Quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)is widely used for gene expression analysis,but its accuracy critically depends on stable internal reference genes for normalization.In marine invertebrates,especially non-model taxa su...Quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)is widely used for gene expression analysis,but its accuracy critically depends on stable internal reference genes for normalization.In marine invertebrates,especially non-model taxa such as cephalopods,systematic evaluation of reference genes is limited,leading to potential bias.The cuttlefish Sepiella japonica is ecologically and economically important in China,yet previous molecular studies have often relied on single unvalidated reference genes,which may compromise data reliability.This study aimed to systematically evaluate the stability of five commonly used reference genes(18S,ef-1α,ef-1γ,gapdh,andβ-actin)across multiple tissues and sexes of S.japonica,and to identify the most suitable reference genes and optimal number for qPCR normalization.Fifteen to sixteen tissue types were collected from ten healthy adults(five males and five females).Total RNA was extracted,reverse-transcribed,and analyzed by qPCR.Gene stability was assessed using four algorithms(geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper,andΔCt)integrated with RefFinder,and the optimal gene number was determined using geNorm pairwise variation(V_(n/n+1)<0.15).Four transcriptome-derived genes(creld2,cd109,acy1,and miox)were used for validation.The C_(t)values of the five genes ranged from 15.47 to 20.83.β-actin and gapdh showed pronounced variability in expression stability among tissues and sexes,indicating their limited suitability for normalization.18S exhibited the highest expression(mean C_(t):15.47-16.29)and lowest variability but displayed sex-biased expression,whereas ef-1αand ef-1γremained consistently stable across most tissues in both sexes,with ef-1αbeing the most robust and showing no sex-related bias.Although specific rankings varied among tissues and sexes,the comprehensive results indicated that ef-1αand ef-1γpossessed the highest overall stability,followed by 18S,whileβ-actin and gapdh were the least stable.The final comprehensive rankings were ef-1γ>ef-1α>18S>gapdh>β-actin(male)and ef-1α>ef-1γ>18S>gapdh>β-actin(female).geNorm analysis(V2/3<0.15)indicated that two genes,mainly ef-1αand ef-1γ,were generally sufficient for reliable normalization in most tissues.Validation confirmed that normalization using the stable ef-1αand ef-1γaccurately reflected the expression differences among tissues,whereasβ-actin and gapdh can bias or confound statistical analyses.ef-1αand ef-1γare identified as the most reliable reference gene combination for qPCR analysis in S.japonica,while 18S can serve as an auxiliary gene for within-sex comparisons.The use ofβ-actin or gapdh alone is not recommended.This study establishes a systematic framework for selecting reliable reference genes in S.japonica,thereby facilitating robust qPCR normalization and providing a foundation for future gene expression research in S.japonica and other cephalopods.展开更多
WE observe that the response speed of a linear timeinvariant system to a step reference input depends not only on the system parameters but also on the magnitude of the step input.Based on this observation,we demonstr...WE observe that the response speed of a linear timeinvariant system to a step reference input depends not only on the system parameters but also on the magnitude of the step input.Based on this observation,we demonstrate a method to schedule the magnitude of the reference input to achieve a faster response.展开更多
This study aimed to create a model for calculating the total reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo)in Mersin Province from May 2015 to 2020 and to generate maps using spatial analysis.Lemons from citrus play a signifi...This study aimed to create a model for calculating the total reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo)in Mersin Province from May 2015 to 2020 and to generate maps using spatial analysis.Lemons from citrus play a significant role inMersin’s agriculture,and because of lemons’sensitivity to temperature,ETo is essential for them.Itwas observed that the ETo value(EToPM)calculated using the Penman-Monteith(PM)method increased over the years.A model was developed using data from 36 Automated Weather Observing Systems(AWOS)in Mersin,Turkiye,which is located in a semi-arid climate zone.The model was created using Multiple Linear Regression(MLR)and artificial neural network(ANN)methods.The station climate data were divided into training and test datasets separately and collectively,and ETo values were estimated with different combinations using three