Polyamide/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer(PA/ABS) blends have drawn considerable attention from both academia and industry for their important applications in automotive and electronic areas. Due to poor mis...Polyamide/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer(PA/ABS) blends have drawn considerable attention from both academia and industry for their important applications in automotive and electronic areas. Due to poor miscibility of PA and ABS, developing an effective compatibilization strategy has been an urgent challenge to achieve prominent mechanical properties. In this study, we create a set of mechanically enhanced PA6/ABS blends using two multi-monomer melt-grafted compatibilizers, SEBSg-(MAH-co-St) and ABS-g-(MAH-co-St). The dispersed domain size is significantly decreased and meanwhile the unique "soft shell-encapsulating-hard core" structures form in the presence of compatibilizers. The optimum mechanical performances manifest an increase of 36% in tensile strength and an increase of 1300% in impact strength, compared with the neat PA6/ABS binary blend.展开更多
In this study, the maleic anhydride （MAH） and styrene （St） dual monomers grafted polypropylene （PP） and poly[styrene-b- （ethylene-co-butylene）-b-styrene] （SEBS）, i.e. PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and SEBS-g-（MAH-co-S...In this study, the maleic anhydride （MAH） and styrene （St） dual monomers grafted polypropylene （PP） and poly[styrene-b- （ethylene-co-butylene）-b-styrene] （SEBS）, i.e. PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） are prepared as multi-phase compatibilizers and used to compatibilize the PA6/PS/PP/SEBS （70/10/10/10） model quaternary blends. Both PS and SEBS are encapsulated by the hard shell of PP-g-（MAH-co-St） in the dispersed domains （about 2 μm） of the PA6/PS/PP-g-（MAH-co-St）/SEBS （70/10/10/10） quaternary blend. In contrast, inside the dispersed domains （about 1 μm） of the PA6/PS/PP/SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） （70/10/10/10） quaternary blend, the soft SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） encapsulates both the hard PS and PP phases and separates them. With increasing the content of the compatibilizers equally, the morphology of the PA6/PS/（PP＋PP-g-（MAH-co-St））/（SEBS＋SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St）） （70/10/10/10） quaternary blends evolves from the soft （SEBS＋SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St）） encapsulating PS and partially encapsulating PP （about 1 μm）, then to PS exclusively encapsulated by the soft SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） and then separated by PP-g-（MAH-co-St） inside the smaller domains （about 0.6 μm）. This morphology evolution has been well predicted by spreading coefficients and explained by the reaction between the matrix PA6 and the compatibilizers. The quaternary blends compatibilized by more compatibilizers exhibit stronger hierarchical interfacial adhesions and smaller dispersed domain, which results in the further improved mechanical properties. Compared to the uncompatibilized blend, the blend with both 10 wt% PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and 10 wt% SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） has the best mechanical properties with the stress at break, strain at break and impact failure energy improved significantly by 97%, 71% and 261%, respectively. There is a strong correlation between the structure and property in the blends.展开更多
High-entropy polymer blends composed of polypropylene(PP),polystyrene(PS),polyamide 6(PA6),poly(lactic acid)(PLA),and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene(SEBS)were successfully fabricated using maleic anhydride-grafted ...High-entropy polymer blends composed of polypropylene(PP),polystyrene(PS),polyamide 6(PA6),poly(lactic acid)(PLA),and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene(SEBS)were successfully fabricated using maleic anhydride-grafted SEBS(SEBS-g-MAH)as a compatibilizer.Dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and mechanical testing demonstrated that SEBS-g-MAH significantly enhanced the compatibility between the polar(PA6,PLA)and nonpolar(PP,PS,SEBS)components.The compatibilizer effectively refined the microstructure,substantially reduced the domain sizes,and blurred the phase boundaries,indicating enhanced interfacial interactions among all the components.The optimal compatibilizer content(15 wt%)notably increased tensile ductility(elongation at break from 5.0%to 23.7%)while maintaining balanced crystallization behavior,despite slightly decreasing modulus.This work not only demonstrates the broad applicability of high-entropy polymer blends as a sustainable strategy for converting complex,unsorted plastic waste into high-performance value-added materials that significantly contribute to plastic upcycling efforts,but also highlights intriguing physical phenomena emerging from such complex polymer systems.展开更多
Water electrolyzers play a crucial role in green hydrogen production.However,their efficiency and scalability are often compromised by bubble dynamics across various scales,from nanoscale to macroscale components.This...Water electrolyzers play a crucial role in green hydrogen production.However,their efficiency and scalability are often compromised by bubble dynamics across various scales,from nanoscale to macroscale components.This review explores multi-scale modeling as a tool to visualize multi-phase flow and improve mass transport in water electrolyzers.At the nanoscale,molecular dynamics(MD)simulations reveal how electrode surface features and wettability influence nanobubble nucleation and stability.Moving to the mesoscale,models such as volume of fluid(VOF)and lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)shed light on bubble transport in porous transport layers(PTLs).These insights inform innovative designs,including gradient porosity and hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterning,aimed at minimizing gas saturation.At the macroscale,VOF simulations elucidate two-phase flow regimes within channels,showing how flow field geometry and wettability affect bubble discharging.Moreover,artificial intelligence(AI)-driven surrogate models expedite the optimization process,allowing for rapid exploration of structural parameters in channel-rib flow fields and porous flow field designs.By integrating these approaches,we can bridge theoretical insights with experimental validation,ultimately enhancing water electrolyzer performance,reducing costs,and advancing affordable,high-efficiency hydrogen production.展开更多
A thermodynamically complete multi-phase equation of state(EOS)applicable to both dense and porous metals at wide ranges of temperature and pressure is constructed.A standard three-term decomposition of the Helmholtz ...A thermodynamically complete multi-phase equation of state(EOS)applicable to both dense and porous metals at wide ranges of temperature and pressure is constructed.A standard three-term decomposition of the Helmholtz free energy as a function of specific volume and temperature is presented,where the cold component models both compression and expansion states,the thermal ion component introduces the Debye approximation and melting entropy,and the thermal electron component employs the Thomas-Fermi-Kirzhnits(TFK)model.The porosity of materials is considered by introducing the dynamic porosity coefficientαand the constitutive P-αrelation,connecting the thermodynamic properties between dense and porous systems,allowing for an accurate description of the volume decrease caused by void collapse while maintaining the quasi-static thermodynamic properties of porous systems identical to the dense ones.These models enable the EOS applicable and robust at wide ranges of temperature,pressure and porosity.A systematic evaluation of the new EOS is conducted with aluminum(Al)as an example.300 K isotherm,shock Hugoniot,as well as melting curves of both dense and porous Al are calculated,which shows great agreements with experimental data and validates the effectiveness of the models and the accuracy of parameterizations.Notably,it is for the first time Hugoniot P-σcurves up to 10~6 GPa and shock melting behaviors of porous Al are derived from analytical EOS models,which predict much lower compression limit and shock melting temperatures than those of dense Al.展开更多
