This study conducted temporary plugging and diversion fracturing(TPDF)experiments using a true triaxial fracturing simulation system within a laboratory setting that replicated a lab-based horizontal well completion w...This study conducted temporary plugging and diversion fracturing(TPDF)experiments using a true triaxial fracturing simulation system within a laboratory setting that replicated a lab-based horizontal well completion with multi-cluster sand jetting perforation.The effects of temporary plugging agent(TPA)particle size,TPA concentration,single-cluster perforation number and cluster number on plugging pressure,multi-fracture diversion pattern and distribution of TPAs were investigated.A combination of TPAs with small particle sizes within the fracture and large particle sizes within the segment is conducive to increasing the plugging pressure and promoting the diversion of multi-fractures.The addition of fibers can quickly achieve ultra-high pressure,but it may lead to longitudinal fractures extending along the wellbore.The temporary plugging peak pressure increases with an increase in the concentration of the TPA,reaching a peak at a certain concentration,and further increases do not significantly improve the temporary plugging peak pressure.The breaking pressure and temporary plugging peak pressure show a decreasing trend with an increase in single-cluster perforation number.A lower number of single-cluster perforations is beneficial for increasing the breaking pressure and temporary plugging peak pressure,and it has a more significant control on the propagation of multi-cluster fractures.A lower number of clusters is not conducive to increasing the total number and complexity of artificial fractures,while a higher number of clusters makes it difficult to achieve effective plugging.The TPAs within the fracture is mainly concentrated in the complex fracture areas,especially at the intersections of fractures.Meanwhile,the TPAs within the segment are primarily distributed near the perforation cluster apertures which initiated complex fractures.展开更多
Temporary plugging and diversion fracturing(TPDF)is widely used to promote the uniform and complex distribution of multi-clustered hydraulic fractures(HFs)in a horizontal well of the unconventional formations.However,...Temporary plugging and diversion fracturing(TPDF)is widely used to promote the uniform and complex distribution of multi-clustered hydraulic fractures(HFs)in a horizontal well of the unconventional formations.However,the migration behavior of temporary plugging agent(TPA),as a function of the concentration and particle size of TPA and cluster-perforation numbers,etc.,determining the effectiveness of this technique,remains unclear.Therefore,this study conducted innovatively a series of TPDF simulation experiments on transparent polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)specimens(cubic block of 30 cm×30 cm×30 cm)to explore visually the migration behavior of TPA in multi-clustered HFs in a horizontal well.A laboratory hydraulic sandblasting perforation completion technique was implemented to simulate the multi-cluster perforations.All the distributions of wellbore,perforations,HFs,and TPA can be seen clearly inside the PMMA specimen post the experiment.The results show that there are four characteristic plugging positions for the TPA:mouth of HF,middle of HF,tip of HF,and the intersection of HFs.Small particle size TPA tends to migrate to the fracture tip for plugging,while large particle size TPA tends to plug at the fracture mouth.The migration of the TPA is influenced obviously by the morphology of the fracture wall.A smooth fracture wall is conducive to the migration of the TPA to the far end of HFs,but not conducive to generating the plugging zone and HF diversion.In contrast,a"leaf vein"fracture of rough wall is conducive to generating the plugging layer and the diversion of HFs,but not conducive to the migration of the TPA to the far end of HFs.The migration ability of TPA in a"shell"pattern is intermediate between the two above cases.Increasing TPA concentration can encourage TPA to migrate more quickly to the characteristic plugging position,and thereby to promote the creation of effective plugging and subsequently the multi-stage diversion of the HFs.Nevertheless,excessive concentration may cause the TPA to settle prematurely,affecting the propagation of the HFs to the far end.Increasing the number of clusters to a certain extent can encourage TPA to migrate into the HFs and form plugging,and promote the diversion.An evaluation system for the migration ability of granular TPA has been established,and it was calculated that when there is no plugging expectation target,the comprehensive migration ability of small particle size TPA is stronger than that of large particle size TPA.This research provides theoretical foundation for the optimization of temporary plugging parameters.展开更多
Multi-stage and multi-cluster fracturing(MMF)is a crucial technology in unconventional oil and gas development,aiming to enhance production by creating extensive fracture networks.However,achieving uniform expansion o...Multi-stage and multi-cluster fracturing(MMF)is a crucial technology in unconventional oil and gas development,aiming to enhance production by creating extensive fracture networks.However,achieving uniform expansion of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures(HFs)in MMF remains a significant challenge.Field practice has shown that the use of temporary plugging and diversion fracturing(TPDF)can promote the balanced expansion of multi-cluster HFs.This study conducted TPDF experiments using a true triaxial fracturing simulation system setting a horizontal well completion with multi-cluster jetting perforations to investigate the equilibrium initiation and extension of multi-cluster fractures.The influence of key parameters,including cluster spacing,fracturing fluid viscosity,differential stress,and fracturing fluid injection rate,on fracture initiation and propagation was systematically examined.The results indicate that while close-spaced multi-cluster fracturing significantly increases the number of HFs,it also leads to uneven extension of HFs in their propagation.In contrast,TPDF demonstrates effectiveness in mitigating uneven HF extension,increasing the number of HFs,and creating a larger stimulated reservoir volume,ultimately leading to improved oil and gas well productivity.Moreover,under conditions of high differential stress,the differential stress within the formation exerts a stronger guiding effect in HFs,which are more closely aligned with the minimum principal stress.Low-viscosity fluids facilitate rapid and extensive fracture propagation within the rock formation.High-volume fluid injection,on the other hand,more comprehensively fills the formation.Therefore,employing lowviscosity and high-volume fracturing is advantageous for the initiation and extension of multi-cluster HFs.展开更多
Using the visualized experimental device of temporary plugging in hydraulic fractures, the plugging behaviors of temporary plugging particles with different sizes and concentrations in hydraulic fractures were experim...Using the visualized experimental device of temporary plugging in hydraulic fractures, the plugging behaviors of temporary plugging particles with different sizes and concentrations in hydraulic fractures were experimentally analyzed under the conditions of different carrier fluid displacements and viscosities. The results show that the greater the carrier fluid viscosity and displacement, the more difficult it is to form a plugging layer, and that the larger the size and concentration of the temporary plugging particle, the less difficult it is to form a plugging layer. When the ratio of particle size to fracture width is 0.45, the formation of the plugging layer is mainly controlled by the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle and the viscosity of the carrier fluid, and a stable plugging layer cannot form if the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle is less than 20 kg/m^(3)or the viscosity of the carrier fluid is greater than 3 mPa·s. When the ratio of particle size to fracture width is 0.60, the formation of the plugging layer is mainly controlled by the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle, and a stable plugging layer cannot form if the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle is less than 10 kg/m^(3). When the ratio of particle size to fracture width is 0.75, the formation of the plugging layer is basically not affected by other parameters, and a stable plugging layer can form within the experimental conditions. The formation process of plugging layer includes two stages and four modes. The main controlling factors affecting the formation mode are the ratio of particle size to fracture width, carrier fluid displacement and carrier fluid viscosity.展开更多