scenarios and six model constructs.The dataset was divided into training(2015-2018)and testing(2019-2020).ANN1 andMLR1 are analyses of individual AWOS,while the other models are analyses of all AWOS together.The statistical performance analysis involved a comparison of the R2,Mean Absolute Error(MAE),Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE),and RootMean Square Error(RMSE)values.The analysis results indicated that ANN1(0.9997,0.0105,0.2718%,and 0.0162,respectively)and ANN2(0.9958,0.0678,1.5341%,and 0.0864,respectively)models successfully predicted as statistical with both single and all AWOS.Themodels were visually evaluated using the Inverse DistanceWeighting(IDW)interpolationmethod,andmaps of plant water consumption were generated.The relationships between bothmodels and years in themonthly total ETo maps allowed for a clearer comparison.展开更多
The Metal Stable Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory(MSIGL)at the University of Science and Technology of China has developed state-of-the-art analytical methods for twelve stable isotope systems,including Mg,Si,V,Fe,Cu,Z...The Metal Stable Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory(MSIGL)at the University of Science and Technology of China has developed state-of-the-art analytical methods for twelve stable isotope systems,including Mg,Si,V,Fe,Cu,Zn,Rb,Sr,Ag,Cd,Ba,and U.Geological and biological samples were first digested by acid dissolution or alkali dissolution.The target element was subsequently purified by the column chromatography method.A Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS was used to measure isotope compositions and the isotope bias caused during measurements was calibrated by standard bracketing and/or the double spike method.The analytical procedure was carefully checked to ensure the high precision and accuracy of the data.Here,we summarized the protocol of these established methods and compiled the standard data measured at our lab as well as those reported in literature.This comprehensive dataset can serve as a reliable benchmark for calibration,method validation,and quality assurance in metal stable isotope analyses.展开更多
A new method,namely multiple point curvature compensation （MPCC）,is proposed for the design of a bandgap reference,and its design principles, theoretical derivation, and one feasible circuitry implementation are pre...A new method,namely multiple point curvature compensation （MPCC）,is proposed for the design of a bandgap reference,and its design principles, theoretical derivation, and one feasible circuitry implementation are presented. Being different from traditional techniques, this idea focuses on finding multiple temperatures in the whole range at which the first order derivatives of the output reference voltage equal zero. In this way, the curve of the output reference voltage is flattened and a better effect of curvature compensation is achieved. The circuitry is simulated in ST Microelectronics 0. 18μm CMOS technology, and the simulated result shows that the average temperature coefficient is only 1ppm/℃ in the range from - 40 to 125℃.展开更多
A decentralized model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is proposed and applied to design a multivariable control system of a dual-spool turbofan engine.Simulation studies show good static and dynamic performan...A decentralized model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is proposed and applied to design a multivariable control system of a dual-spool turbofan engine.Simulation studies show good static and dynamic performance of the system over the fullflight envelope. Simulation results also show the good effectiveness of reducing interactionin the multivariable system with significant coupling. The control system developed has awide frequency band to satisfy the strict engineering requirement and is practical for engineering applications.展开更多
Bamboo was one of the first plants to be cultivated in China and is widely used in industry and daily life.The study of gene function has become an important part of bamboo breeding,whereas quantitative real-time PCR(...Bamboo was one of the first plants to be cultivated in China and is widely used in industry and daily life.The study of gene function has become an important part of bamboo breeding,whereas quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)is a powerful tool for gene expression analysis.The accuracy of qRT-PCR results largely depends on suitable reference genes.In this study,a transcriptome-wide identification of reference genes was conducted based on 447 transcriptome datasets,comprising 200 tissue samples,107 treated samples,and 140 samples from various moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis)forms.A total of 3444,1013,and 3962 stably expressed genes were identified from these three groups,respectively.Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of these genes in pathways,including the spliceosome,proteasome,and oxidative phosphorylation.Eight candidate genes(ADPRE,GAPDH,TRX,TUBA,NRP,MBF,UNK,and CAM1),were selected for qRT-PCR validation using 112 samples.To assess their stability,five statistical methods(geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper,Delta-Ct,and RefFinder)were employed.The most suitable reference genes were ADPRE and GAPDH for different tissues,GAPDH and CAM1 for different treatments,and GAPDH and TRX for various moso bamboo forms.Overall,ADPRE and GAPDH were the most stable reference genes across all conditions,while TUBA and TRX were the least stable reference genes.In addition,a significant negative correlation was found between the Ct values of RT-qPCR and the log2TPM values from the transcriptome data(Ct=-1.534x+37.221),providing a potential method for estimating gene expression levels.The identified reference genes,particularly ADPRE and GAPDH,provide a robust set of references for gene expression studies in moso bamboo.展开更多
Genotype imputation has become an indispensable part of genomic data analysis. In recent years, imputation based on a multi-breed reference population has received more attention, but the relevant studies are scarce i...Genotype imputation has become an indispensable part of genomic data analysis. In recent years, imputation based on a multi-breed reference population has received more attention, but the relevant studies are scarce in pigs. In this study, we used the Illumina Porcine SNP50 Bead Chip to investigate the variations of imputation accuracy with various influencing factors and compared the imputation performance of four commonly used imputation software programs. The results indicated that imputation accuracy increased as either the validation population marker density, reference population sample size, or minor allele frequency(MAF) increased. However, the imputation accuracy would have a certain extent of decrease when the pig reference population was a mixed group of multiple breeds or lines. Considering both imputation accuracy and running time, Beagle 4.1 and FImpute are excellent choices among the four software packages tested. This work visually presents the impacts of these influencing factors on imputation and provides a reference for formulating reasonable imputation strategies in actual pig breeding.展开更多
This paper introduces a high-precision bandgap reference(BGR)designed for battery management systems(BMS),fea-turing an ultra-low temperature coefficient(TC)and line sensitivity(LS).The BGR employs a current-mode sche...This paper introduces a high-precision bandgap reference(BGR)designed for battery management systems(BMS),fea-turing an ultra-low temperature coefficient(TC)and line sensitivity(LS).The BGR employs a current-mode scheme with chopped op-amps and internal clock generators to eliminate op-amp offset.A low dropout regulator(LDO)and a pre-regula-tor enhance output driving and LS,respectively.Curvature compensation enhances the TC by addressing higher-order nonlinear-ity.These approaches,effective near room temperature,employs trimming at both 20 and 60°C.When combined with fixed cur-vature correction currents,it achieves an ultra-low TC for each chip.Implemented in a CMOS 180 nm process,the BGR occu-pies 0.548 mm²and operates at 2.5 V with 84μA current draw from a 5 V supply.An average TC of 2.69 ppm/℃ with two-point trimming and 0.81 ppm/℃ with multi-point trimming are achieved over the temperature range of-40 to 125℃.It accommo-dates a load current of 1 mA and an LS of 42 ppm/V,making it suitable for precise BMS applications.展开更多
After three rounds of rigorous evaluation of registered scholars conducted by the Reference Citation Analysis(RCA)editorial team of Baishideng Publishing Group(Baishideng),the RCA database of Baishideng officially rel...After three rounds of rigorous evaluation of registered scholars conducted by the Reference Citation Analysis(RCA)editorial team of Baishideng Publishing Group(Baishideng),the RCA database of Baishideng officially released the 2022 Article Influence Index(2022 AII)of 632 scholars from 74 countries/territories in 98 research categories,for the first time.The list of 632 scholars can be found at:https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/searchscholar.Among them,the highest 2022 AII is 348.211,the highest number of total citations is 42830,and the highest number of total articles is 901.The category with the largest number of RCA scholars is Gastroenterology&Hepatology,with a total of 100(15.8%),and the second is Surgery,with a total of 46(7.3%).This article summarizes the RCA scholars and describes the mission of RCA,the openness and transparency of RCA evaluation,the calculation method for the 2022 AII,and the evaluation process of RCA scholars.The RCA scholar list will effectively serve as a useful Find-a-Scholar tool.Any interested scholar is welcome to register and join this RCA scholar list.展开更多