The nitrate reduction via electrochemical catalysis offers an environmentally friendly method for sustainable ammonia production and wastewater remediation.However,conventional Co-based catalysts suffer from a major l...The nitrate reduction via electrochemical catalysis offers an environmentally friendly method for sustainable ammonia production and wastewater remediation.However,conventional Co-based catalysts suffer from a major limitation:their nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))adsorption capacity remains weak.This drawback severely restricts their catalytic efficiency.To overcome this limitation,we synthesized a triphasic interface material(Cu/Co/CoO@C)via rapid joule heating and elucidated its performance-enhancing mechanisms.The exceptional catalytic performance originates from the phase interface-induced multiscale structural regulation.At the microscopic scale,electronic structure modulation through interfacial charge redistribution between Cu and Co/CoO significantly reduces intermediate adsorption energies.Co 3d and O 2p orbitals coupling generates a localized polarized electric field,enhancing NO_(3)^(-)activation.At the macroscopic scale,defect-rich structures improve mass transfer and expose abundant active sites.With the Cu/Co/CoO@C,the yield of NH_(3) is achieved to 2.03 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)(-0.4 V vs.RHE,Faradaic efficiency(FE)98.4%).The assembled Zn-NO_(3)^(-)battery delivered a maximum power density of 52.09 mW cm^(-2)and a NH_(3) production rate of 297.5μmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)(FE 95.4%).Based on these results,this work offers new insights into multiphase interface design.展开更多
Due to abrupt changes in the intrinsic degradation mechanism or shock from external environmental pressure,degradations of some equipment are characterized by multi-phase and jumps.Meanwhile,equipment is subject to in...Due to abrupt changes in the intrinsic degradation mechanism or shock from external environmental pressure,degradations of some equipment are characterized by multi-phase and jumps.Meanwhile,equipment is subject to inherent fluctuations,limited data and imperfect measurements resulting in aleatory,epistemic and measurement uncertainties of the degradation process.This paper proposes a degradation model and remaining useful life(RUL)prediction method under triple uncertainties for a category of complex equipment with multi-phase degradation and jumps.First,a multi-phase degradation model with random jumps and measurement errors is constructed based on uncertain random processes.Afterward,the analytic expression of RUL prediction considering the heterogeneity is derived by modeling the uncertainty of degradation states at change points under the concept of first hitting time.A stochastic uncertain approach is utilized for the proposed multi-phase degradation model to identify model parameters based on historical data.Furthermore,the implied degradation features are adaptively updated in online stage using similarity-based weighted stochastic uncertain maximum likelihood estimation and Kalman filtering.Finally,the effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation example and practical case.展开更多
Melt blending of biodegradable polyesters such as poly(lactic acid)(PLA)and poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate)(PBAT)with a compatibilizer and natural filler offers a chance to develop biodegradable biocomposites ...Melt blending of biodegradable polyesters such as poly(lactic acid)(PLA)and poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate)(PBAT)with a compatibilizer and natural filler offers a chance to develop biodegradable biocomposites with improved performance.In this study,we examined how PLA/PBAT blends behave during ultimate biodegradation(mineralization),both with and without compatibilizer and algae as a reinforcement,under controlled composting conditions using carbon dioxide(CO_(2))respirometry techniques.Throughout the biodegradation process,the disintegration behaviour,thermal,chemical,and morphological properties of test samples before and after biodegradation were analyzed using FTIR,TGA,DSC,and SEM techniques.The results from CO_(2)biodegradation showed that PLA/PBAT blend exhibits a higher rate of biodegradation compared to neat PLA and PBAT.The addition of algae to a compatibilized PLA/PBAT blend showed an enhanced biodegradation rate due to hydrolytic cleavage and microbial assimilation.This was further supported by the disintegration test,where algae-reinforced composites showed fragmentation within 30 days.FTIR,TGA and SEM analysis revealed the structural changes that occurred during biodegradation,highlighting the role of algae in affecting the thermal stability and surface morphology.After the compost biodegradation step,eco-toxicity seed germination was conducted on the test samples.Plant seed germination test results confirmed that all test samples achieved maximumgermination.This indicates there were no toxic residues,suggesting that the degraded materials are environmentally safe.Overall,this study contributes to the understanding of biodegradation mechanisms and the ecological impact of bio-based polymer composites as eco-friendly materials and products.展开更多
A new multi-phase active contour model is proposed for the image segmentation. It is a generalization of the C-V model with the following characteristics： （1） A key technique, called the technique of painting backg...A new multi-phase active contour model is proposed for the image segmentation. It is a generalization of the C-V model with the following characteristics： （1） A key technique, called the technique of painting background （TPBG）, is developed to remove the information of the background, which blocks the detection of weak boundaries in the object; （2） The two-phase level set is applied multiple times for getting the multi-phase segmentation model （n-1 times for the n-phase model, n〉1）; （3） A scaling-based method is introduced to improve the basic model. Experimental results show that the proposed model is effective for detecting weak boundaries.展开更多
