We explores Hamiltonian reduction in pulse-controlled finite-dimensional quantum systems with near-degenerate eigenstates. A quantum system with a non-degenerate ground state and several near-degenerate excited states...We explores Hamiltonian reduction in pulse-controlled finite-dimensional quantum systems with near-degenerate eigenstates. A quantum system with a non-degenerate ground state and several near-degenerate excited states is controlled by a short pulse, and the objective is to maximize the collective population on all excited states when we treat all of them as one level. Two cases of the systems are shown to be equivalent to effective two-level systems. When the pulse is weak, simple relations between the original systems and the reduced systems are obtained. When the pulse is strong, these relations are still available for pulses with only one frequency under the first-order approximation.展开更多
Anaerobic sludge from a sewage treatment plant was used to acclimatize microbial colonies capable of anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM) coupled to sulfate reduction. Clone libraries and fluorescence in situ hybridiza...Anaerobic sludge from a sewage treatment plant was used to acclimatize microbial colonies capable of anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM) coupled to sulfate reduction. Clone libraries and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to investigate the microbial population.Sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB)(e.g., Desulfotomaculum arcticum and Desulfobulbus propionicus)and anaerobic methanotrophic archaea(ANME)(e.g., Methanosaeta sp. and Methanolinea sp.)coexisted in the enrichment. The archaeal and bacterial cells were randomly or evenly distributed throughout the consortia. Accompanied by sulfate reduction, methane was oxidized anaerobically by the consortia of methane-oxidizing archaea and SRB. Moreover, CH_4 and SO_4^(2-) were consumed by methanotrophs and sulfate reducers with CO_2 and H_2S as products. The H_3CSH produced by methanotrophy was an intermediate product during the process. The methanotrophic enrichment was inoculated in a down-flow biofilter for the treatment of methane and H_2S from a landfill site. On average, 93.33% of H_2S and 10.71% of methane was successfully reduced in the biofilter. This study tries to provide effective method for the synergistic treatment of waste gas containing sulfur compounds and CH_4.展开更多
Three paddy soils were examined for their capacities of dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DRNA). 15 N labelled KNO 3 was added at the rate of 100 mg N kg -1 . Either glucose or rice straw ...Three paddy soils were examined for their capacities of dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DRNA). 15 N labelled KNO 3 was added at the rate of 100 mg N kg -1 . Either glucose or rice straw powder was incorporated at the rate of 1.0 or 2.0 mg C kg -1 respectively. Three treatments were designed to keep the soil saturated with water: A) a 2 cm water layer on soil surface (with beaker mouth open); B) a 2 cm water layer and a 1 cm liquid paraffin layer (with beaker mouth open); and C) water saturated under O 2 free Ar atmosphere. The soils were incubated at 28 oC for 5 days. There was almost no 15 N labelled NH + 4 N detected in Treatment A. However, there was 1.4 to 3.4 mg N kg -1 15 N labelled NH + 4 N in Treatment B and 2.1 to 13.8 mg N kg -1 in Treatment C. Glucose was more effective than straw powder in ammonium production. Because there was sufficient amount of non labelled NH + 4 N in the original soils, 15 N labelled NH + 4 N produced as such should be the result of dissimilatory reduction. Studies on microbial population showed that there were plenty of bacteria responsible for DRNA process (DRNA bacteria) in the soils examined, indicating that number of DRNA bacteria was not a limiting factor for ammonium production. However, DRNA bacteria were inferior in number to denitrifiers. DRNA process in soil suspension seemed to start after 5 days of incubation. Glycerol and sodium succinate, though both are readily available carbon sources to organisms,did not facilitate DRNA process. DRNA occurred only when glucose was available and at the C/NO 3 - N ratio of over 12. It seemed that both availability and quality of the carbon sources affected DRNA.展开更多
Clean Production is the best method for iron-steel making industry to eliminate pollution thoroughly. In order to achieve this object, smelting reduction technology should play the key role. Furthermore, process integ...Clean Production is the best method for iron-steel making industry to eliminate pollution thoroughly. In order to achieve this object, smelting reduction technology should play the key role. Furthermore, process integration method can be used to solve the problem of residual gas utilization by integrating smelting reduction process with direct reduced iron unit, gasoline, methanol or dimethyl ether synthesis unit, etc. A new smelting reduction process has been proposed which can be constructed on the present plant site. Since this process can directly treat the lump coal and iron ore fines, it reduces st6ps necessary in traditional blast furnace process and Corex smelting reduction process.展开更多