Introduction: Childbirth on a scarred uterus is a major issue for health centers, especially peripheral, due to the major obstetric risks it presents. The objectives were to evaluate the frequency, route of delivery a...Introduction: Childbirth on a scarred uterus is a major issue for health centers, especially peripheral, due to the major obstetric risks it presents. The objectives were to evaluate the frequency, route of delivery and maternal-fetal prognosis of this type of delivery at csref of Kolondiéba. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study for one year (1 January 2023-31 December 2023). All patients admitted to the maternity ward of the center with at least one uterine scar and treated in the center were included. We extracted data from partograms, OR records, birth records and obstetric records. Input was done on Excel 2010 and analysis on SPSS.23. Results: The frequency of scarring uterus was 16.8% (217/1285 births). The average age was 27. Pauciparous were most represented (59%). Patients were received from community health centers (44.7%). Prenatal consultation sessions (1 - 3 sessions) were performed at (64.9%). Uterine scars were obstetric in (99%). The cesarean section was performed immediately in (59.4%), it was prophylactic in 17%. The uterine test was attempted in (25.34%) with (69%) success. We recorded 3.6% uterine ruptures, 8.7% postoperative complications, 5.5% stillbirths and one maternal death (0.46%). Conclusion: Births on a scarred uterus are frequent and associated with a high rate of complications.展开更多
Computed tomography is an indispensable X-ray imaging modality used to diagnose numerous pathologies, but it can also involve the delivery of high ionizing radiation doses harmful to the health of patients. This study...Computed tomography is an indispensable X-ray imaging modality used to diagnose numerous pathologies, but it can also involve the delivery of high ionizing radiation doses harmful to the health of patients. This study aims to survey the level of radiation doses delivered to child patients during head exams in CT imaging to set up the Dosimetric Reference Levels (DRLs), a routine dose optimization tool, based on data acquired at the University Hospital of Angré (UHA), the University Hospital of Treichville (UHT) and the Polyclinic Hospital Farah (Farah) for optimizing procedures in Ivorian hospitals. Prospectively performed on 334 CT images of 186 child patients, this study was carried out on CT systems such as Hitachi Scenaria, Sinovision Insitum, and Philips Incisive used respectively at UHA, UHT and Farah. Children’s scan data were classified into four age bands: vol or dose-length product as DLP) value, whatever the hospital, increases with respect to the age of child patients. Based on the 75th percentile of the whole dose distributions, the DRLs of the CTDIvol is 54.37 mGy whatever the age groups and those of the DLP with respect to age bands are 1224.55 mGy∙cm, 1414.06 mGy∙cm, 1632.24 mGy.cm and 1544.57 mGy∙cm, respectively. The averaged values of CTDIvol and DLP smaller than the corresponding DRLs values suggest that practices in our three facilities are optimized. However, comparing our results with those from different international studies, we see that the CTDIvol and DLP values obtained in the present work are higher. These results suggest additional surveys to ensure our DRLs values and efforts from radiologists, imaging technicians and medical physicists to strengthen clinical procedures for the radiation protection of children undergoing CT scans in Côte d’Ivoire.展开更多
It is important for regional water resources management to know the agricultural water consumption information several months in advance.Forecasting reference evapotranspiration(ET_(0))in the next few months is import...It is important for regional water resources management to know the agricultural water consumption information several months in advance.Forecasting reference evapotranspiration(ET_(0))in the next few months is important for irrigation and reservoir management.Studies on forecasting of multiple-month ahead ET_(0) using machine learning models have not been reported yet.Besides,machine learning models such as the XGBoost model has multiple parameters that need to be tuned,and traditional methods can get stuck in a regional optimal solution and fail to obtain a global optimal solution.This study investigated the performance of the hybrid extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)model