A capacity model of multi-phase signalized intersections is derived by a stopping-line method. It is simplified with two normal situations： one situation involves one straight lane and one left-turn lane; the other s...A capacity model of multi-phase signalized intersections is derived by a stopping-line method. It is simplified with two normal situations： one situation involves one straight lane and one left-turn lane; the other situation involves two straight lanes and one left-turn lane. The results show that the capacity is mainly relative to signal cycle length, phase length, intersection layout and following time. With regard to the vehicles arrival rates, the optimal model is derived based on each phase＇s remaining time balance, and it is solved by Lagrange multipliers. Therefore, the calculation models of the optimal signal cycle length and phase lengths are derived and simplified. Compared to the existing models, the proposed model is more convenient and practical. Finally, a practical intersection is chosen and its signal cycles and phase lengths are calculated by the proposed model.展开更多
Ethylene/propylene-random-copolymer （PPR）/clay nanocomposites were prepared by two-stage melt blending. Four types of compatibilizers, including an ethylene-octene copolymer grafted maleic anhydride （POE-g-MA） and...Ethylene/propylene-random-copolymer （PPR）/clay nanocomposites were prepared by two-stage melt blending. Four types of compatibilizers, including an ethylene-octene copolymer grafted maleic anhydride （POE-g-MA） and three maleic-anhydride-grafted polypropylenes （PP-g-MA） with different melt flow indexes （MFI）, were used to improve the dispersion of organic clay in matrix. On the other hand, the effects of organic montmorillonite （OMMT） content on the nanocomposite structure in terms of clay dispersion in PPR matrix, thermal behavior and tensile properties were also studied. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） results show that the organic clay layers are mainly intercalated and partially exfoliated in the nanocomposites. Moreover, a PP-g-MA compatibilizer （compatibilizer B） having high MFI can greatly increase the interlayer spacing of the clay as compared with other compatibilizers. With the introduction of compatibilizer D （POE-g-MA）, most of the clays are dispersed into the POE phase, and the shape of the dispersed OMMT appears elliptic, which differs from the strip of PP-g-MA. Compared with virgin PPR, the Young＇s modulus of the nanocomposite evidently increases when a compatibilizer C （PP-g-MA） with medium MFI is used. For the nanocomposites with compatibilizer B and C, their crystallinities （Xc） increase as compared with that of the virgin PPR. Furthermore, the increase of OMMT loadings presents little effect on the melt temperature （Tc） of the PPR/OMMT nanocomposites, and slight effect on their crystallization temperature （Tc）. Only compatibilizer B can lead to a marked increases in crystallinity and Tc of the nanocomposite when the OMMT content is 2 wt%.展开更多
Donor-acceptor （D-A） type fully conjugated block copolymer systems have been rarely reported due to the challenges in synthetic approaches to prepare well-defined low-polydispersity products. In this work, fully con...Donor-acceptor （D-A） type fully conjugated block copolymer systems have been rarely reported due to the challenges in synthetic approaches to prepare well-defined low-polydispersity products. In this work, fully conjugated block copolymers are synthesized in a one-pot reaction through Stille coupling polycondensation, by utilizing the end-functional polymer copolymerization method. End-functional P3HT are copolymerized with AA （2,7-dihromo-9-（heptadecan-9-yl）-9H- carbazole） and BB （4,7-bis（5-（trimethylstannyl）thiophen-2-yl）benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole, TBT） type monomers, respectively. The orthogonal solubility between the very soluble P3HT donor and the insoluble PCDTBT acceptor block improves the purity of block copolymers as well as distinct nano-scale phase-separation compared with other reports on miscibility of donor and acceptor polymer block. Further purification via preparative GPC is carried out to remove the excess of unreacted P3HT and free PCDTBT as well as to achieve low polydispersity of block copolymers. The chemical structure of the P3HT- b-PCDTBT block copolymers are verified via IH-NMR, and further confirmed by FTIR spectra. The block copolymer shows broad absorption and moderate optical band gap of 1.8 eV. Furthermore, the fully conjugated block copolymer films exhibit significant fine structures, much smoother film morphology compared to P3HT/PCDTBT polymer blends. By adding a small amount of block copolymer P3HT-b-PCDTBT as a compatibilizer into the bulk-heterojunction of P3HT：PC61BM blends, polymer solar ceils with an 8% increase of short circuit current （Jse） and 10% increase of power conversion efficiency （PCE） are achieved owing to the improvement of the active-layer film morphology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on donor-acceptor type fully conjugated block copolymer as an effective ternary additive in polymer： fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells.展开更多
The fluid of casting process is a typical kind of multi-phase flow. Actually, many casting phenomena have close relationship with the multi-phase flow, such as molten metal filling process, air entrapment, slag moveme...The fluid of casting process is a typical kind of multi-phase flow. Actually, many casting phenomena have close relationship with the multi-phase flow, such as molten metal filling process, air entrapment, slag movement, venting process of die casting, gas escaping of lost foam casting and so on. Obviously, in order to analyze these phenomena accurately, numerical simulation of the multi-phase fluid is necessary. Unfortunately, so far, most of the commercial casting simulation systems do not have the ability of multi-phase flow modeling due to the difficulty in the multi-phase flow calculation. In the paper, Finite Different Method (FDM) technique was adopt to solve the multi-phase fluid model. And a simple object of the muiti-phase fluid was analyzed to obtain the fluid rates of the liquid phase and the entrapped air phase.展开更多
Low density polyethylene(LDPE)/lignin blends were prepared using melt blending.Two kinds of compatibilizers, ethylene-vinylacetate(EVA) which is softer than LDPE and polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride(PE-g-MA)...Low density polyethylene(LDPE)/lignin blends were prepared using melt blending.Two kinds of compatibilizers, ethylene-vinylacetate(EVA) which is softer than LDPE and polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride(PE-g-MA) which is harder than LDPE were used to improve the interfacial adhesion.Scanning electron microscope(SEM) was used to investigate the dispersion of lignin in LDPE matrix.The results showed that both of the compatibilizers could improve the interaction between the low density polyethylene and l...展开更多
Starch- g-poly(vinyl alcohol) as a compatibilizing agent for reducing the phase separation rates of polyvinyl alcohol/starch pastes has been investigated by blending and dissolving the two polymers in distilled water....Starch- g-poly(vinyl alcohol) as a compatibilizing agent for reducing the phase separation rates of polyvinyl alcohol/starch pastes has been investigated by blending and dissolving the two polymers in distilled water. The separation rates were quantitatively evaluated by the term of initiul demixing time. The grafted starches, with a series of grafting ratios, were prepared by grafting a number of vinyl acetate onto granular cornstarch in aqueous dispersion and then alcoholating in methanol. It was found that the addition of small amounts of starch- g poly (vinyl alcohol ) in the size compositions can effectively decrease the separation rates of the blended pastes in comparison to pure starch/PVA ones.Moreover, the influence of the grafting ratio, starch content, and PVA variety on the separation rates was also studied.展开更多