Refracturing is an importa nt technique to tap the potential of reservoirs and boost production in depleted oil and gas fields.However,fracture propagation during refracturing,including both conventional refracturing ...Refracturing is an importa nt technique to tap the potential of reservoirs and boost production in depleted oil and gas fields.However,fracture propagation during refracturing,including both conventional refracturing and temporary-plugging refracturing remains poorly understood,especially for cases with non-uniform distribution of formation pressure due to long-term oil production and water injection.Therefore,taking pilot tests of refracturing with sidetracking horizontal wells in tight reservoirs in the Changqing Oilfield,China as an example,we establish a three-dimensional numerical model of conventional refracturing and a numerical model of temporary-plugging refracturing based on the discrete lattice method.Non-uniform distributions of formation pressure are imported in these models.We discuss the effects of key operating parameters such as injection rate,cluster spacing,and number of clusters on the propagation of multi-cluster fractures for conventional refracturing.For temporaryplugging refracturing,we examine the impacts of controlling factors such as the timing and number of temporary plugging on fracture propagation.In addition,we analyze a field case of temporaryplugging refracturing using well P3 in the Changqing Oilfield.The results show that fractures during re fracturing tend to propagate preferentially and dominantly in the depleted areas.Improved stimulation effect can be obtained with an optimal injection rate and a critical cluster spacing.The proposed model of temporary-plugging refracturing can well describe the temporary plugging of dominant existingfractures and the creation of new-fractures after fracturing fluid is forced to divert into other clusters from previous dominant clusters.Multiple temporary plugging can improve the balanced propagation of multi-cluster fractures and obtain the maximum fracture area.The established numerical model and research results provide theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of key operating parameters for refracturing,especially for temporary-plugging refracturing.展开更多
Temporary plugging agent(TPA)is widely used in many fields of petroleum reservoir drilling and production,such as temporary plugging while drilling and petroleum well stimulation by diverting in acidizing or fracturin...Temporary plugging agent(TPA)is widely used in many fields of petroleum reservoir drilling and production,such as temporary plugging while drilling and petroleum well stimulation by diverting in acidizing or fracturing operations.The commonly used TPA mainly includes hard particles,fibers,gels,and composite systems.However,current particles have many limitations in applications,such as insufficient plugging strength and slow degradation rate.In this paper,a degradable pre-formed particle gel(DPPG)was developed.Experimental results show that the DPPG has an excellent static swelling effect and self-degradation performance.With a decrease in the concentration of total monomers or cross-linker,the swelling volume of the synthesized DPPG gradually increases.However,the entire self-degradation time gradually decreases.The increase in 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid(AMPS)in the DPPG composition can significantly increase its swelling ratio and shorten the self-degradation time.Moreover,DPPG has excellent high-temperature resistance(150°C)and high-salinity resistance(200,000 mg/L NaCl).Core displacement results show that the DPPG has a perfect plugging effect in the porous media(the plugging pressure gradient was as high as 21.12 MPa),and the damage to the formation after degradation is incredibly minor.Therefore,the DPPG can be used as an up-and-coming TPA in oil fields.展开更多
In this paper,a viscoelasticity-plastic damage constitutive equation for naturally fractured shale is deduced,coupling nonlinear tensile-shear mixed fracture mode.Dynamic perforation-erosion on fluid re-distribution a...In this paper,a viscoelasticity-plastic damage constitutive equation for naturally fractured shale is deduced,coupling nonlinear tensile-shear mixed fracture mode.Dynamic perforation-erosion on fluid re-distribution among multi-clusters are considered as well.DFN-FEM(discrete fracture network combined with finite element method)was developed to simulate the multi-cluster complex fractures propagation within temporary plugging fracturing(TPF).Numerical results are matched with field injection and micro-seismic monitoring data.Based on geomechanical characteristics of Weiyuan deep shale gas reservoir in Sichuan Basin,SW China,a multi-cluster complex fractures propagation model is built for TPF.To study complex fractures propagation and the permeability-enhanced region evolution,intersecting and competition mechanisms between the fractures before and after TPF treatment are revealed.Simulation results show that:fracture from middle cluster is restricted by the fractures from side-clusters,and side-clusters plugging is benefit for multi fractures propagation in uniformity;optimized TPF timing should be delayed within a higher density or strike of natural fractures;Within a reservoir-featured natural fractures distribution,optimized TPF timing for most clustered method is 2/3 of total fluid injection time as the optimal plugging time under different clustering modes.展开更多
The development of unconventional petroleum resources has gradually become an important succession for increasing oil production.However,the related engineers and researchers are paying more and more attention to the ...The development of unconventional petroleum resources has gradually become an important succession for increasing oil production.However,the related engineers and researchers are paying more and more attention to the application of temporary plugging agents(TPAs)for their efficient development.TPAs can expand the stimulated reservoir volume(SRV)and facilitate the flow of oil and gas to the bottom of the well.Particle-gels used as temporary plugging agents have the characteristics of the simple injection process,good deformation,high plugging strength,and complete self-degradation performance,which have been widely applied in recent years.In this paper,five samples of DPPG polymerized by different molecular weights of cross-linking agents were prepared.In addition,infrared spectroscopy analysis,differential calorimetry scanning(DSC)analysis,static particle gel swelling and degradation performance evaluation experiments,and dynamic temporary plugging performance experiments in cores were conducted at 34°C.Results show that as the molecular weight of the cross-linking agent(at 0.01 g)in the DPPG molecule decreased from 1,000 to 200 Da,the fewer cross-linking sites of DPPG,the looser the microscopic three-dimensional mesh structure formed.The swelling ratio increased from 7 to 33 times.However,the complete degradation time increased from 40 to 210 min.Moreover,the DSC results confirmed that the higher the molecular weight of the cross-linking agent,the worse is chemical stability and the more prone it to self-degradation.DPPG samples had good temporary plugging performance in reservoir cores.DPPGs prepared by the cross-linking agent with smaller molecular weight has a stronger swelling ratio,higher gel strength,and greater plugging strength in the core permeabilities.Moreover,the degraded DPPG is less damaging to the cores.However,their slower degradation rates take a slightly longer times to reach complete degradation.The results of this paper can provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for the development of particle gel-type temporary plugging agents(TPA)with controllable degradation time in low-temperature reservoirs.It can help to expand the application range of existing DPPG reservoir conditions.展开更多