Bijie Experimental Region takes the ecological construction as the guarantee and takes population control as the key,to promote development-oriented poverty reduction and explore benign interaction between development...Bijie Experimental Region takes the ecological construction as the guarantee and takes population control as the key,to promote development-oriented poverty reduction and explore benign interaction between development-oriented poverty reduction and ecological construction and population control.Development-oriented poverty reduction model includes combination of raising crops and livestock,coordinated development of multiple wealth sources,transferring labor,and partner assistance;ecological construction model includes"Five sons passed imperial examinations",desertification control,agricultural circular economy,and project promotion;population control models includes human-land linkage,combination of favorable policies and propaganda and education,and combination of ambition arousing and education promotion.展开更多
Lignin,which is the most recalcitrant component of lignocellulosic biomass,is also the most abundant renewable aromatic resource.Herein,reductive treatment of triploid poplar sawdust by the integration of catalytic Ru...Lignin,which is the most recalcitrant component of lignocellulosic biomass,is also the most abundant renewable aromatic resource.Herein,reductive treatment of triploid poplar sawdust by the integration of catalytic Ru/C and a base,which afforded high yields of phenolic monomers from the lignin component and a solid carbohydrate pulp,is reported.The introduction of Cs_(2)CO_(3) led to the generation of C2 side‐chained phenols through the cleavage of C_(β)–O and C_(β)–C_(γ) bonds inβ–O–4 units in addition to C3 side‐chained phenols;the relationship between C2 and C3 was dependent on the base dosage.The reaction conditions,including base species,temperature,time,and H_(2) pressure,were optimized in terms of phenolic product distribution,delignification degree,and carbohydrate retention.The carbohydrate pulps generated from reductive catalytic fractionation in the presence of Cs_(2)CO_(3) were more amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis,indicating that this treatment of biomass constituted the fractionation of biomass components together with the breakdown of biomass recalcitrance.展开更多
基金ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.61074052 and No.61072032）. Herschel Rabitz acknowledges the support from Army Research Office （ARO）.
文摘We explores Hamiltonian reduction in pulse-controlled finite-dimensional quantum systems with near-degenerate eigenstates. A quantum system with a non-degenerate ground state and several near-degenerate excited states is controlled by a short pulse, and the objective is to maximize the collective population on all excited states when we treat all of them as one level. Two cases of the systems are shown to be equivalent to effective two-level systems. When the pulse is weak, simple relations between the original systems and the reduced systems are obtained. When the pulse is strong, these relations are still available for pulses with only one frequency under the first-order approximation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51478456 and 51178451)
文摘Anaerobic sludge from a sewage treatment plant was used to acclimatize microbial colonies capable of anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM) coupled to sulfate reduction. Clone libraries and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to investigate the microbial population.Sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB)(e.g., Desulfotomaculum arcticum and Desulfobulbus propionicus)and anaerobic methanotrophic archaea(ANME)(e.g., Methanosaeta sp. and Methanolinea sp.)coexisted in the enrichment. The archaeal and bacterial cells were randomly or evenly distributed throughout the consortia. Accompanied by sulfate reduction, methane was oxidized anaerobically by the consortia of methane-oxidizing archaea and SRB. Moreover, CH_4 and SO_4^(2-) were consumed by methanotrophs and sulfate reducers with CO_2 and H_2S as products. The H_3CSH produced by methanotrophy was an intermediate product during the process. The methanotrophic enrichment was inoculated in a down-flow biofilter for the treatment of methane and H_2S from a landfill site. On average, 93.33% of H_2S and 10.71% of methane was successfully reduced in the biofilter. This study tries to provide effective method for the synergistic treatment of waste gas containing sulfur compounds and CH_4.