The hydrocarbon detection techniques used currently are generally based on the theory of single-phase medium, but hydrocarbon reservoir mostly is multi-phase medium, therefore, multisolutions and uncertainties are exi...The hydrocarbon detection techniques used currently are generally based on the theory of single-phase medium, but hydrocarbon reservoir mostly is multi-phase medium, therefore, multisolutions and uncertainties are existed in the result of hydrocarbon detection. This paper presents a fast way to detect hydrocarbon in accordance with BOIT theory and laboratory data. The technique called DHAF technique has been applied to several survey area and obtained good result where the coincidence rate for hydrocarbon detection is higher than other similar techniques. The method shows a good prospect of the application in hydrocarbon detecting at exploration stage and in reservoir monitoring at production stage.展开更多
In the petroleum industry,detection of multi-phase fluid flow is very important in both surface and down-hole measurements.Accurate measurement of high rate of water or gas multi-phase flow has always been an academic...In the petroleum industry,detection of multi-phase fluid flow is very important in both surface and down-hole measurements.Accurate measurement of high rate of water or gas multi-phase flow has always been an academic and industrial focus.NMR is an efficient and accurate technique for the detection of fluids;it is widely used in the determination of fluid compositions and properties.This paper is aimed to quantitatively detect multi-phase flow in oil and gas wells and pipelines and to propose an innovative method for online nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)detection.The online NMR data acquisition,processing and interpretation methods are proposed to fill the blank of traditional methods.A full-bore straight tube design without pressure drop,a Halbach magnet structure design with zero magnetic leakage outside the probe,a separate antenna structure design without flowing effects on NMR measurement and automatic control technology will achieve unattended operation.Through the innovation of this work,the application of NMR for the real-time and quantitative detection of multi-phase flow in oil and gas wells and pipelines can be implemented.展开更多
The rapid construction of artificial reservoirs in metropolises has promoted the emergence of city-river-reservoir systems worldwide.This study investigated the environmental behaviors and risks of heavy metals in the...The rapid construction of artificial reservoirs in metropolises has promoted the emergence of city-river-reservoir systems worldwide.This study investigated the environmental behaviors and risks of heavy metals in the aquatic environment of a typical system composed of main watersheds in Suzhou and Jinze Reservoir in Shanghai.Results shown that Mn,Zn and Cu were the dominant metals detected in multiple phases.Cd,Mn and Zn were mainly presented in exchangeable fraction and exhibited high bioavailability.Great proportion and high mobility of metals were found in suspended particulate matter(SPM),suggesting that SPM can greatly affect metal multi-phase distribution process.Spatially,city system(Ci S)exhibited more serious metal pollution and higher ecological risk than river system(Ri S)and reservoir system(Re S)owing to the diverse emission sources.Ci S and Re S were regarded as critical pollution source and sink,respectively,while Ri S was a vital transportation aisle.Microbial community in sediments exhibited evident spatial variation and obviously modified by exchangeable metals and nutrients.In particular,Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes presented significant positive correlations with most exchangeable metals.Risk assessment implied that As,Sb and Ni in water may pose potential carcinogenic risk to human health.Nevertheless,Re S was in a fairly safe state.Hg was the main risk contributor in SPM,while Cu,Zn,Ni and Sb showed moderate risk in sediments.Overall,Hg,Sb and Ci S were screened out as priority metals and system,respectively.More attention should be paid to these priority issues to promote the sustainable development of the watershed.展开更多
Based on the fundamental equations of the mechanics of solid continuum,the paper employs an analytical model for determination of elastic thermal stresses in isotropic continuum represented by periodically distributed...Based on the fundamental equations of the mechanics of solid continuum,the paper employs an analytical model for determination of elastic thermal stresses in isotropic continuum represented by periodically distributed spherical particles with different distributions in an infinite matrix,imaginarily divided into identical cells with dimensions equal to inter-particle distances,containing a central spherical particle with or without a spherical envelope on the particle surface.Consequently,the multi-particle-(envelope)-matrix system,as a model system regarding the analytical modelling,is applicable to four types of multi-phase materials.As functions of the particle volume fraction v,the inter-particle distances dl,d2,d3 along three mutually per-pendicular axes,and the particle and envelope radii,R1 and R2,respectively,the thermal stresses within the cell,are originated during a cooling process as a consequence of the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of phases rep-resented by the matrix,envelope and particle.Analytical-(experimental)-computational lifetime prediction methods for multi-phase materials are proposed,which can be used in engineering with appropriate values of parameters of real multi-phase materials.展开更多
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is currently the largest commercial biodegradable plastics with good toughness and film forming properties, whereas, the inferior barrier and mechanical properties hinder...Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is currently the largest commercial biodegradable plastics with good toughness and film forming properties, whereas, the inferior barrier and mechanical properties hinder its applications. Biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with excellent barrier properties and high strength is a natural choice to address above issue. However, it is challenging to improve the compatibility of these two polymers. Herein, we prepared a reactive compatibilizer with double bond side group through terpolymerization of CO_(2)/propylene oxide/glycidyl methacrylate to enhance the properties of PBAT/PPC blends. Upon addition of 1 wt% compatibilizer, the PBAT/PPC blends (75/25, W/W) showed an increased water vapor barrier property changed from 424 g·m^(−2)·d^(−1) to 204 g·m^(−2)·d^(−1) compared to the control sample. Moreover, the tensile strength and elongation at break increased from 24.7 MPa to 30.3 MPa and from 858% to 1142%, respectively. The PBAT/PPC composite also displayed excellent biodegradability under composting conditions, as confirmed by the significantly decreased molecular weight. The present work provides an efficient way to barrier biodegradable film from PBAT of practical utilization.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51633003) for the financial support