Aimed at the disadvantages of secondary damage to oil layers caused by the conventional bull-heading water control technique, a thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent for water control was synthesized by water solu...Aimed at the disadvantages of secondary damage to oil layers caused by the conventional bull-heading water control technique, a thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent for water control was synthesized by water solution polymerization and applied in the field with a new secondary temporary plugging technique. The optimization and performance evaluation of thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent were carried out through laboratory experiments. The optimized formula is as follows:(6%-8%) acrylamide +(0.08%-0.12%) ammonium persulfate +(1.5%-2.0%) sepiolite +(0.5%-0.8%) polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent is suitable for formation temperatures of 70-90 ?C, it has high temporary plugging strength(5-40 k Pa), controllable degradation time(1-15 d), the apparent viscosity after degradation of less than 100 m Pa?S and the permeability recovery value of simulated cores of more than 95%. Based on the research results, secondary temporary plugging technique was used in a horizontal well in the Jidong Oilfield. After treatment, the well saw a drop of water cut to 27%, and now it has a water cut of 67%, its daily increased oil production was 4.8 t, and the cumulative oil increment was 750 t, demonstrating that the technique worked well in controlling water production and increasing oil production.展开更多
When deep and ultra-deep shale gas well fracturing is carried out,multi-cluster fracturing can hardly realize synchronous initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures due to the combined effects of heterogeneity ...When deep and ultra-deep shale gas well fracturing is carried out,multi-cluster fracturing can hardly realize synchronous initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures due to the combined effects of heterogeneity of deep in-situ stress and"dense cluster"fracture arrangement,and the strong interference between fractures aggravates the unbalanced fracture propagation degree.Field practice proves that the fracture-opening temporary plugging fracturing technology can effectively control the unbalanced propagation of multiple fractures.In addition,the application effect of temporary plugging process can be improved by developing a method for simulating fracture control during fracture-opening temporary plugging fracturing of deep/ultra-deep shale-gas horizontal wells.Based on rock mechanics,elasticity mechanics,fluid mechanics and fracture propagation theory,combined with the flow distribution equation of horizontal-well multi-cluster fracturing and the plugging equation of temporary plugging balls,this paper establishes a fracture propagation model and a fracture control simulation method for the fracture-opening temporary plugging fracturing of deep/ultra-deep shale gas horizontal wells.Then,the influences of the number of temporary plugging balls and the times and timing of temporary plugging on temporary plugging control are simulated,and the influences of temporary plugging balls on fracture propagation morphology and SRV(stimulated reservoir volume)distribution are analyzed by taking Sinopec's one deep shale gas well in Dingshan-Dongxi structure of southeast Sichuan Basin as an example.And the following research results are obtained.First,fracture-opening temporary plugging can significantly promote the balanced propagation of multiple fractures,and the simulation confirms that the number of temporary plugging balls and the times and timing of temporary plugging play an important role in fracture control.Second,as the number of temporary plugging balls increase,the SRV increases firstly and then decreases,so there is an optimal number of temporary plugging balls.Third,increasing the times of temporary plugging can improve the fault tolerance rate of temporary plugging and diverting process,but it is necessary to increase the number of temporary plugging balls appropriately.Fourth,when the timing of temporary plugging is appropriate,the balanced propagation of multiple fractures is achieved and the maximum SRV is reached.In conclusion,this method is of great significance to optimizing the design of temporary plugging fracturing,improve the implementation level of field process and develop deep and ultra-deep shale gas efficiently.展开更多
Multistage fracturing of horizontal wells is a critical technology for unconventional oil and gas reservoir stimulation. Ball-throwing temporary plugging fracturing is a new method for realizing uniform fracturing alo...Multistage fracturing of horizontal wells is a critical technology for unconventional oil and gas reservoir stimulation. Ball-throwing temporary plugging fracturing is a new method for realizing uniform fracturing along horizontal wells and plays an important role in increasing oil and gas production. However,the transportation and sealing law of temporary plugging balls(TPBs) in the perforation section of horizontal wells is still unclear. Using COMSOL computational fluid dynamics and a particle tracking module, we simulate the transportation process of TPBs in a horizontal wellbore and analyse the effects of the ball density, ball diameter, ball number, fracturing fluid injection rate, and viscosity on the plugging efficiency of TPB transportation. This study reveals that when the density of TPBs is close to that of the fracturing fluid and a moderate diameter of the TPB is used, the plugging efficiency can be substantially enhanced. The plugging efficiency is greater when the TPB number is close to twice the number of perforations and is lower when the number of TPBs is three times the number of perforations.Adjusting the fracturing fluid injection rate from low to high can control the position of the TPBs,improving plugging efficiency. As the viscosity of the fracturing fluid increases, the plugging efficiency of the perforations decreases near the borehole heel and increases near the borehole toe. In contrast, the plugging efficiency of the central perforation is almost unaffected by the fracturing fluid viscosity. This study can serve as a valuable reference for establishing the parameters for temporary plugging and fracturing.展开更多
Based on the fractal nature of pore size in sandstone and grindingbody within a certain range and the Andreasen equation in theory, using the optimization theory of traditional tem- porary plugging agent for reference...Based on the fractal nature of pore size in sandstone and grindingbody within a certain range and the Andreasen equation in theory, using the optimization theory of traditional tem- porary plugging agent for reference, we established a new temporary plugging method for reservoir protection. This new method emphasizes on the formulation and optimization of solid filling particles and softening particles. It is good in easy operation and strong applicability. Indoor experiments with the natural core from Hailaer area were conducted using this new method. Compared with traditional methods, the filtration reduced significantly and the permeability recovery was improved greatly, which verified the rationality of this new method.展开更多
