A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young...A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young＇s two-slit interferometer and the Mach-Zehnder two-arm interferometer with the focus placed on how to measure the interference pattern （wave nature） and the which-way information （particle nature） of quantum objects. We design several schemes to simultaneously acquire the which-way information for an individual quantum object and the high-contrast interference pattern for an ensemble of these quantum objects by placing two sets of measurement instruments that are well separated in space and whose perturbation of each other is negligibly small within the interferometer at the same time. Yet, improper arrangement and cooperation of these two sets of measurement instruments in the interferometer would lead to failure of simultaneous observation of wave and particle behaviors. The internal freedoms of quantum objects could be harnessed to probe both the which-way information and the interference pattern for the center-of-mass motion. That quantum objects can behave beyond the wave-particle duality and the complementarity principle would stimulate new conceptual examination and exploration of quantum theory at a deeper level.展开更多
The real random number generation is a critical problem in computer science.The current generation methods are either too dangerous or too expensive,such as using decays of some radioactive elements.They are also hard...The real random number generation is a critical problem in computer science.The current generation methods are either too dangerous or too expensive,such as using decays of some radioactive elements.They are also hard to control.By the declaration of uncertainty principles in quantum mechanics,real probabilistic events can be substituted by easier and safer processes,such as electron diffraction,photon diffraction and qubits.The key to solve the problem of Schr?dinger’s cat is to identify that the atom stays in different states after and before the decay,and the result of the decay is probabilistic according to the wave packet co llapse hypothesis.Same matter is able to possess different kinds of properties such as wave-particle duality due to that it can stay in various states,and which state will the matter stay is determined by the chosen set of physical quantities(or mechanical quantities).One eigenstate of a set of physical quantities can be a superpos ition of other eigenstates of different sets of physical quantities,and the collapse from a superposition to an eigenstate it contains is really random.Using this randomness,real random number can be generated more easily.展开更多
The problems of unattainable infinity and infinitesimal are discussed. Limitations connected with the absolute zero of temperature and the maximal velocity are considered, as well as the consequences of these limitati...The problems of unattainable infinity and infinitesimal are discussed. Limitations connected with the absolute zero of temperature and the maximal velocity are considered, as well as the consequences of these limitations. A geometric approach is proposed as an alternative to the wave-particle duality to explain the anomalous motion of micro objects. The basis of the geometric approach is a comparison between two geometries differing from each other in the metric of infinitesimal. The interconnection of these geometries is possible through the direct and inverse Weierstrass transformation. The application of this transformation allows one to explain diffraction effects.展开更多
The paper shows that the variational principle serves as an element of the mathematical structure of a quantum theory. The experimentally confirmed properties of the corpuscular-wave duality of a quantum particle are ...The paper shows that the variational principle serves as an element of the mathematical structure of a quantum theory. The experimentally confirmed properties of the corpuscular-wave duality of a quantum particle are elements of the analysis. A Lagrangian density that yields the equations of motion of a given quantum theory of a massive particle is analyzed. It is proved that if this Lagrangian density is a Lorentz scalar whose dimension is ?then the associated action consistently defines the required phase of the quantum particle. The dimension of this Lagrangian density proves that also the quantum function ?has dimension. This result provides new criteria for the acceptability of quantum theories. An examination of the first order Dirac equation demonstrates that it satisfies the new criteria whereas the second order Klein-Gordon equation fails to do that.展开更多
Bohr’s principle of complementarity has a long history and it is an important topic in quantum theory,among which the famous example is the duality relation.The relation between visibilityC and distinguishability D,C...Bohr’s principle of complementarity has a long history and it is an important topic in quantum theory,among which the famous example is the duality relation.The relation between visibilityC and distinguishability D,C2+D2≤1,has long been recognized as the only representative of the duality relation.However,recent researches have shown that this inequality is not good enough because it is not tight for multipath interferometers.Meanwhile,a tight bound for the multipath interferometer has been put forward.Here we design and experimentally implement a three-path interferometer coupling with path indicator states.The wave property of photons is characterized by l1-norm coherence measure,and the particle property is based on distinguishability of the indicator states.The new duality relation of the three-path interferometer is demonstrated in our experiment,which bounds the union of a right triangle and a part of elliptical area inside the quadrant of a unit circle.Data analysis confirms that the new bound is tight for photons in three-path interferometers.展开更多