文摘Polyamide/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer(PA/ABS) blends have drawn considerable attention from both academia and industry for their important applications in automotive and electronic areas. Due to poor miscibility of PA and ABS, developing an effective compatibilization strategy has been an urgent challenge to achieve prominent mechanical properties. In this study, we create a set of mechanically enhanced PA6/ABS blends using two multi-monomer melt-grafted compatibilizers, SEBSg-(MAH-co-St) and ABS-g-(MAH-co-St). The dispersed domain size is significantly decreased and meanwhile the unique "soft shell-encapsulating-hard core" structures form in the presence of compatibilizers. The optimum mechanical performances manifest an increase of 36% in tensile strength and an increase of 1300% in impact strength, compared with the neat PA6/ABS binary blend.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51633003)State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (No. OIC-201601006)
文摘In this study, the maleic anhydride （MAH） and styrene （St） dual monomers grafted polypropylene （PP） and poly[styrene-b- （ethylene-co-butylene）-b-styrene] （SEBS）, i.e. PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） are prepared as multi-phase compatibilizers and used to compatibilize the PA6/PS/PP/SEBS （70/10/10/10） model quaternary blends. Both PS and SEBS are encapsulated by the hard shell of PP-g-（MAH-co-St） in the dispersed domains （about 2 μm） of the PA6/PS/PP-g-（MAH-co-St）/SEBS （70/10/10/10） quaternary blend. In contrast, inside the dispersed domains （about 1 μm） of the PA6/PS/PP/SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） （70/10/10/10） quaternary blend, the soft SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） encapsulates both the hard PS and PP phases and separates them. With increasing the content of the compatibilizers equally, the morphology of the PA6/PS/（PP＋PP-g-（MAH-co-St））/（SEBS＋SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St）） （70/10/10/10） quaternary blends evolves from the soft （SEBS＋SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St）） encapsulating PS and partially encapsulating PP （about 1 μm）, then to PS exclusively encapsulated by the soft SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） and then separated by PP-g-（MAH-co-St） inside the smaller domains （about 0.6 μm）. This morphology evolution has been well predicted by spreading coefficients and explained by the reaction between the matrix PA6 and the compatibilizers. The quaternary blends compatibilized by more compatibilizers exhibit stronger hierarchical interfacial adhesions and smaller dispersed domain, which results in the further improved mechanical properties. Compared to the uncompatibilized blend, the blend with both 10 wt% PP-g-（MAH-co-St） and 10 wt% SEBS-g-（MAH-co-St） has the best mechanical properties with the stress at break, strain at break and impact failure energy improved significantly by 97%, 71% and 261%, respectively. There is a strong correlation between the structure and property in the blends.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52173017)the Project of Introducing Urgently Needed and Scarce Talents in Key Supported Regions of Shandong Province in 2024.
文摘High-entropy polymer blends composed of polypropylene(PP),polystyrene(PS),polyamide 6(PA6),poly(lactic acid)(PLA),and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene(SEBS)were successfully fabricated using maleic anhydride-grafted SEBS(SEBS-g-MAH)as a compatibilizer.Dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and mechanical testing demonstrated that SEBS-g-MAH significantly enhanced the compatibility between the polar(PA6,PLA)and nonpolar(PP,PS,SEBS)components.The compatibilizer effectively refined the microstructure,substantially reduced the domain sizes,and blurred the phase boundaries,indicating enhanced interfacial interactions among all the components.The optimal compatibilizer content(15 wt%)notably increased tensile ductility(elongation at break from 5.0%to 23.7%)while maintaining balanced crystallization behavior,despite slightly decreasing modulus.This work not only demonstrates the broad applicability of high-entropy polymer blends as a sustainable strategy for converting complex,unsorted plastic waste into high-performance value-added materials that significantly contribute to plastic upcycling efforts,but also highlights intriguing physical phenomena emerging from such complex polymer systems.
基金supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(Project No.15308024)a grant from Research Centre for Carbon-Strategic Catalysis,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(CE2X).
文摘Water electrolyzers play a crucial role in green hydrogen production.However,their efficiency and scalability are often compromised by bubble dynamics across various scales,from nanoscale to macroscale components.This review explores multi-scale modeling as a tool to visualize multi-phase flow and improve mass transport in water electrolyzers.At the nanoscale,molecular dynamics(MD)simulations reveal how electrode surface features and wettability influence nanobubble nucleation and stability.Moving to the mesoscale,models such as volume of fluid(VOF)and lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)shed light on bubble transport in porous transport layers(PTLs).These insights inform innovative designs,including gradient porosity and hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterning,aimed at minimizing gas saturation.At the macroscale,VOF simulations elucidate two-phase flow regimes within channels,showing how flow field geometry and wettability affect bubble discharging.Moreover,artificial intelligence(AI)-driven surrogate models expedite the optimization process,allowing for rapid exploration of structural parameters in channel-rib flow fields and porous flow field designs.By integrating these approaches,we can bridge theoretical insights with experimental validation,ultimately enhancing water electrolyzer performance,reducing costs,and advancing affordable,high-efficiency hydrogen production.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12205023,U2230401,12374056,U23A20537,11904027)。
文摘A thermodynamically complete multi-phase equation of state(EOS)applicable to both dense and porous metals at wide ranges of temperature and pressure is constructed.A standard three-term decomposition of the Helmholtz free energy as a function of specific volume and temperature is presented,where the cold component models both compression and expansion states,the thermal ion component introduces the Debye approximation and melting entropy,and the thermal electron component employs the Thomas-Fermi-Kirzhnits(TFK)model.The porosity of materials is considered by introducing the dynamic porosity coefficientαand the constitutive P-αrelation,connecting the thermodynamic properties between dense and porous systems,allowing for an accurate description of the volume decrease caused by void collapse while maintaining the quasi-static thermodynamic properties of porous systems identical to the dense ones.These models enable the EOS applicable and robust at wide ranges of temperature,pressure and porosity.A systematic evaluation of the new EOS is conducted with aluminum(Al)as an example.300 K isotherm,shock Hugoniot,as well as melting curves of both dense and porous Al are calculated,which shows great agreements with experimental data and validates the effectiveness of the models and the accuracy of parameterizations.Notably,it is for the first time Hugoniot P-σcurves up to 10~6 GPa and shock melting behaviors of porous Al are derived from analytical EOS models,which predict much lower compression limit and shock melting temperatures than those of dense Al.
