grid of colored cells,which represents the whole domain affected by the epidemic while each cell can represent a sub-domain or region.Second,in order to minimize the number of infected individuals in one region,we propose an optimal control approach based on a travel-blocking vicinity strategy which aims to control only one cell by restricting movements of infected people coming from all neighboring cells.Thus,we show the influence of the optimal control approach on the controlled cell.We should also note that the cellular modeling approach we propose here,can also describes infection dynamics of regions which are not necessarily attached one to an other,even if no empty space can be viewed between cells.The theoretical method we follow for the characterization of the travel-locking optimal controls,is based on a discrete version of Pontryagin's maximum principle while the numerical approach applied to the multi-points boundary value problems we obtain here,is based on discrete progressive-regressive iterative schemes.We illustrate our modeling and control approaches by giving an example of 100 regions.展开更多
In this letter,a multiphase level set approach unifying region and boundary-based infor-mation for multi-region segmentation of Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)image is presented.Anenergy functional that is applicable fo...In this letter,a multiphase level set approach unifying region and boundary-based infor-mation for multi-region segmentation of Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)image is presented.Anenergy functional that is applicable for SAR image segmentation is defined.It consists of two termsdescribing the local statistic characteristics and the gradient characteristics of SAR image respectively.A multiphase level set model that explicitly describes the different regions in one image is proposed.The purpose of such a multiphase model is not only to simplify the way of denoting multi-region by levelset but also to guarantee the accuracy of segmentation.According to the presented multiphase model,the curve evolution equations with respect to edge curves are deduced.The multi-region segmentationis implemented by the numeric solution of the partial differential equations.The performance of theapproach is verified by both simulation and real SAR images.The experiments show that the proposedalgorithm reduces the speckle effect on segmentation and increases the boundary alignment accuracy,thus correctly divides the multi-region SAR image into different homogenous regions.展开更多
A new SOI power device with multi-region high-concentration fixed charge（MHFC） is reported. The MHFC is formed through implanting Cs or I ion into the buried oxide layer（BOX）, by which the high-concentration dynam...A new SOI power device with multi-region high-concentration fixed charge（MHFC） is reported. The MHFC is formed through implanting Cs or I ion into the buried oxide layer（BOX）, by which the high-concentration dynamic electrons and holes are induced at the top and bottom interfaces of BOX. The inversion holes can enhance the vertical electric field and raise the breakdown voltage since the drain bias is mainly generated from the BOX. A model of breakdown voltage is developed, from which the optimal spacing has also been obtained. The numerical results indicate that the breakdown voltage of device proposed is increased by 287% in comparison to that of conventional LDMOS.展开更多
A low-Earth-orbit(LEO)satellite network can provide full-coverage access services worldwide and is an essential candidate for future 6G networking.However,the large variability of the geographic distribution of the Ea...A low-Earth-orbit(LEO)satellite network can provide full-coverage access services worldwide and is an essential candidate for future 6G networking.However,the large variability of the geographic distribution of the Earth’s population leads to an uneven service volume distribution of access service.Moreover,the limitations on the resources of satellites are far from being able to serve the traffic in hotspot areas.To enhance the forwarding capability of satellite networks,we first assess how hotspot areas under different load cases and spatial scales significantly affect the network throughput of an LEO satellite network overall.Then,we propose a multi-region cooperative traffic scheduling algorithm.The algorithm migrates low-grade traffic from hotspot areas to coldspot areas for forwarding,significantly increasing the overall throughput of the satellite network while sacrificing some latency of end-to-end forwarding.This algorithm can utilize all the global satellite resources and improve the utilization of network resources.We model the cooperative multi-region scheduling of large-scale LEO satellites.Based on the model,we build a system testbed using OMNET++to compare the proposed method with existing techniques.The simulations show that our proposed method can reduce the packet loss probability by 30%and improve the resource utilization ratio by 3.69%.展开更多
In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurat...In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurately describing the equilibrium is challenging due to the presence of 3D structures,magnetic islands,and chaotic regions.It is difficult to obtain a balance between the available diagnostic and the real equilibrium structure.To address this issue,we introduce KTX3DFit,a new 3D equilibrium reconstruction code specifically designed for the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)RFP.KTX3DFit utilizes the stepped-pressure equilibrium code(SPEC)to compute 3D equilibria and uses polarimetric interferometer signals from experiments.KTX3DFit is able to reconstruct equilibria in various states,including axisymmetric,doubleaxis helical(DAx),and single-helical-axis(SHAx)states.Notably,this study marks the first integration of the SPEC code with internal magnetic field data for equilibrium reconstruction and could be used for other 3D configurations.展开更多
Global warming has motivated the world’s majorcountries to actively develop technologies and make policies topromote carbon emission reduction. Focusing on interconnectedmulti-regional power systems, this paper propo...Global warming has motivated the world’s majorcountries to actively develop technologies and make policies topromote carbon emission reduction. Focusing on interconnectedmulti-regional power systems, this paper proposes a coordinatedplanning model for interconnected power systems consideringenergy storage system planning and transmission expansion. Amarket-based carbon emission quota trading market that helpsreduce carbon emissions is built and integrated into the coordinated planning model, where entities can purchase extra or sellsurplus carbon emission quotas. Its effects on promoting carbonemission reduction are analyzed. Considering the limitations oninformation exchange between interconnected regional powersystems, the proposed model is decoupled and solved with theanalytical target cascading algorithm. A modified two-region 48-bus system is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposedmodel and solving method.展开更多
BACKGROUND The gastric microbiome is closely associated with gastric cancer,and single-region 16S rRNA sequencing has limitations in analyzing its characteristics,necessitating the search for a better sequencing metho...BACKGROUND The gastric microbiome is closely associated with gastric cancer,and single-region 16S rRNA sequencing has limitations in analyzing its characteristics,necessitating the search for a better sequencing method.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of multi-region 16S rRNA gene sequencing in studying the microbiome of gastric cancer tissues.METHODS Patients with gastric cancer(n=118)who underwent surgery at Liyang People's Hospital from January 2022 to December 2024 were enrolled.Fifty-nine paraffinembedded and 59 fresh tissue samples were obtained.The ZymoBIOMICSTM microbial community standard and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as positive controls.Multi-region and single-region 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed.Species identification,detection rates at varying microbial abundances,operational taxonomic unit(OTU)counts,and alpha diversity indices in gastric cancer tissues were compared between the two methods.RESULTS Multi-region 16S rRNA sequencing identified more species(eight species and eight genera)in the positive controls compared with single-region sequencing(one species and six genera).Detection rates at concentrations of 103,102,and 10 CFU/mg were significantly higher using multi-region sequencing(P<0.05).Multi-region sequencing also revealed significantly higher OTU counts and alpha diversity indices(Shannon,Simpson,and Chao1)in gastric cancer tissues(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Compared with single-region sequencing,multi-region 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrates superior species resolution and detection sensitivity,providing a more comprehensive profile of microbial diversity in gastric cancer tissues.展开更多