coupled with the Grey Wolf Optimizer(GWO)algorithm for forecasting multi-step ahead ET_(0)(1-3 months ahead),compared with three conventional machine learning models,i.e.,standalone XGBoost,multi-layer perceptron(MLP)and M5 model tree(M5)models in the subtropical zone of China.The results showed that theGWO-XGB model generally performed better than the other three machine learning models in forecasting 1-3 months ahead ET_(0),followed by the XGB,M5 and MLP models with very small differences among the three models.The GWO-XGB model performed best in autumn,while the MLP model performed slightly better than the other three models in summer.It is thus suggested to apply the MLP model for ET_(0) forecasting in summer but use the GWO-XGB model in other seasons.展开更多
The purpose of this research was to evaluate radiological safety in pediatric radiology in hospitals in the Kongo Central province of the DRC. To this end, we surveyed a convenience sample of 50 health professionals, ...The purpose of this research was to evaluate radiological safety in pediatric radiology in hospitals in the Kongo Central province of the DRC. To this end, we surveyed a convenience sample of 50 health professionals, including 10 radiologists working in the hospitals covered by the survey, to assess the practice of pediatric radiology and the degree of compliance with radiation protection principles for the safety of children and the environment. We collected radiophysical parameters to calculate entrance doses in pediatric radiology in radiology departments to determine the dosimetric level by comparison with the diagnostic reference levels of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). All in all, we found that in Kongo Central in the DRC, many health personnel surveyed reported that more than 30% of requested radiological examinations are not justified. Also, after comparing the entrance doses produced in the surveyed departments with those of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), a statistically significant difference was found in pediatric radiology between the average doses in five out of six surveyed departments and those of the ICRP. Therefore, almost all of the surveyed departments were found to be highly irradiating in children, while excessive X-ray irradiation in children can have significant effects due to their increased sensitivity to radiation. Among the risks are: increased cancer risks, damage to developing cells, potential genetic effects, and neurological effects. This is why support for implementing radiation protection principles is a necessity to promote the safety of patients and the environment against the harmful effects of X-rays in conventional radiology.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pepsinogen(PG)and the PG I/II ratio(PGR)are critical indicators for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis,and assessing gastric cancer risk.Existing reference intervals(RIs...BACKGROUND Pepsinogen(PG)and the PG I/II ratio(PGR)are critical indicators for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis,and assessing gastric cancer risk.Existing reference intervals(RIs)often overlook age,sex,and demographic variations.Partitioned RIs,while considering these factors,fail to capture the gradual age-related physiological changes.Next-generation RIs offer a solution to this limitation.AIM To investigate age-and sex-specific dynamics of PG and establish next-generation RIs for adults and the elderly in northern China.METHODS After screening,708 healthy individuals were included in this observational study.Serum PG was measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay.Age-and sex-related effects on PG were analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance.RI partitioning was determined by the standard deviation ratio(SDR).Traditional RIs were established using a non-parametric approach.Generalized Additive Models for Location,Scale,and Shape(GAMLSS)modeled age-related trends and continuous reference percentiles for PG I and PG II.Reference limit flagging rates for both RI types were compared.RESULTS PG I and PG II levels were influenced by age(P<0.001)and sex(P<0.001),while PGR remained stable.Age-specific RIs were required for PG I(SDR=0.366)and PG II(SDR=0.424).Partitioned RIs were established for PG I and PG II,with a single RI for PGR.GAMLSS modeling revealed distinct age-dependent trajectories:PG I increased from a median of 39.75μg/L at age 20 years to 49.75μg/L at age 60 years,a 25.16%increase,after which it plateaued through age 80 years.In contrast,PG II showed a continuous rise throughout the age range,with the median value increasing from 5.07μg/L at age 20 years to 8.36μg/L at age 80 years,corresponding to a 64.89%increase.Continuous reference percentiles intuitively reflected these trends and were detailed in this study.Next-generation RIs demonstrated superior accuracy compared to partitioned RIs when applied to specific age subgroups.CONCLUSION This study elucidates the age-and sex-specific dynamics of PG and,to our knowledge,is the first to establish next-generation RIs for PG,supporting more individualized interpretation in laboratory medicine.展开更多