基金financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(202301AS070040,202301AU070209)the Major Science and Technology Projects of Yunnan Province(202302AB080019-3)+3 种基金the Scientific Research Fund Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2023J0033)the Laboratory of Solid-State Ions for Green Energy of Yunnan Universitythe Analysis and Measurements Center of Yunnan University for the sample testing servicethe Electron Microscope Center of Yunnan University for the support of this work。
文摘The nitrate reduction via electrochemical catalysis offers an environmentally friendly method for sustainable ammonia production and wastewater remediation.However,conventional Co-based catalysts suffer from a major limitation:their nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))adsorption capacity remains weak.This drawback severely restricts their catalytic efficiency.To overcome this limitation,we synthesized a triphasic interface material(Cu/Co/CoO@C)via rapid joule heating and elucidated its performance-enhancing mechanisms.The exceptional catalytic performance originates from the phase interface-induced multiscale structural regulation.At the microscopic scale,electronic structure modulation through interfacial charge redistribution between Cu and Co/CoO significantly reduces intermediate adsorption energies.Co 3d and O 2p orbitals coupling generates a localized polarized electric field,enhancing NO_(3)^(-)activation.At the macroscopic scale,defect-rich structures improve mass transfer and expose abundant active sites.With the Cu/Co/CoO@C,the yield of NH_(3) is achieved to 2.03 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)(-0.4 V vs.RHE,Faradaic efficiency(FE)98.4%).The assembled Zn-NO_(3)^(-)battery delivered a maximum power density of 52.09 mW cm^(-2)and a NH_(3) production rate of 297.5μmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)(FE 95.4%).Based on these results,this work offers new insights into multiphase interface design.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3301200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(U21A20483,62373040,62203042).
文摘Due to abrupt changes in the intrinsic degradation mechanism or shock from external environmental pressure,degradations of some equipment are characterized by multi-phase and jumps.Meanwhile,equipment is subject to inherent fluctuations,limited data and imperfect measurements resulting in aleatory,epistemic and measurement uncertainties of the degradation process.This paper proposes a degradation model and remaining useful life(RUL)prediction method under triple uncertainties for a category of complex equipment with multi-phase degradation and jumps.First,a multi-phase degradation model with random jumps and measurement errors is constructed based on uncertain random processes.Afterward,the analytic expression of RUL prediction considering the heterogeneity is derived by modeling the uncertainty of degradation states at change points under the concept of first hitting time.A stochastic uncertain approach is utilized for the proposed multi-phase degradation model to identify model parameters based on historical data.Furthermore,the implied degradation features are adaptively updated in online stage using similarity-based weighted stochastic uncertain maximum likelihood estimation and Kalman filtering.Finally,the effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation example and practical case.
文摘Melt blending of biodegradable polyesters such as poly(lactic acid)(PLA)and poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate)(PBAT)with a compatibilizer and natural filler offers a chance to develop biodegradable biocomposites with improved performance.In this study,we examined how PLA/PBAT blends behave during ultimate biodegradation(mineralization),both with and without compatibilizer and algae as a reinforcement,under controlled composting conditions using carbon dioxide(CO_(2))respirometry techniques.Throughout the biodegradation process,the disintegration behaviour,thermal,chemical,and morphological properties of test samples before and after biodegradation were analyzed using FTIR,TGA,DSC,and SEM techniques.The results from CO_(2)biodegradation showed that PLA/PBAT blend exhibits a higher rate of biodegradation compared to neat PLA and PBAT.The addition of algae to a compatibilized PLA/PBAT blend showed an enhanced biodegradation rate due to hydrolytic cleavage and microbial assimilation.This was further supported by the disintegration test,where algae-reinforced composites showed fragmentation within 30 days.FTIR,TGA and SEM analysis revealed the structural changes that occurred during biodegradation,highlighting the role of algae in affecting the thermal stability and surface morphology.After the compost biodegradation step,eco-toxicity seed germination was conducted on the test samples.Plant seed germination test results confirmed that all test samples achieved maximumgermination.This indicates there were no toxic residues,suggesting that the degraded materials are environmentally safe.Overall,this study contributes to the understanding of biodegradation mechanisms and the ecological impact of bio-based polymer composites as eco-friendly materials and products.
文摘A new multi-phase active contour model is proposed for the image segmentation. It is a generalization of the C-V model with the following characteristics： （1） A key technique, called the technique of painting background （TPBG）, is developed to remove the information of the background, which blocks the detection of weak boundaries in the object; （2） The two-phase level set is applied multiple times for getting the multi-phase segmentation model （n-1 times for the n-phase model, n〉1）; （3） A scaling-based method is introduced to improve the basic model. Experimental results show that the proposed model is effective for detecting weak boundaries.