China has huge differences among its regions in terms of socio-economic development, industrial structure, natural resource endowments, and technological advancement. These differences have created complicated linkage...China has huge differences among its regions in terms of socio-economic development, industrial structure, natural resource endowments, and technological advancement. These differences have created complicated linkages between regions in China. In this study, building upon gravity model and location quotient techniques, we develop a sector-specific model to estimate inter-provincial trade flows, which is the base for making a multi-regional input-output table. In the model, we distinguish sectors with less intra-sector input from those with larger intra-sector input, and assume that the former sectors tend to compete among regions while the latter tend to cooperate among regions. Then we apply this new method of inter-regional trade estimation to three sectors： food and tobacco, metal smelting and proc- essing, and electrical equipment. The results show that selection of bandwidth has a significant impact on the assessment of inter-regional trade. Trade flows are more scattered with the increase of bandwidths. As a result, bandwidth reflects the spatial concentration of geo- graphical activities, which should be distinguishable for different industries. We conclude that the sector-specific spatial model can increase the credibility of estimates of inter-regional trade flows.展开更多
Optimizing industrial structure is an important research object of human-economic geography, and it is also the object of government departments to strengthen macro-control. This has become even greater problem that C...Optimizing industrial structure is an important research object of human-economic geography, and it is also the object of government departments to strengthen macro-control. This has become even greater problem that China has entered the "new normal" in recent years. The study uses a multi-regional input-output model, with linear programming to build an optimal model of industrial structure as well as a model of optimization degree under the energy constraint. The results of the study revealed that:(1) the degree of optimization of industrial structure in Anhui Province is optimal(0.763), while that of Shanxi Province is the lowest(0.662);(2) the degree of optimization of industrial structure is negatively related to energy consumption per unit output value and the proportion of heavy industry; and(3) overall, central China should maintain or moderately increase the proportions of resource-based industry, greatly increase the proportions of manufacturing, including transport and telecommunications equipment, computers and other electronic equipment, and moderately reduce the proportions of smelting and pressing of metals and non-metal mineral products. In terms of service industries, the region should greatly increase the proportions of the production and supply of natural gas and tap water, moderately reduce or maintain the proportions of transport and storage as well as tourism, and maintain or moderately reduce the proportions of wholesale trade, retail trade and catering services.展开更多
Scientifically assessing the economic impact of major public health emergencies,containing their negative effects,and enhancing the resilience of an economy are important national strategic needs.The new coronavirus d...Scientifically assessing the economic impact of major public health emergencies,containing their negative effects,and enhancing the resilience of an economy are important national strategic needs.The new coronavirus disease(COVID-19)has,to date,been effectively contained in China,but the threat of imported cases and local risks still exist.The systematic identification of the virus’s path of influence and intensity is significant for economic recovery.This study is based on a refined multi-regional general equilibrium analysis model,which measures the economic and industrial impacts at different epidemic risk levels in China and simulates development trends and the degree of damage to industries and the economy under changes to supplies of production materials and product demand.The results show that,at the macroeconomic level,China’s GDP will decline about 0.4%to 0.8%compared to normal in 2020,with an average drop of about 2%in short-term consumption,an average drop in employment of about 0.7%,and an average increase in prices of about 0.9%.At the industry level,the epidemic will have the greatest short-term impact on consumer and laborintensive industries.For example,the output value of the service industry will fall 6.3%compared to normal.Looking at the impact of the epidemic on the industrial system,the province most affected by the epidemic is Hubei,which is the only province in China in the level-1 risk category.As the disease spread outward from Hubei,there were clear differences in the main industries that were impacted in different regions.In addition,simulation results of recovery intensity of regional economies under the two epidemic response scenarios of resumption of work and production and active fiscal stimulus policies show that an increase in fiscal stimulus policies produces a 0.3%higher rate of gross regional product growth but it causes commodity prices to rise by about 1.8%.Measures to resume work and production offer a wider scope for industrial recovery.展开更多
By using a new economic geography model of multi-region to study the impact of market scale on spatial economic structure,we find that the home market effect plays a key role in it.At different development periods,und...By using a new economic geography model of multi-region to study the impact of market scale on spatial economic structure,we find that the home market effect plays a key role in it.At different development periods,under external shocks such as transportation costs and so on,industry shares will change due to the distribution of market scale.The spatial economic structure will gradually evolve into such forms as single core or dual-core structure,especially"central collapse"will be found in the process.Such results can be used to analyze the practical problems,including the"central collapse"in the east,central and west regions of China,the structure of city clusters,etc.With the rapid development of transportation infrastructures,China will form a variety of development patterns on different spatial scales owing to home market effect.The regional convergence can be reached through reducing the economic distance and promoting agglomerative economies,which will help achieve regional coordinated development.展开更多