The question of what magnetism is vital to quantum physics. We know what all other quantum phenomenon is, but we did not know what magnetism is. It is not enough to say it is a force because of a charge. That force mu...The question of what magnetism is vital to quantum physics. We know what all other quantum phenomenon is, but we did not know what magnetism is. It is not enough to say it is a force because of a charge. That force must be something, for consistencies sake it had to be tested. This paper was written in order to confirm the results that were received in the experiments that took place that led to the paper “Magnetism: Insights from the Thomas Young Experiment” where it was concluded the magnetic phenomenon is both a particle and a wave. Will different interference patterns confirm a khumalon and wave like behaviour? The khumalon is the name of the particle associated with magnetic phenomenon. This paper concludes by confirming what was discovered in mentioned paper. Magnetism organizes into a wave no matter the interference. Understanding this reality, it allows us to understand what is happening with simple magnetic interactions. When like poles meet because they can not occupy the same space they push each other. Opposite poles are antiparticles to each other and annihilate each other. South pole scientifically speaking is not attracted to the north pole, the reason why the magnets slam each other is because they are closing a magnetic vacuum caused by the particles annihilating each other. We can now start theorizing on why a lodestone attracts iron because we now know we are dealing with a particle.展开更多
The question of what magnetism is vital to quantum physics. We know what all other quantum phenomenon is, but we did not know what magnetism is. It is not enough to say it is a force because of a charge. That force mu...The question of what magnetism is vital to quantum physics. We know what all other quantum phenomenon is, but we did not know what magnetism is. It is not enough to say it is a force because of a charge. That force must be something, for consistencies sake it had to be tested. This paper was written in order to confirm the results that were received in the experiments that took place that led to the paper “Magnetism: Insights from the Thomas Young Experiment” where it was concluded the magnetic phenomenon is both a particle and a wave. Will different interference patterns confirm a khumalon and wave like behaviour? The khumalon is the name of the particle associated with magnetic phenomenon. This paper concludes by confirming what was discovered in mentioned paper. Magnetism organizes into a wave no matter the interference. Understanding this reality, it allows us to understand what is happening with simple magnetic interactions. When like poles meet because they can not occupy the same space they push each other. Opposite poles are antiparticles to each other and annihilate each other. South pole scientifically speaking is not attracted to the north pole, the reason why the magnets slam each other is because they are closing a magnetic vacuum caused by the particles annihilating each other. We can now start theorizing on why a lodestone attracts iron because we now know we are dealing with a particle.展开更多
A multi-dimensional version of the duality principle of Sawyer type [1] is obtained whenever the corresponding weight satisfies some doubling property.
We study the existence and uniqueness of a solution to path-dependent backward stochastic Volterra integral equations(BSVIEs)with jumps,where path-dependence means the dependence of the free term and generator of a pa...We study the existence and uniqueness of a solution to path-dependent backward stochastic Volterra integral equations(BSVIEs)with jumps,where path-dependence means the dependence of the free term and generator of a path of a c`adl`ag process.Furthermore,we prove path-differentiability of such a solution and establish the duality principle between a linear path-dependent forward stochastic Volterra integral equation(FSVIE)with jumps and a linear path-dependent BSVIE with jumps.As a result of the duality principle we get a comparison theorem and derive a class of dynamic coherent risk measures based on path-dependent BSVIEs with jumps.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences
文摘A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young＇s two-slit interferometer and the Mach-Zehnder two-arm interferometer with the focus placed on how to measure the interference pattern （wave nature） and the which-way information （particle nature） of quantum objects. We design several schemes to simultaneously acquire the which-way information for an individual quantum object and the high-contrast interference pattern for an ensemble of these quantum objects by placing two sets of measurement instruments that are well separated in space and whose perturbation of each other is negligibly small within the interferometer at the same time. Yet, improper arrangement and cooperation of these two sets of measurement instruments in the interferometer would lead to failure of simultaneous observation of wave and particle behaviors. The internal freedoms of quantum objects could be harnessed to probe both the which-way information and the interference pattern for the center-of-mass motion. That quantum objects can behave beyond the wave-particle duality and the complementarity principle would stimulate new conceptual examination and exploration of quantum theory at a deeper level.
文摘The real random number generation is a critical problem in computer science.The current generation methods are either too dangerous or too expensive,such as using decays of some radioactive elements.They are also hard to control.By the declaration of uncertainty principles in quantum mechanics,real probabilistic events can be substituted by easier and safer processes,such as electron diffraction,photon diffraction and qubits.The key to solve the problem of Schr?dinger’s cat is to identify that the atom stays in different states after and before the decay,and the result of the decay is probabilistic according to the wave packet co llapse hypothesis.Same matter is able to possess different kinds of properties such as wave-particle duality due to that it can stay in various states,and which state will the matter stay is determined by the chosen set of physical quantities(or mechanical quantities).One eigenstate of a set of physical quantities can be a superpos ition of other eigenstates of different sets of physical quantities,and the collapse from a superposition to an eigenstate it contains is really random.Using this randomness,real random number can be generated more easily.
文摘The problems of unattainable infinity and infinitesimal are discussed. Limitations connected with the absolute zero of temperature and the maximal velocity are considered, as well as the consequences of these limitations. A geometric approach is proposed as an alternative to the wave-particle duality to explain the anomalous motion of micro objects. The basis of the geometric approach is a comparison between two geometries differing from each other in the metric of infinitesimal. The interconnection of these geometries is possible through the direct and inverse Weierstrass transformation. The application of this transformation allows one to explain diffraction effects.