Due to downhole complexities,shale-gas horizontal well fracturing in the Sichuan Basin suffered from casing deformation and failure to apply the technique of cable-conveyed perforation bridge plug.In view of these pro...Due to downhole complexities,shale-gas horizontal well fracturing in the Sichuan Basin suffered from casing deformation and failure to apply the technique of cable-conveyed perforation bridge plug.In view of these problems,a new technique of staged volume fracturing with temporary plugging by sand filling is employed.Based on theoretical analyses and field tests,a design of optimized parameters of coiled tubingconveyed multi-cluster sand-blasting perforation and temporary plugging by sand filling was proposed.It was applied in the horizontalWell ZJ-1 in which casing deformation occurred.The following results are achieved in field operations.First,this technique enables selective staged fracturing in horizontal sections.Second,this technique can realize massive staged fracturing credibly without mechanical plugging,with the operating efficiency equivalent to the conventional bridge plug staged fracturing.Third,full-hole is preserved after fracturing,thus it is possible to directly conduct an open flow test without time consumption of a wiper trip.The staged volume fracturing with temporary plugging by sand filling facilitated the 14-stage fracturing in Well ZJ-1,with similar SRV to that achieved by conventional bridge plug staged fracturing and higher gas yield than neighboring wells on the same well pad.Thus,a new and effective technique is presented in multi-cluster staged volume fracturing of shale gas horizontal wells.展开更多
At present, the oil and water wells in Liaohe Oilfield have entered the middle and later stages of development. The pressure of the oil and water wells has decreased year by year and the contradiction between injectio...At present, the oil and water wells in Liaohe Oilfield have entered the middle and later stages of development. The pressure of the oil and water wells has decreased year by year and the contradiction between injection and production has become increasingly prominent. In order to maximize its recovery, various new processes and technologies have been widely applied in different oilfields. The loss of workover fluid during workover operation not only increases the dosage of workover fluid, but also causes more serious pollution to the oil layer (formation). Affect oil production after workover operation.展开更多
Intra-stage multi-cluster temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(ITPF)is one of the fastest-growing techniques to obtain uniform reservoir stimulation in shale gas reservoirs.However,propagation geometries of mul...Intra-stage multi-cluster temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(ITPF)is one of the fastest-growing techniques to obtain uniform reservoir stimulation in shale gas reservoirs.However,propagation geometries of multiple fractures during ITPF are not clear due that the existing numerical models cannot capture the effects of perforation plugging.In this paper,a new three-dimensional FEM based on CZM was developed to investigate multiple planar fracture propagation considering perforation plugging during ITPF.Meanwhile,the fluid pipe element and its subroutine were first developed to realize the flux partitioning before or after perforation plugging.The results showed that the perforation plugging changed the original distribution of the number of perforations in each fracture,thus changing the flux partitioning after perforation plugging,which could eliminate the effect of stress interference between multiple fractures and promote a uniform fluid distribution.The standard deviation of fluid distribution in the perforation plugging case was only 8.48%of that in the non-diversion case.Furthermore,critical plugging parameters have been investigated quantitatively.Specifically,injecting more diverters will create a higher fluid pressure rise in the wellbore,which will increase the risk of wellbore integrity.Comprehensively considering pressure rise and fluid distribution,the number of diverters should be 50%of the total number of perforations(N_(pt)),whose standard deviation of fluid distribution of multiple fractures was lower than those in the cases of injecting 10%N_(pt),30%N_(pt)and 70%N_(pt).The diverters should be injected at an appropriate timing,i.e.40%or 50%of the total fracturing time(tft),whose standard deviation of the fluid distribution was only about 20%of standard deviations in the cases of injecting at20%tftor 70%tft.A single injection with all diverters can maintain high bottom-hole pressure for a longer period and promote a more uniform fluid distribution.The standard deviation of the fluid distribution in the case of a single injection was 43.62%-55.41%of the other cases with multiple injection times.This study provides a meaningful perspective and some optimal plugging parameters on the field design during IPTF.展开更多
Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(TPDF),involving inner-fracture temporary plugging(IFTP)and inner-stage temporary plugging(ISTP),has been proposed as a widely applied technique in China,for promoting the un...Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(TPDF),involving inner-fracture temporary plugging(IFTP)and inner-stage temporary plugging(ISTP),has been proposed as a widely applied technique in China,for promoting the uniform initiation and propagation of multi-clustered hydraulic fractures(HFs)in a horizontal well of the shale oil/gas reservoirs.However,how the key plugging parameters controlling the multi-fracture growth and the pumping pressure response during TPDF in shale with dense bedding planes(BPs)and natural fractures(NFs)is still unclear,which limits the optimization of TPDF scheme.In this paper,a series of TPDF simulation experiments within a stage of multi-cluster in a horizontal well were carried out on outcrops of Longmaxi Formation shale using a large-scale true tri-axial fracturing simulation system,combined with the acoustic emission(AE)monitor and computed tomography(CT)scanning techniques.Each experiment was divided into three stages,including the conventional fracturing(CF),IFTP and ISTP.Multi-fracture initiation and propagation behavior,and the dominant controlling parameters were examined,containing the particle sizes,concentration of temporary plugging agent(TPA),and cluster number.The results showed that the number of transverse HFs(THFs)and the overall complexity of fracture morphology increase with the increase in TPA concentration and perforation cluster number.Obviously,the required concentration of TPA is positively correlated with the cluster number.Higher peak values and continuous fluctuations of pumping pressure during TPDF may indicate the creation of diversion fractures.The creation of standard THFs during CF is favorable to the creation of diversion fractures during TPDF.Moreover,the activation of BPs nearby the wellbore during CF is unfavorable to the subsequent pressure buildup during TPDF,resulting in poor plugging and diverting effect.Notably,under the strike-slip fault stress regime,the diversion of THFs is not likely during IFTP,which is similar as the results of ISTP to initiate mainly the un-initiated or under-propagated perforation clusters.Three typical pressure curve types during TPDF can be summarized to briefly identify the hydraulic fracture diversion effects,including good(multiple branches or/and THFs can be newly created),fair(HF initiation along the slightly opened BPs and then activating the NFs),and bad(HF initiation along the largely opened BPs and then connecting with the NFs).展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51974332).