With the continuous enhancement of regional connectivity,the indirect use of land resources through the pathways of trade in goods and services plays an increasingly important role in the overall utilization of land r...With the continuous enhancement of regional connectivity,the indirect use of land resources through the pathways of trade in goods and services plays an increasingly important role in the overall utilization of land resources.Despite this,relevant research in this field is still in its infancy,and few papers have addressed this issue.This paper uses a multi-regional input–output model to calculate the embodied land in the 30 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)and eight regions of China from the perspective of regional trade and further analyzes the spatial pattern of characteristics associated with embodied land flows.The results show that the amount of embodied land occupied by China’s inter-regional trade accounts for 21.39%of the country’s total land,and an average of 38.54%of China’s provincial land demand is met by land exports from other provinces.More than 80%of land consumed by Beijing,Tianjin,and Shanghai is from other provinces.The provinces of Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,and Hebei are the largest net exporters of cultivated land,forest and grazing and aquatic land,fishery land,and built-up land,respectively(the outflows account for 42.26%,27.53%,38.66%,and 35.28%of the corresponding land types in the province);and Guangdong,Shandong,and Zhejiang are the main net importers.The flow of agricultural land(cultivated land,forest land,grazing land,and aquatic land)generally shows a shift from west to east and from north to south.The regions in northeast and northwest China have the largest scale of agricultural land outflows,mainly into East and South China.In addition,8.43%of cultivated land,7.47%of forest land,6.41%of grazing land,6.88%of aquatic land,and 18.35%of built-up land in China are provided for foreign use through international trade.This paper provides feasible ideas and a theoretical basis for solving the contradiction between land use and ecological protection,which could potentially help to achieve sustainable land use in China.展开更多
Interregional trade facilitates the transfer of implied human economic well-being(HEW)and integrated environmental pressure(IEP).The mismatch between them leads to environmental inequality.A comprehensive evaluation i...Interregional trade facilitates the transfer of implied human economic well-being(HEW)and integrated environmental pressure(IEP).The mismatch between them leads to environmental inequality.A comprehensive evaluation index system for HEW is constructed.Based on the multiregional input-output(MRIO)model,the HEW,water,carbon,and land footprints of the Hexi Corridor Economic Belt in China were measured in 2012,2015,and 2017.Three types of environmental footprints were integrated into the IEP,and structural decomposition analysis(SDA)was used to explore the interregional transfer and driving factors of changes in HEW and IEP.A regional environmental inequality(REI)index was constructed to assess the environmental inequality among cities in the Hexi Corridor.Results show that environmental inequality in the Hexi Corridor is severe and intensifying.The focus is that Jiuquan absorbs more HEW from other cities in the interregional trade,but transfers IEP to Jiayuguan and other places.The main factors affecting the flow changes of HEW and IEP are production structure and final demand structure.Due to differences in resource endowments,Jiayuguan bears great environmental pressure without sufficient economic compensation,which is unfavorable for regional coordinated and sustainable development.Therefore,it is recommended to introduce clean production technology,transfer polluting production to reduce the productive environmental footprint of Jiayuguan,develop high-tech,and promote the growth of regional HEW driven by surrounding cities.The study findings help address environmental inequality and promote sustainable growth of economic well-being in Western China and provide a reference for similar research.展开更多
Understanding the impacts of compound hazards on economic systems is essential for integrated disaster risk management.However,quantifying the ripple effects remains challenging,especially as the relative contribution...Understanding the impacts of compound hazards on economic systems is essential for integrated disaster risk management.However,quantifying the ripple effects remains challenging,especially as the relative contributions of each hazard are unclear.Compared to the uncertainty of demand-driven impacts,supply-side shocks are more pronounced and quantifiable,providing a practical pathway to separate the effects.This study proposed a supply-side methodological framework for assessing the ripple effects of compound hazards,focusing on the contributions of each hazard to overall economic disruptions.Overall production capacity loss rates(PCLRs)across industries were evaluated using on-site survey data.A time series model,utilizing urban travel intensity big data,was used to estimate the PCLRs attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic.A mixed multi-regional input-output(mixed-MRIO)model was constructed to assess the ripple effects.The framework was applied to the 17 July 2020 flood in Enshi City,Hubei Province,China,during the COVID-19 pandemic.The results indicate that overall ripple effects exceeded direct production capacity losses.The ratio of production capacity losses attributed to the flood versus the pandemic was approximately 6:4,but it increased to 7:3 for ripple effects.Economic core cities exhibited greater economic stability as evidenced by lower loss rates,while more dependent small-and medium-sized cities were more vulnerable.The secondary industry was sensitive to floods,and the tertiary industry to the pandemic.The study highlights the importance of integrating field surveys and travel intensity big data with economic modeling to evaluate ripple effects,offering new insights into compound hazards impact assessment and management strategies.展开更多
Virtual water trade plays a pivotal role in alleviating water scarcity in rapidly urbanizing drylands,and accurately assessing the spillover of local water scarcity pressure to other regions through such trade is esse...Virtual water trade plays a pivotal role in alleviating water scarcity in rapidly urbanizing drylands,and accurately assessing the spillover of local water scarcity pressure to other regions through such trade is essential for sustainable development in these areas.However,systematic research on the spillover of water scarcity risks through virtual water trade and its transmission pathways in arid and semi-arid regions remains relatively limited.Taking the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Yulin(HBOY)urban agglomeration as an example,this study integrated the multi-regional input-output model and structural path analysis to assess the spillover of water scarcity risk through virtual water trade and trace key transmission paths.We found that over 90%of HBOY’s water scarcity risk was transferred to regions experiencing severe or extreme water stress.Spatially,Inner Mongolia and Ningxia were the primary recipients,absorbing 37.2%and 14.5%of HBOY’s total spillover of water scarcity risk,respectively.Sectorally,62.0%of the risk spillover originated from HBOY’s agriculture,light industry,and construction sectors and was passed to the agricultural sector in external regions.The most important risk transmission path was from HBOY’s agriculture to Inner Mongolia’s agriculture,accounting for 18.3%of HBOY’s total risk spillover.Additionally,potential loss due to insufficient external virtual water supply constituted nearly one-third of HBOY’s total economic loss from water scarcity.We recommend that rapidly urbanizing drylands and their trade partners should actively develop a cross-regional collaborative management system to mitigate the adverse effects of risk spillover.展开更多
With ever increasing water demands and the continuous intensification of water scarcity arising from China＇s industrialization, the country is struggling to harmonize its industrial development and water supply. This...With ever increasing water demands and the continuous intensification of water scarcity arising from China＇s industrialization, the country is struggling to harmonize its industrial development and water supply. This paper presents a systems analysis of water with- drawals by Chinese industry and investigates demand- driven industrial water uses embodied in final demand and interregional trade based on a multi-regional input-output model. In 2007, the Electric Power, Steam, and Hot Water Production and Supply sector ranks first in direct industrial water withdrawal （DWW）, and Construction has the largest embodied industrial water use （EWU）. Investment, consumption, and exports contribute to 34.6%, 33.3%, and 30.6% of the national total EWU, respectively. Specifically, 58.0%, 51.1%, 48.6%, 43.3%, and 37.5% of the regional EWUs respectively in Guangdong, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Fujian are attributed to international exports. The total interregional import/export of embodied water is equivalent to about 40% of the national total DWW, of which 55.5% is associated with the DWWs of Electric Power, Steam, and Hot Water Production and Supply. Jiangsu is the biggest interregional exporter and deficit receiver of embodied water, in contrast to Guangdong as the biggest interregional importer and surplus receiver. Without implementing effective water- saving measures and adjusting industrial structures, the regional imbalance between water availability and water demand tends to intensify considering the water impact of domestic trade of industrial products. Steps taken to improve water use efficiency in production, and to enhance embodied water saving in consumption are both of great significance for supporting China＇s water policies.展开更多