基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2004035208)Jiangsu Communication Science Foundation (No.06Y36)
文摘A capacity model of multi-phase signalized intersections is derived by a stopping-line method. It is simplified with two normal situations： one situation involves one straight lane and one left-turn lane; the other situation involves two straight lanes and one left-turn lane. The results show that the capacity is mainly relative to signal cycle length, phase length, intersection layout and following time. With regard to the vehicles arrival rates, the optimal model is derived based on each phase＇s remaining time balance, and it is solved by Lagrange multipliers. Therefore, the calculation models of the optimal signal cycle length and phase lengths are derived and simplified. Compared to the existing models, the proposed model is more convenient and practical. Finally, a practical intersection is chosen and its signal cycles and phase lengths are calculated by the proposed model.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2005CB623800)Joint Research Fund for Overseas Chinese Young Scholars(No.50728302)the Program for Zhejiang Provincial Innovative Research Team (No.2009R50004)
文摘Ethylene/propylene-random-copolymer （PPR）/clay nanocomposites were prepared by two-stage melt blending. Four types of compatibilizers, including an ethylene-octene copolymer grafted maleic anhydride （POE-g-MA） and three maleic-anhydride-grafted polypropylenes （PP-g-MA） with different melt flow indexes （MFI）, were used to improve the dispersion of organic clay in matrix. On the other hand, the effects of organic montmorillonite （OMMT） content on the nanocomposite structure in terms of clay dispersion in PPR matrix, thermal behavior and tensile properties were also studied. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） results show that the organic clay layers are mainly intercalated and partially exfoliated in the nanocomposites. Moreover, a PP-g-MA compatibilizer （compatibilizer B） having high MFI can greatly increase the interlayer spacing of the clay as compared with other compatibilizers. With the introduction of compatibilizer D （POE-g-MA）, most of the clays are dispersed into the POE phase, and the shape of the dispersed OMMT appears elliptic, which differs from the strip of PP-g-MA. Compared with virgin PPR, the Young＇s modulus of the nanocomposite evidently increases when a compatibilizer C （PP-g-MA） with medium MFI is used. For the nanocomposites with compatibilizer B and C, their crystallinities （Xc） increase as compared with that of the virgin PPR. Furthermore, the increase of OMMT loadings presents little effect on the melt temperature （Tc） of the PPR/OMMT nanocomposites, and slight effect on their crystallization temperature （Tc）. Only compatibilizer B can lead to a marked increases in crystallinity and Tc of the nanocomposite when the OMMT content is 2 wt%.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21304047)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.13KJB430017)+1 种基金Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20133221120015)Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
文摘Donor-acceptor （D-A） type fully conjugated block copolymer systems have been rarely reported due to the challenges in synthetic approaches to prepare well-defined low-polydispersity products. In this work, fully conjugated block copolymers are synthesized in a one-pot reaction through Stille coupling polycondensation, by utilizing the end-functional polymer copolymerization method. End-functional P3HT are copolymerized with AA （2,7-dihromo-9-（heptadecan-9-yl）-9H- carbazole） and BB （4,7-bis（5-（trimethylstannyl）thiophen-2-yl）benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole, TBT） type monomers, respectively. The orthogonal solubility between the very soluble P3HT donor and the insoluble PCDTBT acceptor block improves the purity of block copolymers as well as distinct nano-scale phase-separation compared with other reports on miscibility of donor and acceptor polymer block. Further purification via preparative GPC is carried out to remove the excess of unreacted P3HT and free PCDTBT as well as to achieve low polydispersity of block copolymers. The chemical structure of the P3HT- b-PCDTBT block copolymers are verified via IH-NMR, and further confirmed by FTIR spectra. The block copolymer shows broad absorption and moderate optical band gap of 1.8 eV. Furthermore, the fully conjugated block copolymer films exhibit significant fine structures, much smoother film morphology compared to P3HT/PCDTBT polymer blends. By adding a small amount of block copolymer P3HT-b-PCDTBT as a compatibilizer into the bulk-heterojunction of P3HT：PC61BM blends, polymer solar ceils with an 8% increase of short circuit current （Jse） and 10% increase of power conversion efficiency （PCE） are achieved owing to the improvement of the active-layer film morphology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on donor-acceptor type fully conjugated block copolymer as an effective ternary additive in polymer： fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells.
文摘The fluid of casting process is a typical kind of multi-phase flow. Actually, many casting phenomena have close relationship with the multi-phase flow, such as molten metal filling process, air entrapment, slag movement, venting process of die casting, gas escaping of lost foam casting and so on. Obviously, in order to analyze these phenomena accurately, numerical simulation of the multi-phase fluid is necessary. Unfortunately, so far, most of the commercial casting simulation systems do not have the ability of multi-phase flow modeling due to the difficulty in the multi-phase flow calculation. In the paper, Finite Different Method (FDM) technique was adopt to solve the multi-phase fluid model. And a simple object of the muiti-phase fluid was analyzed to obtain the fluid rates of the liquid phase and the entrapped air phase.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.50533050,20634050)
文摘Low density polyethylene(LDPE)/lignin blends were prepared using melt blending.Two kinds of compatibilizers, ethylene-vinylacetate(EVA) which is softer than LDPE and polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride(PE-g-MA) which is harder than LDPE were used to improve the interfacial adhesion.Scanning electron microscope(SEM) was used to investigate the dispersion of lignin in LDPE matrix.The results showed that both of the compatibilizers could improve the interaction between the low density polyethylene and l...
基金It was financially supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[1995]No.7
文摘Starch- g-poly(vinyl alcohol) as a compatibilizing agent for reducing the phase separation rates of polyvinyl alcohol/starch pastes has been investigated by blending and dissolving the two polymers in distilled water. The separation rates were quantitatively evaluated by the term of initiul demixing time. The grafted starches, with a series of grafting ratios, were prepared by grafting a number of vinyl acetate onto granular cornstarch in aqueous dispersion and then alcoholating in methanol. It was found that the addition of small amounts of starch- g poly (vinyl alcohol ) in the size compositions can effectively decrease the separation rates of the blended pastes in comparison to pure starch/PVA ones.Moreover, the influence of the grafting ratio, starch content, and PVA variety on the separation rates was also studied.