文摘This study conducted temporary plugging and diversion fracturing(TPDF)experiments using a true triaxial fracturing simulation system within a laboratory setting that replicated a lab-based horizontal well completion with multi-cluster sand jetting perforation.The effects of temporary plugging agent(TPA)particle size,TPA concentration,single-cluster perforation number and cluster number on plugging pressure,multi-fracture diversion pattern and distribution of TPAs were investigated.A combination of TPAs with small particle sizes within the fracture and large particle sizes within the segment is conducive to increasing the plugging pressure and promoting the diversion of multi-fractures.The addition of fibers can quickly achieve ultra-high pressure,but it may lead to longitudinal fractures extending along the wellbore.The temporary plugging peak pressure increases with an increase in the concentration of the TPA,reaching a peak at a certain concentration,and further increases do not significantly improve the temporary plugging peak pressure.The breaking pressure and temporary plugging peak pressure show a decreasing trend with an increase in single-cluster perforation number.A lower number of single-cluster perforations is beneficial for increasing the breaking pressure and temporary plugging peak pressure,and it has a more significant control on the propagation of multi-cluster fractures.A lower number of clusters is not conducive to increasing the total number and complexity of artificial fractures,while a higher number of clusters makes it difficult to achieve effective plugging.The TPAs within the fracture is mainly concentrated in the complex fracture areas,especially at the intersections of fractures.Meanwhile,the TPAs within the segment are primarily distributed near the perforation cluster apertures which initiated complex fractures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint Fund for Enterprise Innovation and Development,Enrichment Mechanism and Stereoscopic Development of Shale Oil in Continental Rift Basins(No.U24B6002).
文摘Temporary plugging and diversion fracturing(TPDF)is widely used to promote the uniform and complex distribution of multi-clustered hydraulic fractures(HFs)in a horizontal well of the unconventional formations.However,the migration behavior of temporary plugging agent(TPA),as a function of the concentration and particle size of TPA and cluster-perforation numbers,etc.,determining the effectiveness of this technique,remains unclear.Therefore,this study conducted innovatively a series of TPDF simulation experiments on transparent polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)specimens(cubic block of 30 cm×30 cm×30 cm)to explore visually the migration behavior of TPA in multi-clustered HFs in a horizontal well.A laboratory hydraulic sandblasting perforation completion technique was implemented to simulate the multi-cluster perforations.All the distributions of wellbore,perforations,HFs,and TPA can be seen clearly inside the PMMA specimen post the experiment.The results show that there are four characteristic plugging positions for the TPA:mouth of HF,middle of HF,tip of HF,and the intersection of HFs.Small particle size TPA tends to migrate to the fracture tip for plugging,while large particle size TPA tends to plug at the fracture mouth.The migration of the TPA is influenced obviously by the morphology of the fracture wall.A smooth fracture wall is conducive to the migration of the TPA to the far end of HFs,but not conducive to generating the plugging zone and HF diversion.In contrast,a"leaf vein"fracture of rough wall is conducive to generating the plugging layer and the diversion of HFs,but not conducive to the migration of the TPA to the far end of HFs.The migration ability of TPA in a"shell"pattern is intermediate between the two above cases.Increasing TPA concentration can encourage TPA to migrate more quickly to the characteristic plugging position,and thereby to promote the creation of effective plugging and subsequently the multi-stage diversion of the HFs.Nevertheless,excessive concentration may cause the TPA to settle prematurely,affecting the propagation of the HFs to the far end.Increasing the number of clusters to a certain extent can encourage TPA to migrate into the HFs and form plugging,and promote the diversion.An evaluation system for the migration ability of granular TPA has been established,and it was calculated that when there is no plugging expectation target,the comprehensive migration ability of small particle size TPA is stronger than that of large particle size TPA.This research provides theoretical foundation for the optimization of temporary plugging parameters.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52104046).
文摘Multi-stage and multi-cluster fracturing(MMF)is a crucial technology in unconventional oil and gas development,aiming to enhance production by creating extensive fracture networks.However,achieving uniform expansion of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures(HFs)in MMF remains a significant challenge.Field practice has shown that the use of temporary plugging and diversion fracturing(TPDF)can promote the balanced expansion of multi-cluster HFs.This study conducted TPDF experiments using a true triaxial fracturing simulation system setting a horizontal well completion with multi-cluster jetting perforations to investigate the equilibrium initiation and extension of multi-cluster fractures.The influence of key parameters,including cluster spacing,fracturing fluid viscosity,differential stress,and fracturing fluid injection rate,on fracture initiation and propagation was systematically examined.The results indicate that while close-spaced multi-cluster fracturing significantly increases the number of HFs,it also leads to uneven extension of HFs in their propagation.In contrast,TPDF demonstrates effectiveness in mitigating uneven HF extension,increasing the number of HFs,and creating a larger stimulated reservoir volume,ultimately leading to improved oil and gas well productivity.Moreover,under conditions of high differential stress,the differential stress within the formation exerts a stronger guiding effect in HFs,which are more closely aligned with the minimum principal stress.Low-viscosity fluids facilitate rapid and extensive fracture propagation within the rock formation.High-volume fluid injection,on the other hand,more comprehensively fills the formation.Therefore,employing lowviscosity and high-volume fracturing is advantageous for the initiation and extension of multi-cluster HFs.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A20105)Science and Technology Innovation Fund of PetroChina (2020D-5007-0208)。
文摘Using the visualized experimental device of temporary plugging in hydraulic fractures, the plugging behaviors of temporary plugging particles with different sizes and concentrations in hydraulic fractures were experimentally analyzed under the conditions of different carrier fluid displacements and viscosities. The results show that the greater the carrier fluid viscosity and displacement, the more difficult it is to form a plugging layer, and that the larger the size and concentration of the temporary plugging particle, the less difficult it is to form a plugging layer. When the ratio of particle size to fracture width is 0.45, the formation of the plugging layer is mainly controlled by the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle and the viscosity of the carrier fluid, and a stable plugging layer cannot form if the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle is less than 20 kg/m^(3)or the viscosity of the carrier fluid is greater than 3 mPa·s. When the ratio of particle size to fracture width is 0.60, the formation of the plugging layer is mainly controlled by the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle, and a stable plugging layer cannot form if the mass concentration of the temporary plugging particle is less than 10 kg/m^(3). When the ratio of particle size to fracture width is 0.75, the formation of the plugging layer is basically not affected by other parameters, and a stable plugging layer can form within the experimental conditions. The formation process of plugging layer includes two stages and four modes. The main controlling factors affecting the formation mode are the ratio of particle size to fracture width, carrier fluid displacement and carrier fluid viscosity.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41772286,42077247)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesOpen Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Z020009)。