China is the largest CH4 emitter in the world. Given the importance of CH4 in greenhouse gas emission inventories, the characteristics ofChina＇s CH4 emissions at different scales deserve to be fully understood. Prese...China is the largest CH4 emitter in the world. Given the importance of CH4 in greenhouse gas emission inventories, the characteristics ofChina＇s CH4 emissions at different scales deserve to be fully understood. Presented in this paper is an interprovincial input output embodi- ment analysis of China＇s regional CH4 emissions in 2007, based on the most recently available multi-regional input- output table, and relevant CH4 emissions data. The results show that the eastern, central and western areas contribute to 48.2%, 28.6%, and 23.3% of the national total embodied emissions, respectively. Guangdong has the highest level of embodied CH4 emissions among all of the 30 regions. The Agriculture sector produces the most embodied CH4 emissions in final demand, followed by the Construction, Food Production and Tobacco Processing, and Other Service Activities sectors. Significant net transfers of embodied CH4 emission flows are identified from the central and western areas to the eastern area via interregional trade. Shanxi is the largest interregional exporter of embodied CH4 emissions. In contrast, Guangdong is the largest interregional importer. Energy activities, agricultural activities, and waste management comprise 65.6%, 30.7%, and 3.7% of the total embodied CH4 emissions in interregional trade, respectively. By using consumption-based accounting principles, the emis- sion magnitudes, per capita emissions, and emission intensities of most eastern regions increase remarkably, while those of some central and western regions decrease largely. To achieve regional CH4 emission mitigation, comprehensive mitigation measures should be designed under consideration of regional transfer of emission responsibility.展开更多
This study combines multi-regional inputoutput(MRIO)model with linear programming(LP)model to explore economic structure adjustment strategies for the reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions.A particular feature ...This study combines multi-regional inputoutput(MRIO)model with linear programming(LP)model to explore economic structure adjustment strategies for the reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions.A particular feature of this study is the identification of the optimal regulation sequence of final products in various regions to reduce CO_(2)emissions with the minimum loss in gross domestic product(GDP).By using China's MRIO tables 2017 with 28 regions and 42 economic sectors,results show that reduction in final demand leads to simultaneous reductions in GDP and CO_(2)emissions.Nevertheless,certain demand side regulation strategy can be adopted to lower CO_(2)emissions at the smallest loss of economic growth.Several key final products,such as metallurgy,nonmetal,metal,and chemical products,should first be regulated to reduce CO_(2)emissions at the minimum loss in GDP.Most of these key products concentrate in the coastal developed regions in China.The proposed MRIO-LP model considers the inter-relationship among various sectors and regions,and can aid policy makers in designing effective policy for industrial structure adjustment at the regional level to achieve the national environmental and economic targets.展开更多
Given that it was a once-in-a-century emergency event,the confinement measures related to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused diverse disruptions and changes in life and work patterns.These changes s...Given that it was a once-in-a-century emergency event,the confinement measures related to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused diverse disruptions and changes in life and work patterns.These changes significantly affected water consumption both during and after the pandemic,with direct and indirect consequences on biodiversity.However,there has been a lack of holistic evaluation of these responses.Here,we propose a novel framework to study the impacts of this unique global emergency event by embedding an environmentally extended supply-constrained global multi-regional input-output model(MRIO)into the drivers-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)framework.This framework allowed us to develop scenarios related to COVID-19 confinement measures to quantify country-sector-specific changes in freshwater consumption and the associated changes in biodiversity for the period of 2020-2025.The results suggest progressively diminishing impacts due to the implementation of COVID-19 vaccines and the socio-economic system’s self-adjustment to the new normal.In 2020,the confinement measures were estimated to decrease global water consumption by about 5.7% on average across all scenarios when compared with the baseline level with no confinement measures.Further,such a decrease is estimated to lead to a reduction of around 5% in the related pressure on biodiversity.Given the interdependencies and interactions across global supply chains,even those countries and sectors that were not directly affected by the COVID-19 shocks experienced significant impacts:Our results indicate that the supply chain propagations contributed to 79% of the total estimated decrease in water consumption and 84%of the reduction in biodiversity loss on average.Our study demonstrates that the MRIO-enhanced DSPIR framework can help quantify resource pressures and the resultant environmental impacts across supply chains when facing a global emergency event.Further,we recommend the development of more locally based water conservation measures—to mitigate the effects of trade disruptions—and the explicit inclusion of water resources in post-pandemic recovery schemes.In addition,innovations that help conserve natural resources are essential for maintaining environmental gains in the post-pandemic world.展开更多
CO2 emissions embodied in trade have an important and far-reaching impact on CO2 emissions reduction obligations. Based on a multi-regional inputoutput analysis, this paper calculates China＇s provincial CO2 emissions...CO2 emissions embodied in trade have an important and far-reaching impact on CO2 emissions reduction obligations. Based on a multi-regional inputoutput analysis, this paper calculates China＇s provincial CO2 emissions embodied in trade and analyzes CO2 emissions embodied in trade per unit of value of trade in 30 Chinese provinces. Several climate policy options that potentially reduce the impact of trade on individual provinces are discussed. One finding from this study is that provincial CO2 emissions embodied in trade accounted for approximately 60.02% of China＇s CO2 emissions in 2007. The CO2 emissions embodied in imports and exports for 30 Chinese provinces differ widely, and remarkable differences in the CO2 emissions embodied in trade per unit of value of trade exist. Another important finding, is that if provinces take binding commitments as a part of a coalition, instead of as individual provinces, then the impacts of trade can be reduced. Notably, however, the extent of reduction in a coalition varies in different provinces.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the Systems Theory Network(Reseau Theorie des Systemes),and Hassan II Academy of Sciences and Technologies-Morocco.