To solve the problem of the lack of reference material(RM)for determination of allergenic ingredients in food,a RM of cashew nut powder was developed in the study.Cashew nut powder was prepared from cashew nut kernel ...To solve the problem of the lack of reference material(RM)for determination of allergenic ingredients in food,a RM of cashew nut powder was developed in the study.Cashew nut powder was prepared from cashew nut kernel by selecting,cleaning,crushing,n-hexane degreasing and sieving treatment.The reliability and traceability of RM was verified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and phylogenetic tree analysis.The cashew nut powder RM showed good homogeneity,and good stability under long-term storage at 4℃and short-term simulated transportation from-20 to 45℃.The RM was determined jointly by 8 collaborative laboratories,and the characteristic CT value was 24.732,and the extended uncertainty was 1.052%(k=2).The RM was applied to verify the amplification efficiency and the limit of detection for qPCR assay,and showed good applicability.The RM could be used for method validation and quality control,for the determination of allergenic ingredients in food mixed with trace amounts of cashew nut.展开更多
The use of a stable reference gene is fundamental for achieving reliable quantitative qRT-PCR (qPCR) results. Developing and evaluating the stability of reference genes is necessary for studying the molecular mechanis...The use of a stable reference gene is fundamental for achieving reliable quantitative qRT-PCR (qPCR) results. Developing and evaluating the stability of reference genes is necessary for studying the molecular mechanisms of M. transitoria in response to drought stress. In this study, 18 candidate reference genes were selected from transcriptome sequencing data of M. transitoria according to their FPKM values under different drought stress degrees. Cluster-23533.34641 was identified as the most stable reference gene for M. transitoria under drought stress based on qPCR results and combined analysis of Genorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct algorithms. The reference genes identified in this research offer improved accuracy for quantifying target gene expression in both M. transitoria and Malus species under drought stress. This study could provide insights into the drought stress-related functional gene or factor in M. transitoria, even in Malus species.展开更多
Sulfur isotopes of S-bearing materials are powerful tools to trace various geological processes and sulfur sources in earth sciences,especially in ore deposits where sulfide-sulfate pair coprecipitates widely.However,...Sulfur isotopes of S-bearing materials are powerful tools to trace various geological processes and sulfur sources in earth sciences,especially in ore deposits where sulfide-sulfate pair coprecipitates widely.However,in-situ S isotope determination of barite is challenging without natural matrix-matched reference material.In this study,we present two natural barite reference materials(1-YS and 294-YS)for in-situ sulfur isotopic analysis.Independent LA-MC-ICP-MS laboratories were utilized to test theδ34S micron-scale homogeneity of 1-YS and 294-YS barites that have 2s repeatabilities of better than±0.45‰and±0.41‰,respectively.Meanwhile,the in-situ analysis results are consistent with the results of the bulk analysis by GS-IRMS within uncertainty.The grand meanδ~(34)S values of 1-YS(13.37‰±0.42‰,2s)and 294-YS(14.38‰±0.44‰,2s)are the final recommended values obtained from four independent laboratories.All the results confirm the suitability of 1-YS and 294-YS barite used as calibration materials with respect to in-situ S isotopic analysis.Moreover,the new developed barite reference materials were used as matrix-matched standard to calibrate the barite samples from the Huayangchuan carbonatite-hosted U-polymetallic deposit(Qinling orogenic belt,western China)to obtainδ34S values.Utilizing the temperaturedependentδ34S fractionation of barite-pyrite pair,we calculate the formation temperature of barite(i.e.,506 to 537°C)and theδ34S value of mineralizing fluid(i.e.,-7.11‰to-7.59‰)in the Huayangchuan deposit.The results indicate an involvement of sedimentary sulfur,presumably acting as a potential uranium source(e.g.,upper crustal materials)for the giant Huayangchuan deposit.展开更多