文摘Refracturing is an importa nt technique to tap the potential of reservoirs and boost production in depleted oil and gas fields.However,fracture propagation during refracturing,including both conventional refracturing and temporary-plugging refracturing remains poorly understood,especially for cases with non-uniform distribution of formation pressure due to long-term oil production and water injection.Therefore,taking pilot tests of refracturing with sidetracking horizontal wells in tight reservoirs in the Changqing Oilfield,China as an example,we establish a three-dimensional numerical model of conventional refracturing and a numerical model of temporary-plugging refracturing based on the discrete lattice method.Non-uniform distributions of formation pressure are imported in these models.We discuss the effects of key operating parameters such as injection rate,cluster spacing,and number of clusters on the propagation of multi-cluster fractures for conventional refracturing.For temporaryplugging refracturing,we examine the impacts of controlling factors such as the timing and number of temporary plugging on fracture propagation.In addition,we analyze a field case of temporaryplugging refracturing using well P3 in the Changqing Oilfield.The results show that fractures during re fracturing tend to propagate preferentially and dominantly in the depleted areas.Improved stimulation effect can be obtained with an optimal injection rate and a critical cluster spacing.The proposed model of temporary-plugging refracturing can well describe the temporary plugging of dominant existingfractures and the creation of new-fractures after fracturing fluid is forced to divert into other clusters from previous dominant clusters.Multiple temporary plugging can improve the balanced propagation of multi-cluster fractures and obtain the maximum fracture area.The established numerical model and research results provide theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of key operating parameters for refracturing,especially for temporary-plugging refracturing.
基金This work was supported by the Research Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay(No.XQZX20200010)the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.2019D01B57)+3 种基金the University Scientific Research Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.XJEDU2019Y067)the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Innovation Environment Construction Project(No.2019Q025)the Sichuan Province Regional Innovation Cooperation Project(No.2020YFQ0036)the CNPC Strategic Cooperation Science and Technology Project(ZLZX2020-01-04-04)。
文摘Temporary plugging agent(TPA)is widely used in many fields of petroleum reservoir drilling and production,such as temporary plugging while drilling and petroleum well stimulation by diverting in acidizing or fracturing operations.The commonly used TPA mainly includes hard particles,fibers,gels,and composite systems.However,current particles have many limitations in applications,such as insufficient plugging strength and slow degradation rate.In this paper,a degradable pre-formed particle gel(DPPG)was developed.Experimental results show that the DPPG has an excellent static swelling effect and self-degradation performance.With a decrease in the concentration of total monomers or cross-linker,the swelling volume of the synthesized DPPG gradually increases.However,the entire self-degradation time gradually decreases.The increase in 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid(AMPS)in the DPPG composition can significantly increase its swelling ratio and shorten the self-degradation time.Moreover,DPPG has excellent high-temperature resistance(150°C)and high-salinity resistance(200,000 mg/L NaCl).Core displacement results show that the DPPG has a perfect plugging effect in the porous media(the plugging pressure gradient was as high as 21.12 MPa),and the damage to the formation after degradation is incredibly minor.Therefore,the DPPG can be used as an up-and-coming TPA in oil fields.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52192622,52204005,U20A20265)Sichuan Outstanding Young Scientific and Technological Talents Project(2022JDJQ0007).
文摘In this paper,a viscoelasticity-plastic damage constitutive equation for naturally fractured shale is deduced,coupling nonlinear tensile-shear mixed fracture mode.Dynamic perforation-erosion on fluid re-distribution among multi-clusters are considered as well.DFN-FEM(discrete fracture network combined with finite element method)was developed to simulate the multi-cluster complex fractures propagation within temporary plugging fracturing(TPF).Numerical results are matched with field injection and micro-seismic monitoring data.Based on geomechanical characteristics of Weiyuan deep shale gas reservoir in Sichuan Basin,SW China,a multi-cluster complex fractures propagation model is built for TPF.To study complex fractures propagation and the permeability-enhanced region evolution,intersecting and competition mechanisms between the fractures before and after TPF treatment are revealed.Simulation results show that:fracture from middle cluster is restricted by the fractures from side-clusters,and side-clusters plugging is benefit for multi fractures propagation in uniformity;optimized TPF timing should be delayed within a higher density or strike of natural fractures;Within a reservoir-featured natural fractures distribution,optimized TPF timing for most clustered method is 2/3 of total fluid injection time as the optimal plugging time under different clustering modes.
基金supported by the Research Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay (No. YJ2018B02002 and XQZX20200010)the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (No. 2021D01E23 and 2019D01B57)+3 种基金the University Scientific Research Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (No. XJEDU2019Y067)the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Innovation Environment Construction Project (No. 2019Q025)the Sichuan Province Regional Innovation Cooperation Project (No. 2020YFQ0036)the CNPC Strategic Cooperation Science and Technology Project (ZLZX2020-01-04-04)
文摘The development of unconventional petroleum resources has gradually become an important succession for increasing oil production.However,the related engineers and researchers are paying more and more attention to the application of temporary plugging agents(TPAs)for their efficient development.TPAs can expand the stimulated reservoir volume(SRV)and facilitate the flow of oil and gas to the bottom of the well.Particle-gels used as temporary plugging agents have the characteristics of the simple injection process,good deformation,high plugging strength,and complete self-degradation performance,which have been widely applied in recent years.In this paper,five samples of DPPG polymerized by different molecular weights of cross-linking agents were prepared.In addition,infrared spectroscopy analysis,differential calorimetry scanning(DSC)analysis,static particle gel swelling and degradation performance evaluation experiments,and dynamic temporary plugging performance experiments in cores were conducted at 34°C.Results show that as the molecular weight of the cross-linking agent(at 0.01 g)in the DPPG molecule decreased from 1,000 to 200 Da,the fewer cross-linking sites of DPPG,the looser the microscopic three-dimensional mesh structure formed.The swelling ratio increased from 7 to 33 times.However,the complete degradation time increased from 40 to 210 min.Moreover,the DSC results confirmed that the higher the molecular weight of the cross-linking agent,the worse is chemical stability and the more prone it to self-degradation.DPPG samples had good temporary plugging performance in reservoir cores.DPPGs prepared by the cross-linking agent with smaller molecular weight has a stronger swelling ratio,higher gel strength,and greater plugging strength in the core permeabilities.Moreover,the degraded DPPG is less damaging to the cores.However,their slower degradation rates take a slightly longer times to reach complete degradation.The results of this paper can provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for the development of particle gel-type temporary plugging agents(TPA)with controllable degradation time in low-temperature reservoirs.It can help to expand the application range of existing DPPG reservoir conditions.