文摘First,we devise in this paper,a multi-regions discrete-time model which describes the spatial-temporal spread of an epidemic which starts from one region and enters to regions which are connected with their neighbors by any kind of anthropological movement.We suppose homogeneous Susceptible-Infected-Removed(SIR)populations,and we consider in our simulations,a grid of colored cells,which represents the whole domain affected by the epidemic while each cell can represent a sub-domain or region.Second,in order to minimize the number of infected individuals in one region,we propose an optimal control approach based on a travel-blocking vicinity strategy which aims to control only one cell by restricting movements of infected people coming from all neighboring cells.Thus,we show the influence of the optimal control approach on the controlled cell.We should also note that the cellular modeling approach we propose here,can also describes infection dynamics of regions which are not necessarily attached one to an other,even if no empty space can be viewed between cells.The theoretical method we follow for the characterization of the travel-locking optimal controls,is based on a discrete version of Pontryagin's maximum principle while the numerical approach applied to the multi-points boundary value problems we obtain here,is based on discrete progressive-regressive iterative schemes.We illustrate our modeling and control approaches by giving an example of 100 regions.
文摘In this letter,a multiphase level set approach unifying region and boundary-based infor-mation for multi-region segmentation of Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)image is presented.Anenergy functional that is applicable for SAR image segmentation is defined.It consists of two termsdescribing the local statistic characteristics and the gradient characteristics of SAR image respectively.A multiphase level set model that explicitly describes the different regions in one image is proposed.The purpose of such a multiphase model is not only to simplify the way of denoting multi-region by levelset but also to guarantee the accuracy of segmentation.According to the presented multiphase model,the curve evolution equations with respect to edge curves are deduced.The multi-region segmentationis implemented by the numeric solution of the partial differential equations.The performance of theapproach is verified by both simulation and real SAR images.The experiments show that the proposedalgorithm reduces the speckle effect on segmentation and increases the boundary alignment accuracy,thus correctly divides the multi-region SAR image into different homogenous regions.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices of China(Grant No.KFJJ201205)the Department of Education Project of Guangxi Province,China(Grant No.201202ZD041)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Science Foundation Project of China(Grant Nos.2012M521127 and2013T60566)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61361011,61274077,and 61464003)
文摘A new SOI power device with multi-region high-concentration fixed charge（MHFC） is reported. The MHFC is formed through implanting Cs or I ion into the buried oxide layer（BOX）, by which the high-concentration dynamic electrons and holes are induced at the top and bottom interfaces of BOX. The inversion holes can enhance the vertical electric field and raise the breakdown voltage since the drain bias is mainly generated from the BOX. A model of breakdown voltage is developed, from which the optimal spacing has also been obtained. The numerical results indicate that the breakdown voltage of device proposed is increased by 287% in comparison to that of conventional LDMOS.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2900604).
文摘A low-Earth-orbit(LEO)satellite network can provide full-coverage access services worldwide and is an essential candidate for future 6G networking.However,the large variability of the geographic distribution of the Earth’s population leads to an uneven service volume distribution of access service.Moreover,the limitations on the resources of satellites are far from being able to serve the traffic in hotspot areas.To enhance the forwarding capability of satellite networks,we first assess how hotspot areas under different load cases and spatial scales significantly affect the network throughput of an LEO satellite network overall.Then,we propose a multi-region cooperative traffic scheduling algorithm.The algorithm migrates low-grade traffic from hotspot areas to coldspot areas for forwarding,significantly increasing the overall throughput of the satellite network while sacrificing some latency of end-to-end forwarding.This algorithm can utilize all the global satellite resources and improve the utilization of network resources.We model the cooperative multi-region scheduling of large-scale LEO satellites.Based on the model,we build a system testbed using OMNET++to compare the proposed method with existing techniques.The simulations show that our proposed method can reduce the packet loss probability by 30%and improve the resource utilization ratio by 3.69%.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175227 and 12375226)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Program of China(No.2022YFE03100004)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.USTC 20210079)the Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(No.2022HSC-CIP022)。
文摘In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurately describing the equilibrium is challenging due to the presence of 3D structures,magnetic islands,and chaotic regions.It is difficult to obtain a balance between the available diagnostic and the real equilibrium structure.To address this issue,we introduce KTX3DFit,a new 3D equilibrium reconstruction code specifically designed for the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)RFP.KTX3DFit utilizes the stepped-pressure equilibrium code(SPEC)to compute 3D equilibria and uses polarimetric interferometer signals from experiments.KTX3DFit is able to reconstruct equilibria in various states,including axisymmetric,doubleaxis helical(DAx),and single-helical-axis(SHAx)states.Notably,this study marks the first integration of the SPEC code with internal magnetic field data for equilibrium reconstruction and could be used for other 3D configurations.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grants U2166211 and 52207085.
文摘Global warming has motivated the world’s majorcountries to actively develop technologies and make policies topromote carbon emission reduction. Focusing on interconnectedmulti-regional power systems, this paper proposes a coordinatedplanning model for interconnected power systems consideringenergy storage system planning and transmission expansion. Amarket-based carbon emission quota trading market that helpsreduce carbon emissions is built and integrated into the coordinated planning model, where entities can purchase extra or sellsurplus carbon emission quotas. Its effects on promoting carbonemission reduction are analyzed. Considering the limitations oninformation exchange between interconnected regional powersystems, the proposed model is decoupled and solved with theanalytical target cascading algorithm. A modified two-region 48-bus system is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposedmodel and solving method.