基金The project is sponsored by the Innovation Foundation of Key Lab of Geophysical Exploration under CNPC.
文摘The hydrocarbon detection techniques used currently are generally based on the theory of single-phase medium, but hydrocarbon reservoir mostly is multi-phase medium, therefore, multisolutions and uncertainties are existed in the result of hydrocarbon detection. This paper presents a fast way to detect hydrocarbon in accordance with BOIT theory and laboratory data. The technique called DHAF technique has been applied to several survey area and obtained good result where the coincidence rate for hydrocarbon detection is higher than other similar techniques. The method shows a good prospect of the application in hydrocarbon detecting at exploration stage and in reservoir monitoring at production stage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51704327)
文摘In the petroleum industry,detection of multi-phase fluid flow is very important in both surface and down-hole measurements.Accurate measurement of high rate of water or gas multi-phase flow has always been an academic and industrial focus.NMR is an efficient and accurate technique for the detection of fluids;it is widely used in the determination of fluid compositions and properties.This paper is aimed to quantitatively detect multi-phase flow in oil and gas wells and pipelines and to propose an innovative method for online nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)detection.The online NMR data acquisition,processing and interpretation methods are proposed to fill the blank of traditional methods.A full-bore straight tube design without pressure drop,a Halbach magnet structure design with zero magnetic leakage outside the probe,a separate antenna structure design without flowing effects on NMR measurement and automatic control technology will achieve unattended operation.Through the innovation of this work,the application of NMR for the real-time and quantitative detection of multi-phase flow in oil and gas wells and pipelines can be implemented.
基金supported by the Scientific and Innovative Action Plan of Shanghai(CN)“One Belt One Road”International Cooperation Project(No.20260750400)the Singapore National Research Foundation(NRF)under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise(CREATE)program(E2S2-CREATE project ES-2:Detection,Assessment&Modelling of Emerging Contaminants in the Urban Environment)。
文摘The rapid construction of artificial reservoirs in metropolises has promoted the emergence of city-river-reservoir systems worldwide.This study investigated the environmental behaviors and risks of heavy metals in the aquatic environment of a typical system composed of main watersheds in Suzhou and Jinze Reservoir in Shanghai.Results shown that Mn,Zn and Cu were the dominant metals detected in multiple phases.Cd,Mn and Zn were mainly presented in exchangeable fraction and exhibited high bioavailability.Great proportion and high mobility of metals were found in suspended particulate matter(SPM),suggesting that SPM can greatly affect metal multi-phase distribution process.Spatially,city system(Ci S)exhibited more serious metal pollution and higher ecological risk than river system(Ri S)and reservoir system(Re S)owing to the diverse emission sources.Ci S and Re S were regarded as critical pollution source and sink,respectively,while Ri S was a vital transportation aisle.Microbial community in sediments exhibited evident spatial variation and obviously modified by exchangeable metals and nutrients.In particular,Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes presented significant positive correlations with most exchangeable metals.Risk assessment implied that As,Sb and Ni in water may pose potential carcinogenic risk to human health.Nevertheless,Re S was in a fairly safe state.Hg was the main risk contributor in SPM,while Cu,Zn,Ni and Sb showed moderate risk in sediments.Overall,Hg,Sb and Ci S were screened out as priority metals and system,respectively.More attention should be paid to these priority issues to promote the sustainable development of the watershed.
基金the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No.COST-0022-06,APVV-51-061505the 6th FP EU NESPA+5 种基金the Slovak Grant Agency VEGA(2/7197/27,2/7194/27,2/7195/27)NANOSMART,Centre of Excellence(1/1/2007-31/12/2010)Slovak Academy of Sciences,by KMM-NoE 502243-2(10/2004-9/2008)NENAMAT INCO-CT-2003-510363COST Action 536 and COST Action 538János Bolyai Research Grant NSF-MTA-OTKA grant-MTA:96/OTKA:049953,OTKA 63609
文摘Based on the fundamental equations of the mechanics of solid continuum,the paper employs an analytical model for determination of elastic thermal stresses in isotropic continuum represented by periodically distributed spherical particles with different distributions in an infinite matrix,imaginarily divided into identical cells with dimensions equal to inter-particle distances,containing a central spherical particle with or without a spherical envelope on the particle surface.Consequently,the multi-particle-(envelope)-matrix system,as a model system regarding the analytical modelling,is applicable to four types of multi-phase materials.As functions of the particle volume fraction v,the inter-particle distances dl,d2,d3 along three mutually per-pendicular axes,and the particle and envelope radii,R1 and R2,respectively,the thermal stresses within the cell,are originated during a cooling process as a consequence of the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of phases rep-resented by the matrix,envelope and particle.Analytical-(experimental)-computational lifetime prediction methods for multi-phase materials are proposed,which can be used in engineering with appropriate values of parameters of real multi-phase materials.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFD1700700).
文摘Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is currently the largest commercial biodegradable plastics with good toughness and film forming properties, whereas, the inferior barrier and mechanical properties hinder its applications. Biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with excellent barrier properties and high strength is a natural choice to address above issue. However, it is challenging to improve the compatibility of these two polymers. Herein, we prepared a reactive compatibilizer with double bond side group through terpolymerization of CO_(2)/propylene oxide/glycidyl methacrylate to enhance the properties of PBAT/PPC blends. Upon addition of 1 wt% compatibilizer, the PBAT/PPC blends (75/25, W/W) showed an increased water vapor barrier property changed from 424 g·m^(−2)·d^(−1) to 204 g·m^(−2)·d^(−1) compared to the control sample. Moreover, the tensile strength and elongation at break increased from 24.7 MPa to 30.3 MPa and from 858% to 1142%, respectively. The PBAT/PPC composite also displayed excellent biodegradability under composting conditions, as confirmed by the significantly decreased molecular weight. The present work provides an efficient way to barrier biodegradable film from PBAT of practical utilization.