基金Supported by the National Key Special Science and Technology Project(2016ZX05015-002)PetroChina Key Special Science and Technology Project(2016E-0104)
文摘Aimed at the disadvantages of secondary damage to oil layers caused by the conventional bull-heading water control technique, a thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent for water control was synthesized by water solution polymerization and applied in the field with a new secondary temporary plugging technique. The optimization and performance evaluation of thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent were carried out through laboratory experiments. The optimized formula is as follows:(6%-8%) acrylamide +(0.08%-0.12%) ammonium persulfate +(1.5%-2.0%) sepiolite +(0.5%-0.8%) polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The thermo-sensitive temporary plugging agent is suitable for formation temperatures of 70-90 ?C, it has high temporary plugging strength(5-40 k Pa), controllable degradation time(1-15 d), the apparent viscosity after degradation of less than 100 m Pa?S and the permeability recovery value of simulated cores of more than 95%. Based on the research results, secondary temporary plugging technique was used in a horizontal well in the Jidong Oilfield. After treatment, the well saw a drop of water cut to 27%, and now it has a water cut of 67%, its daily increased oil production was 4.8 t, and the cumulative oil increment was 750 t, demonstrating that the technique worked well in controlling water production and increasing oil production.
基金Major Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China Basic Theory of Efficient Development of Shale Oil and Gas(No.51490653)Theory and Method of Efficient Con struction of Fracture Network in Deep and Ultra-Deep Shale Gas Horizontal Wells(No.U19A2043)National Natural Science Foundation of China Theory and Method of Long term Propping for Deep Shale Gas Hydraulic Fractures based on DEM-LBM Hydro-Mechanical Coupling(No.52104039).
文摘When deep and ultra-deep shale gas well fracturing is carried out,multi-cluster fracturing can hardly realize synchronous initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures due to the combined effects of heterogeneity of deep in-situ stress and"dense cluster"fracture arrangement,and the strong interference between fractures aggravates the unbalanced fracture propagation degree.Field practice proves that the fracture-opening temporary plugging fracturing technology can effectively control the unbalanced propagation of multiple fractures.In addition,the application effect of temporary plugging process can be improved by developing a method for simulating fracture control during fracture-opening temporary plugging fracturing of deep/ultra-deep shale-gas horizontal wells.Based on rock mechanics,elasticity mechanics,fluid mechanics and fracture propagation theory,combined with the flow distribution equation of horizontal-well multi-cluster fracturing and the plugging equation of temporary plugging balls,this paper establishes a fracture propagation model and a fracture control simulation method for the fracture-opening temporary plugging fracturing of deep/ultra-deep shale gas horizontal wells.Then,the influences of the number of temporary plugging balls and the times and timing of temporary plugging on temporary plugging control are simulated,and the influences of temporary plugging balls on fracture propagation morphology and SRV(stimulated reservoir volume)distribution are analyzed by taking Sinopec's one deep shale gas well in Dingshan-Dongxi structure of southeast Sichuan Basin as an example.And the following research results are obtained.First,fracture-opening temporary plugging can significantly promote the balanced propagation of multiple fractures,and the simulation confirms that the number of temporary plugging balls and the times and timing of temporary plugging play an important role in fracture control.Second,as the number of temporary plugging balls increase,the SRV increases firstly and then decreases,so there is an optimal number of temporary plugging balls.Third,increasing the times of temporary plugging can improve the fault tolerance rate of temporary plugging and diverting process,but it is necessary to increase the number of temporary plugging balls appropriately.Fourth,when the timing of temporary plugging is appropriate,the balanced propagation of multiple fractures is achieved and the maximum SRV is reached.In conclusion,this method is of great significance to optimizing the design of temporary plugging fracturing,improve the implementation level of field process and develop deep and ultra-deep shale gas efficiently.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52074250)。
文摘Multistage fracturing of horizontal wells is a critical technology for unconventional oil and gas reservoir stimulation. Ball-throwing temporary plugging fracturing is a new method for realizing uniform fracturing along horizontal wells and plays an important role in increasing oil and gas production. However,the transportation and sealing law of temporary plugging balls(TPBs) in the perforation section of horizontal wells is still unclear. Using COMSOL computational fluid dynamics and a particle tracking module, we simulate the transportation process of TPBs in a horizontal wellbore and analyse the effects of the ball density, ball diameter, ball number, fracturing fluid injection rate, and viscosity on the plugging efficiency of TPB transportation. This study reveals that when the density of TPBs is close to that of the fracturing fluid and a moderate diameter of the TPB is used, the plugging efficiency can be substantially enhanced. The plugging efficiency is greater when the TPB number is close to twice the number of perforations and is lower when the number of TPBs is three times the number of perforations.Adjusting the fracturing fluid injection rate from low to high can control the position of the TPBs,improving plugging efficiency. As the viscosity of the fracturing fluid increases, the plugging efficiency of the perforations decreases near the borehole heel and increases near the borehole toe. In contrast, the plugging efficiency of the central perforation is almost unaffected by the fracturing fluid viscosity. This study can serve as a valuable reference for establishing the parameters for temporary plugging and fracturing.