基金Supported by Liyang People's Hospital Technology Project,No.2021YJKT0013。
文摘BACKGROUND The gastric microbiome is closely associated with gastric cancer,and single-region 16S rRNA sequencing has limitations in analyzing its characteristics,necessitating the search for a better sequencing method.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of multi-region 16S rRNA gene sequencing in studying the microbiome of gastric cancer tissues.METHODS Patients with gastric cancer(n=118)who underwent surgery at Liyang People's Hospital from January 2022 to December 2024 were enrolled.Fifty-nine paraffinembedded and 59 fresh tissue samples were obtained.The ZymoBIOMICSTM microbial community standard and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as positive controls.Multi-region and single-region 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed.Species identification,detection rates at varying microbial abundances,operational taxonomic unit(OTU)counts,and alpha diversity indices in gastric cancer tissues were compared between the two methods.RESULTS Multi-region 16S rRNA sequencing identified more species(eight species and eight genera)in the positive controls compared with single-region sequencing(one species and six genera).Detection rates at concentrations of 103,102,and 10 CFU/mg were significantly higher using multi-region sequencing(P<0.05).Multi-region sequencing also revealed significantly higher OTU counts and alpha diversity indices(Shannon,Simpson,and Chao1)in gastric cancer tissues(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Compared with single-region sequencing,multi-region 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrates superior species resolution and detection sensitivity,providing a more comprehensive profile of microbial diversity in gastric cancer tissues.
基金National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China, No.41125005
文摘China has huge differences among its regions in terms of socio-economic development, industrial structure, natural resource endowments, and technological advancement. These differences have created complicated linkages between regions in China. In this study, building upon gravity model and location quotient techniques, we develop a sector-specific model to estimate inter-provincial trade flows, which is the base for making a multi-regional input-output table. In the model, we distinguish sectors with less intra-sector input from those with larger intra-sector input, and assume that the former sectors tend to compete among regions while the latter tend to cooperate among regions. Then we apply this new method of inter-regional trade estimation to three sectors： food and tobacco, metal smelting and proc- essing, and electrical equipment. The results show that selection of bandwidth has a significant impact on the assessment of inter-regional trade. Trade flows are more scattered with the increase of bandwidths. As a result, bandwidth reflects the spatial concentration of geo- graphical activities, which should be distinguishable for different industries. We conclude that the sector-specific spatial model can increase the credibility of estimates of inter-regional trade flows.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41271146,No.41201171
文摘Optimizing industrial structure is an important research object of human-economic geography, and it is also the object of government departments to strengthen macro-control. This has become even greater problem that China has entered the "new normal" in recent years. The study uses a multi-regional input-output model, with linear programming to build an optimal model of industrial structure as well as a model of optimization degree under the energy constraint. The results of the study revealed that:(1) the degree of optimization of industrial structure in Anhui Province is optimal(0.763), while that of Shanxi Province is the lowest(0.662);(2) the degree of optimization of industrial structure is negatively related to energy consumption per unit output value and the proportion of heavy industry; and(3) overall, central China should maintain or moderately increase the proportions of resource-based industry, greatly increase the proportions of manufacturing, including transport and telecommunications equipment, computers and other electronic equipment, and moderately reduce the proportions of smelting and pressing of metals and non-metal mineral products. In terms of service industries, the region should greatly increase the proportions of the production and supply of natural gas and tap water, moderately reduce or maintain the proportions of transport and storage as well as tourism, and maintain or moderately reduce the proportions of wholesale trade, retail trade and catering services.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.72042020。
文摘Scientifically assessing the economic impact of major public health emergencies,containing their negative effects,and enhancing the resilience of an economy are important national strategic needs.The new coronavirus disease(COVID-19)has,to date,been effectively contained in China,but the threat of imported cases and local risks still exist.The systematic identification of the virus’s path of influence and intensity is significant for economic recovery.This study is based on a refined multi-regional general equilibrium analysis model,which measures the economic and industrial impacts at different epidemic risk levels in China and simulates development trends and the degree of damage to industries and the economy under changes to supplies of production materials and product demand.The results show that,at the macroeconomic level,China’s GDP will decline about 0.4%to 0.8%compared to normal in 2020,with an average drop of about 2%in short-term consumption,an average drop in employment of about 0.7%,and an average increase in prices of about 0.9%.At the industry level,the epidemic will have the greatest short-term impact on consumer and laborintensive industries.For example,the output value of the service industry will fall 6.3%compared to normal.Looking at the impact of the epidemic on the industrial system,the province most affected by the epidemic is Hubei,which is the only province in China in the level-1 risk category.As the disease spread outward from Hubei,there were clear differences in the main industries that were impacted in different regions.In addition,simulation results of recovery intensity of regional economies under the two epidemic response scenarios of resumption of work and production and active fiscal stimulus policies show that an increase in fiscal stimulus policies produces a 0.3%higher rate of gross regional product growth but it causes commodity prices to rise by about 1.8%.Measures to resume work and production offer a wider scope for industrial recovery.
文摘By using a new economic geography model of multi-region to study the impact of market scale on spatial economic structure,we find that the home market effect plays a key role in it.At different development periods,under external shocks such as transportation costs and so on,industry shares will change due to the distribution of market scale.The spatial economic structure will gradually evolve into such forms as single core or dual-core structure,especially"central collapse"will be found in the process.Such results can be used to analyze the practical problems,including the"central collapse"in the east,central and west regions of China,the structure of city clusters,etc.With the rapid development of transportation infrastructures,China will form a variety of development patterns on different spatial scales owing to home market effect.The regional convergence can be reached through reducing the economic distance and promoting agglomerative economies,which will help achieve regional coordinated development.