文摘The paper shows that the variational principle serves as an element of the mathematical structure of a quantum theory. The experimentally confirmed properties of the corpuscular-wave duality of a quantum particle are elements of the analysis. A Lagrangian density that yields the equations of motion of a given quantum theory of a massive particle is analyzed. It is proved that if this Lagrangian density is a Lorentz scalar whose dimension is ?then the associated action consistently defines the required phase of the quantum particle. The dimension of this Lagrangian density proves that also the quantum function ?has dimension. This result provides new criteria for the acceptability of quantum theories. An examination of the first order Dirac equation demonstrates that it satisfies the new criteria whereas the second order Klein-Gordon equation fails to do that.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2016YFA0302700 and 2017YFA0304100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11822408,11674304,11774335,61490711,11474267,11821404,11325419,11904356,and 91321313)+5 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2017492)the Foundation for Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.YJKYYQ20170032)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDY-SSW-SLH003),the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant Nos.WK2470000026 and WK2030000008)Science Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.ZDRW-XH-2019-1),Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies,China(Grant Nos.AHY020100,AHYPT003,and AHY060300)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents of China(Grant No.BX20180293)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M640587).
文摘Bohr’s principle of complementarity has a long history and it is an important topic in quantum theory,among which the famous example is the duality relation.The relation between visibilityC and distinguishability D,C2+D2≤1,has long been recognized as the only representative of the duality relation.However,recent researches have shown that this inequality is not good enough because it is not tight for multipath interferometers.Meanwhile,a tight bound for the multipath interferometer has been put forward.Here we design and experimentally implement a three-path interferometer coupling with path indicator states.The wave property of photons is characterized by l1-norm coherence measure,and the particle property is based on distinguishability of the indicator states.The new duality relation of the three-path interferometer is demonstrated in our experiment,which bounds the union of a right triangle and a part of elliptical area inside the quadrant of a unit circle.Data analysis confirms that the new bound is tight for photons in three-path interferometers.
文摘The question of what magnetism is vital to quantum physics. We know what all other quantum phenomenon is, but we did not know what magnetism is. It is not enough to say it is a force because of a charge. That force must be something, for consistencies sake it had to be tested. This paper was written in order to confirm the results that were received in the experiments that took place that led to the paper “Magnetism: Insights from the Thomas Young Experiment” where it was concluded the magnetic phenomenon is both a particle and a wave. Will different interference patterns confirm a khumalon and wave like behaviour? The khumalon is the name of the particle associated with magnetic phenomenon. This paper concludes by confirming what was discovered in mentioned paper. Magnetism organizes into a wave no matter the interference. Understanding this reality, it allows us to understand what is happening with simple magnetic interactions. When like poles meet because they can not occupy the same space they push each other. Opposite poles are antiparticles to each other and annihilate each other. South pole scientifically speaking is not attracted to the north pole, the reason why the magnets slam each other is because they are closing a magnetic vacuum caused by the particles annihilating each other. We can now start theorizing on why a lodestone attracts iron because we now know we are dealing with a particle.
文摘The question of what magnetism is vital to quantum physics. We know what all other quantum phenomenon is, but we did not know what magnetism is. It is not enough to say it is a force because of a charge. That force must be something, for consistencies sake it had to be tested. This paper was written in order to confirm the results that were received in the experiments that took place that led to the paper “Magnetism: Insights from the Thomas Young Experiment” where it was concluded the magnetic phenomenon is both a particle and a wave. Will different interference patterns confirm a khumalon and wave like behaviour? The khumalon is the name of the particle associated with magnetic phenomenon. This paper concludes by confirming what was discovered in mentioned paper. Magnetism organizes into a wave no matter the interference. Understanding this reality, it allows us to understand what is happening with simple magnetic interactions. When like poles meet because they can not occupy the same space they push each other. Opposite poles are antiparticles to each other and annihilate each other. South pole scientifically speaking is not attracted to the north pole, the reason why the magnets slam each other is because they are closing a magnetic vacuum caused by the particles annihilating each other. We can now start theorizing on why a lodestone attracts iron because we now know we are dealing with a particle.
文摘A multi-dimensional version of the duality principle of Sawyer type [1] is obtained whenever the corresponding weight satisfies some doubling property.
文摘We study the existence and uniqueness of a solution to path-dependent backward stochastic Volterra integral equations(BSVIEs)with jumps,where path-dependence means the dependence of the free term and generator of a path of a c`adl`ag process.Furthermore,we prove path-differentiability of such a solution and establish the duality principle between a linear path-dependent forward stochastic Volterra integral equation(FSVIE)with jumps and a linear path-dependent BSVIE with jumps.As a result of the duality principle we get a comparison theorem and derive a class of dynamic coherent risk measures based on path-dependent BSVIEs with jumps.