文摘Based on the fractal nature of pore size in sandstone and grindingbody within a certain range and the Andreasen equation in theory, using the optimization theory of traditional tem- porary plugging agent for reference, we established a new temporary plugging method for reservoir protection. This new method emphasizes on the formulation and optimization of solid filling particles and softening particles. It is good in easy operation and strong applicability. Indoor experiments with the natural core from Hailaer area were conducted using this new method. Compared with traditional methods, the filtration reduced significantly and the permeability recovery was improved greatly, which verified the rationality of this new method.
基金supported by the National Major Science and Technology Project“Experimental study on shale gas production in Zhaotong County,Yunnan Province”(No.:2012ZX0518-006)Major Project of CNPC“Field test of shale gas drilling and production engineering technology in Zhaotong demonstration zone”(No.:2012F-47-02).
文摘Due to downhole complexities,shale-gas horizontal well fracturing in the Sichuan Basin suffered from casing deformation and failure to apply the technique of cable-conveyed perforation bridge plug.In view of these problems,a new technique of staged volume fracturing with temporary plugging by sand filling is employed.Based on theoretical analyses and field tests,a design of optimized parameters of coiled tubingconveyed multi-cluster sand-blasting perforation and temporary plugging by sand filling was proposed.It was applied in the horizontalWell ZJ-1 in which casing deformation occurred.The following results are achieved in field operations.First,this technique enables selective staged fracturing in horizontal sections.Second,this technique can realize massive staged fracturing credibly without mechanical plugging,with the operating efficiency equivalent to the conventional bridge plug staged fracturing.Third,full-hole is preserved after fracturing,thus it is possible to directly conduct an open flow test without time consumption of a wiper trip.The staged volume fracturing with temporary plugging by sand filling facilitated the 14-stage fracturing in Well ZJ-1,with similar SRV to that achieved by conventional bridge plug staged fracturing and higher gas yield than neighboring wells on the same well pad.Thus,a new and effective technique is presented in multi-cluster staged volume fracturing of shale gas horizontal wells.
文摘At present, the oil and water wells in Liaohe Oilfield have entered the middle and later stages of development. The pressure of the oil and water wells has decreased year by year and the contradiction between injection and production has become increasingly prominent. In order to maximize its recovery, various new processes and technologies have been widely applied in different oilfields. The loss of workover fluid during workover operation not only increases the dosage of workover fluid, but also causes more serious pollution to the oil layer (formation). Affect oil production after workover operation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174045,No.52104011)Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022D01B77)。
文摘Intra-stage multi-cluster temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(ITPF)is one of the fastest-growing techniques to obtain uniform reservoir stimulation in shale gas reservoirs.However,propagation geometries of multiple fractures during ITPF are not clear due that the existing numerical models cannot capture the effects of perforation plugging.In this paper,a new three-dimensional FEM based on CZM was developed to investigate multiple planar fracture propagation considering perforation plugging during ITPF.Meanwhile,the fluid pipe element and its subroutine were first developed to realize the flux partitioning before or after perforation plugging.The results showed that the perforation plugging changed the original distribution of the number of perforations in each fracture,thus changing the flux partitioning after perforation plugging,which could eliminate the effect of stress interference between multiple fractures and promote a uniform fluid distribution.The standard deviation of fluid distribution in the perforation plugging case was only 8.48%of that in the non-diversion case.Furthermore,critical plugging parameters have been investigated quantitatively.Specifically,injecting more diverters will create a higher fluid pressure rise in the wellbore,which will increase the risk of wellbore integrity.Comprehensively considering pressure rise and fluid distribution,the number of diverters should be 50%of the total number of perforations(N_(pt)),whose standard deviation of fluid distribution of multiple fractures was lower than those in the cases of injecting 10%N_(pt),30%N_(pt)and 70%N_(pt).The diverters should be injected at an appropriate timing,i.e.40%or 50%of the total fracturing time(tft),whose standard deviation of the fluid distribution was only about 20%of standard deviations in the cases of injecting at20%tftor 70%tft.A single injection with all diverters can maintain high bottom-hole pressure for a longer period and promote a more uniform fluid distribution.The standard deviation of the fluid distribution in the case of a single injection was 43.62%-55.41%of the other cases with multiple injection times.This study provides a meaningful perspective and some optimal plugging parameters on the field design during IPTF.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51974332)。
文摘Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(TPDF),involving inner-fracture temporary plugging(IFTP)and inner-stage temporary plugging(ISTP),has been proposed as a widely applied technique in China,for promoting the uniform initiation and propagation of multi-clustered hydraulic fractures(HFs)in a horizontal well of the shale oil/gas reservoirs.However,how the key plugging parameters controlling the multi-fracture growth and the pumping pressure response during TPDF in shale with dense bedding planes(BPs)and natural fractures(NFs)is still unclear,which limits the optimization of TPDF scheme.In this paper,a series of TPDF simulation experiments within a stage of multi-cluster in a horizontal well were carried out on outcrops of Longmaxi Formation shale using a large-scale true tri-axial fracturing simulation system,combined with the acoustic emission(AE)monitor and computed tomography(CT)scanning techniques.Each experiment was divided into three stages,including the conventional fracturing(CF),IFTP and ISTP.Multi-fracture initiation and propagation behavior,and the dominant controlling parameters were examined,containing the particle sizes,concentration of temporary plugging agent(TPA),and cluster number.The results showed that the number of transverse HFs(THFs)and the overall complexity of fracture morphology increase with the increase in TPA concentration and perforation cluster number.Obviously,the required concentration of TPA is positively correlated with the cluster number.Higher peak values and continuous fluctuations of pumping pressure during TPDF may indicate the creation of diversion fractures.The creation of standard THFs during CF is favorable to the creation of diversion fractures during TPDF.Moreover,the activation of BPs nearby the wellbore during CF is unfavorable to the subsequent pressure buildup during TPDF,resulting in poor plugging and diverting effect.Notably,under the strike-slip fault stress regime,the diversion of THFs is not likely during IFTP,which is similar as the results of ISTP to initiate mainly the un-initiated or under-propagated perforation clusters.Three typical pressure curve types during TPDF can be summarized to briefly identify the hydraulic fracture diversion effects,including good(multiple branches or/and THFs can be newly created),fair(HF initiation along the slightly opened BPs and then activating the NFs),and bad(HF initiation along the largely opened BPs and then connecting with the NFs).