基金The Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Fund of the Ministry of Education,No.21YJAZH087。
文摘With the continuous enhancement of regional connectivity,the indirect use of land resources through the pathways of trade in goods and services plays an increasingly important role in the overall utilization of land resources.Despite this,relevant research in this field is still in its infancy,and few papers have addressed this issue.This paper uses a multi-regional input–output model to calculate the embodied land in the 30 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)and eight regions of China from the perspective of regional trade and further analyzes the spatial pattern of characteristics associated with embodied land flows.The results show that the amount of embodied land occupied by China’s inter-regional trade accounts for 21.39%of the country’s total land,and an average of 38.54%of China’s provincial land demand is met by land exports from other provinces.More than 80%of land consumed by Beijing,Tianjin,and Shanghai is from other provinces.The provinces of Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,and Hebei are the largest net exporters of cultivated land,forest and grazing and aquatic land,fishery land,and built-up land,respectively(the outflows account for 42.26%,27.53%,38.66%,and 35.28%of the corresponding land types in the province);and Guangdong,Shandong,and Zhejiang are the main net importers.The flow of agricultural land(cultivated land,forest land,grazing land,and aquatic land)generally shows a shift from west to east and from north to south.The regions in northeast and northwest China have the largest scale of agricultural land outflows,mainly into East and South China.In addition,8.43%of cultivated land,7.47%of forest land,6.41%of grazing land,6.88%of aquatic land,and 18.35%of built-up land in China are provided for foreign use through international trade.This paper provides feasible ideas and a theoretical basis for solving the contradiction between land use and ecological protection,which could potentially help to achieve sustainable land use in China.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP),China(No.2019QZKK0608)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2023MS154).
文摘Interregional trade facilitates the transfer of implied human economic well-being(HEW)and integrated environmental pressure(IEP).The mismatch between them leads to environmental inequality.A comprehensive evaluation index system for HEW is constructed.Based on the multiregional input-output(MRIO)model,the HEW,water,carbon,and land footprints of the Hexi Corridor Economic Belt in China were measured in 2012,2015,and 2017.Three types of environmental footprints were integrated into the IEP,and structural decomposition analysis(SDA)was used to explore the interregional transfer and driving factors of changes in HEW and IEP.A regional environmental inequality(REI)index was constructed to assess the environmental inequality among cities in the Hexi Corridor.Results show that environmental inequality in the Hexi Corridor is severe and intensifying.The focus is that Jiuquan absorbs more HEW from other cities in the interregional trade,but transfers IEP to Jiayuguan and other places.The main factors affecting the flow changes of HEW and IEP are production structure and final demand structure.Due to differences in resource endowments,Jiayuguan bears great environmental pressure without sufficient economic compensation,which is unfavorable for regional coordinated and sustainable development.Therefore,it is recommended to introduce clean production technology,transfer polluting production to reduce the productive environmental footprint of Jiayuguan,develop high-tech,and promote the growth of regional HEW driven by surrounding cities.The study findings help address environmental inequality and promote sustainable growth of economic well-being in Western China and provide a reference for similar research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42477498,42177448).
文摘Understanding the impacts of compound hazards on economic systems is essential for integrated disaster risk management.However,quantifying the ripple effects remains challenging,especially as the relative contributions of each hazard are unclear.Compared to the uncertainty of demand-driven impacts,supply-side shocks are more pronounced and quantifiable,providing a practical pathway to separate the effects.This study proposed a supply-side methodological framework for assessing the ripple effects of compound hazards,focusing on the contributions of each hazard to overall economic disruptions.Overall production capacity loss rates(PCLRs)across industries were evaluated using on-site survey data.A time series model,utilizing urban travel intensity big data,was used to estimate the PCLRs attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic.A mixed multi-regional input-output(mixed-MRIO)model was constructed to assess the ripple effects.The framework was applied to the 17 July 2020 flood in Enshi City,Hubei Province,China,during the COVID-19 pandemic.The results indicate that overall ripple effects exceeded direct production capacity losses.The ratio of production capacity losses attributed to the flood versus the pandemic was approximately 6:4,but it increased to 7:3 for ripple effects.Economic core cities exhibited greater economic stability as evidenced by lower loss rates,while more dependent small-and medium-sized cities were more vulnerable.The secondary industry was sensitive to floods,and the tertiary industry to the pandemic.The study highlights the importance of integrating field surveys and travel intensity big data with economic modeling to evaluate ripple effects,offering new insights into compound hazards impact assessment and management strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.42371296 and 42361144859)BNU-FGS Global Environmental Change Program(grant No.2023-GC-ZYTS-08)。
文摘Virtual water trade plays a pivotal role in alleviating water scarcity in rapidly urbanizing drylands,and accurately assessing the spillover of local water scarcity pressure to other regions through such trade is essential for sustainable development in these areas.However,systematic research on the spillover of water scarcity risks through virtual water trade and its transmission pathways in arid and semi-arid regions remains relatively limited.Taking the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Yulin(HBOY)urban agglomeration as an example,this study integrated the multi-regional input-output model and structural path analysis to assess the spillover of water scarcity risk through virtual water trade and trace key transmission paths.We found that over 90%of HBOY’s water scarcity risk was transferred to regions experiencing severe or extreme water stress.Spatially,Inner Mongolia and Ningxia were the primary recipients,absorbing 37.2%and 14.5%of HBOY’s total spillover of water scarcity risk,respectively.Sectorally,62.0%of the risk spillover originated from HBOY’s agriculture,light industry,and construction sectors and was passed to the agricultural sector in external regions.The most important risk transmission path was from HBOY’s agriculture to Inner Mongolia’s agriculture,accounting for 18.3%of HBOY’s total risk spillover.Additionally,potential loss due to insufficient external virtual water supply constituted nearly one-third of HBOY’s total economic loss from water scarcity.We recommend that rapidly urbanizing drylands and their trade partners should actively develop a cross-regional collaborative management system to mitigate the adverse effects of risk spillover.
基金This study has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 71403270）, the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining ＆ Technology （Grant No. SKLCRSM14KFA03）, and the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China （Grant No. 20120023120002）.