文摘Three paddy soils were examined for their capacities of dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DRNA). 15 N labelled KNO 3 was added at the rate of 100 mg N kg -1 . Either glucose or rice straw powder was incorporated at the rate of 1.0 or 2.0 mg C kg -1 respectively. Three treatments were designed to keep the soil saturated with water: A) a 2 cm water layer on soil surface (with beaker mouth open); B) a 2 cm water layer and a 1 cm liquid paraffin layer (with beaker mouth open); and C) water saturated under O 2 free Ar atmosphere. The soils were incubated at 28 oC for 5 days. There was almost no 15 N labelled NH + 4 N detected in Treatment A. However, there was 1.4 to 3.4 mg N kg -1 15 N labelled NH + 4 N in Treatment B and 2.1 to 13.8 mg N kg -1 in Treatment C. Glucose was more effective than straw powder in ammonium production. Because there was sufficient amount of non labelled NH + 4 N in the original soils, 15 N labelled NH + 4 N produced as such should be the result of dissimilatory reduction. Studies on microbial population showed that there were plenty of bacteria responsible for DRNA process (DRNA bacteria) in the soils examined, indicating that number of DRNA bacteria was not a limiting factor for ammonium production. However, DRNA bacteria were inferior in number to denitrifiers. DRNA process in soil suspension seemed to start after 5 days of incubation. Glycerol and sodium succinate, though both are readily available carbon sources to organisms,did not facilitate DRNA process. DRNA occurred only when glucose was available and at the C/NO 3 - N ratio of over 12. It seemed that both availability and quality of the carbon sources affected DRNA.
文摘Clean Production is the best method for iron-steel making industry to eliminate pollution thoroughly. In order to achieve this object, smelting reduction technology should play the key role. Furthermore, process integration method can be used to solve the problem of residual gas utilization by integrating smelting reduction process with direct reduced iron unit, gasoline, methanol or dimethyl ether synthesis unit, etc. A new smelting reduction process has been proposed which can be constructed on the present plant site. Since this process can directly treat the lump coal and iron ore fines, it reduces st6ps necessary in traditional blast furnace process and Corex smelting reduction process.
文摘Bijie Experimental Region takes the ecological construction as the guarantee and takes population control as the key,to promote development-oriented poverty reduction and explore benign interaction between development-oriented poverty reduction and ecological construction and population control.Development-oriented poverty reduction model includes combination of raising crops and livestock,coordinated development of multiple wealth sources,transferring labor,and partner assistance;ecological construction model includes"Five sons passed imperial examinations",desertification control,agricultural circular economy,and project promotion;population control models includes human-land linkage,combination of favorable policies and propaganda and education,and combination of ambition arousing and education promotion.
文摘Lignin,which is the most recalcitrant component of lignocellulosic biomass,is also the most abundant renewable aromatic resource.Herein,reductive treatment of triploid poplar sawdust by the integration of catalytic Ru/C and a base,which afforded high yields of phenolic monomers from the lignin component and a solid carbohydrate pulp,is reported.The introduction of Cs_(2)CO_(3) led to the generation of C2 side‐chained phenols through the cleavage of C_(β)–O and C_(β)–C_(γ) bonds inβ–O–4 units in addition to C3 side‐chained phenols;the relationship between C2 and C3 was dependent on the base dosage.The reaction conditions,including base species,temperature,time,and H_(2) pressure,were optimized in terms of phenolic product distribution,delignification degree,and carbohydrate retention.The carbohydrate pulps generated from reductive catalytic fractionation in the presence of Cs_(2)CO_(3) were more amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis,indicating that this treatment of biomass constituted the fractionation of biomass components together with the breakdown of biomass recalcitrance.