文摘With ever increasing water demands and the continuous intensification of water scarcity arising from China＇s industrialization, the country is struggling to harmonize its industrial development and water supply. This paper presents a systems analysis of water with- drawals by Chinese industry and investigates demand- driven industrial water uses embodied in final demand and interregional trade based on a multi-regional input-output model. In 2007, the Electric Power, Steam, and Hot Water Production and Supply sector ranks first in direct industrial water withdrawal （DWW）, and Construction has the largest embodied industrial water use （EWU）. Investment, consumption, and exports contribute to 34.6%, 33.3%, and 30.6% of the national total EWU, respectively. Specifically, 58.0%, 51.1%, 48.6%, 43.3%, and 37.5% of the regional EWUs respectively in Guangdong, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Fujian are attributed to international exports. The total interregional import/export of embodied water is equivalent to about 40% of the national total DWW, of which 55.5% is associated with the DWWs of Electric Power, Steam, and Hot Water Production and Supply. Jiangsu is the biggest interregional exporter and deficit receiver of embodied water, in contrast to Guangdong as the biggest interregional importer and surplus receiver. Without implementing effective water- saving measures and adjusting industrial structures, the regional imbalance between water availability and water demand tends to intensify considering the water impact of domestic trade of industrial products. Steps taken to improve water use efficiency in production, and to enhance embodied water saving in consumption are both of great significance for supporting China＇s water policies.
文摘China is the largest CH4 emitter in the world. Given the importance of CH4 in greenhouse gas emission inventories, the characteristics ofChina＇s CH4 emissions at different scales deserve to be fully understood. Presented in this paper is an interprovincial input output embodi- ment analysis of China＇s regional CH4 emissions in 2007, based on the most recently available multi-regional input- output table, and relevant CH4 emissions data. The results show that the eastern, central and western areas contribute to 48.2%, 28.6%, and 23.3% of the national total embodied emissions, respectively. Guangdong has the highest level of embodied CH4 emissions among all of the 30 regions. The Agriculture sector produces the most embodied CH4 emissions in final demand, followed by the Construction, Food Production and Tobacco Processing, and Other Service Activities sectors. Significant net transfers of embodied CH4 emission flows are identified from the central and western areas to the eastern area via interregional trade. Shanxi is the largest interregional exporter of embodied CH4 emissions. In contrast, Guangdong is the largest interregional importer. Energy activities, agricultural activities, and waste management comprise 65.6%, 30.7%, and 3.7% of the total embodied CH4 emissions in interregional trade, respectively. By using consumption-based accounting principles, the emis- sion magnitudes, per capita emissions, and emission intensities of most eastern regions increase remarkably, while those of some central and western regions decrease largely. To achieve regional CH4 emission mitigation, comprehensive mitigation measures should be designed under consideration of regional transfer of emission responsibility.
基金This work is supported by the National Research Foundation,Prime Ministers Office,Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise(CREATE)programme,and by the Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities(E2S2)Phase II program of the National Research Foundation,Prime Ministers Office,Singapore under its CREATE programme。
文摘This study combines multi-regional inputoutput(MRIO)model with linear programming(LP)model to explore economic structure adjustment strategies for the reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions.A particular feature of this study is the identification of the optimal regulation sequence of final products in various regions to reduce CO_(2)emissions with the minimum loss in gross domestic product(GDP).By using China's MRIO tables 2017 with 28 regions and 42 economic sectors,results show that reduction in final demand leads to simultaneous reductions in GDP and CO_(2)emissions.Nevertheless,certain demand side regulation strategy can be adopted to lower CO_(2)emissions at the smallest loss of economic growth.Several key final products,such as metallurgy,nonmetal,metal,and chemical products,should first be regulated to reduce CO_(2)emissions at the minimum loss in GDP.Most of these key products concentrate in the coastal developed regions in China.The proposed MRIO-LP model considers the inter-relationship among various sectors and regions,and can aid policy makers in designing effective policy for industrial structure adjustment at the regional level to achieve the national environmental and economic targets.
基金supported by Aalto University and the Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hydrosphere and Watershed Water SecurityAdditional support was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42361144001,72304112,72074136,and 72104129)the Key Program of International Cooperation,Bureau of International Cooperation,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(131551KYSB20210030).
文摘Given that it was a once-in-a-century emergency event,the confinement measures related to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused diverse disruptions and changes in life and work patterns.These changes significantly affected water consumption both during and after the pandemic,with direct and indirect consequences on biodiversity.However,there has been a lack of holistic evaluation of these responses.Here,we propose a novel framework to study the impacts of this unique global emergency event by embedding an environmentally extended supply-constrained global multi-regional input-output model(MRIO)into the drivers-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)framework.This framework allowed us to develop scenarios related to COVID-19 confinement measures to quantify country-sector-specific changes in freshwater consumption and the associated changes in biodiversity for the period of 2020-2025.The results suggest progressively diminishing impacts due to the implementation of COVID-19 vaccines and the socio-economic system’s self-adjustment to the new normal.In 2020,the confinement measures were estimated to decrease global water consumption by about 5.7% on average across all scenarios when compared with the baseline level with no confinement measures.Further,such a decrease is estimated to lead to a reduction of around 5% in the related pressure on biodiversity.Given the interdependencies and interactions across global supply chains,even those countries and sectors that were not directly affected by the COVID-19 shocks experienced significant impacts:Our results indicate that the supply chain propagations contributed to 79% of the total estimated decrease in water consumption and 84%of the reduction in biodiversity loss on average.Our study demonstrates that the MRIO-enhanced DSPIR framework can help quantify resource pressures and the resultant environmental impacts across supply chains when facing a global emergency event.Further,we recommend the development of more locally based water conservation measures—to mitigate the effects of trade disruptions—and the explicit inclusion of water resources in post-pandemic recovery schemes.In addition,innovations that help conserve natural resources are essential for maintaining environmental gains in the post-pandemic world.
文摘CO2 emissions embodied in trade have an important and far-reaching impact on CO2 emissions reduction obligations. Based on a multi-regional inputoutput analysis, this paper calculates China＇s provincial CO2 emissions embodied in trade and analyzes CO2 emissions embodied in trade per unit of value of trade in 30 Chinese provinces. Several climate policy options that potentially reduce the impact of trade on individual provinces are discussed. One finding from this study is that provincial CO2 emissions embodied in trade accounted for approximately 60.02% of China＇s CO2 emissions in 2007. The CO2 emissions embodied in imports and exports for 30 Chinese provinces differ widely, and remarkable differences in the CO2 emissions embodied in trade per unit of value of trade exist. Another important finding, is that if provinces take binding commitments as a part of a coalition, instead of as individual provinces, then the impacts of trade can be reduced. Notably, however, the extent of reduction in a coalition varies in different provinces.