Carbonaceous aerosol,including organic carbon(OC)and elemental carbon(EC),has significant influence on human health,air quality and climate change.Accurate measurement of carbonaceous aerosol is essential to reduce th...Carbonaceous aerosol,including organic carbon(OC)and elemental carbon(EC),has significant influence on human health,air quality and climate change.Accurate measurement of carbonaceous aerosol is essential to reduce the uncertainty of radiative forcing estimation and source apportionment.The accurate separation of OC and EC is controversial due to the charring of OC.Therefore,the development of reference materials(RM)for the validation of OC/EC separation is an important basis for further study.Previous RMs were mainly based on ambient air sampling,which could not provide traceability of OC and EC concentration.To develop traceable RMs with known OC/EC contents,our study applied an improved aerosol generation and mixing technique,providing uniform deposition of particles on quartz filters.To generate OC aerosol with similar pyrolytic property of ambient aerosol,both water soluble organic carbon(WSOC)and water insoluble organic carbon(WIOC)were used,and amorphous carbon was selected for EC surrogate.The RMs were analyzed using different protocols.The homogeneity within the filter was validated,reaching below 2%.The long-term stability of RMs has been validated with RSD ranged from 1.7%–3.2%.Good correlationwas observed between nominal concentration of RMswithmeasured concentration by two protocols,while the difference of EC concentration was within 20%.The results indicated that the newly developed RMs were acceptable for the calibration of OC and EC,which could improve the accuracy of carbonaceous aerosol measurement.Moreover,the laboratory-generated EC-RMs could be suitable for the calibration of equivalent BC concentration by Aethalometers.展开更多
In this paper,a video compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm based on multidimensional reference frames is proposed using the sparse characteristics of video signals in different sparse representation domains.Fir...In this paper,a video compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm based on multidimensional reference frames is proposed using the sparse characteristics of video signals in different sparse representation domains.First,the overall structure of the proposed video compressed sensing algorithm is introduced in this paper.The paper adopts a multi-reference frame bidirectional prediction hypothesis optimization algorithm.Then,the paper proposes a reconstruction method for CS frames at the re-decoding end.In addition to using key frames of each GOP reconstructed in the time domain as reference frames for reconstructing CS frames,half-pixel reference frames and scaled reference frames in the pixel domain are also used as CS frames.Reference frames of CS frames are used to obtain higher quality assumptions.Themethod of obtaining reference frames in the pixel domain is also discussed in detail in this paper.Finally,the reconstruction algorithm proposed in this paper is compared with video compression algorithms in the literature that have better reconstruction results.Experiments show that the algorithm has better performance than the best multi-reference frame video compression sensing algorithm and can effectively improve the quality of slowmotion video reconstruction.展开更多
文摘Quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)is widely used for gene expression analysis,but its accuracy critically depends on stable internal reference genes for normalization.In marine invertebrates,especially non-model taxa such as cephalopods,systematic evaluation of reference genes is limited,leading to potential bias.The cuttlefish Sepiella japonica is ecologically and economically important in China,yet previous molecular studies have often relied on single unvalidated reference genes,which may compromise data reliability.This study aimed to systematically evaluate the stability of five commonly used reference genes(18S,ef-1α,ef-1γ,gapdh,andβ-actin)across multiple tissues and sexes of S.japonica,and to identify the most suitable reference genes and optimal number for qPCR normalization.Fifteen to sixteen tissue types were collected from ten healthy adults(five males and five females).Total RNA was extracted,reverse-transcribed,and analyzed by qPCR.Gene stability was assessed using four algorithms(geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper,andΔCt)integrated with RefFinder,and the optimal gene number was determined using geNorm pairwise variation(V_(n/n+1)<0.15).Four transcriptome-derived genes(creld2,cd109,acy1,and miox)were used for validation.The C_(t)values of the five genes ranged from 15.47 to 20.83.β-actin and gapdh showed pronounced variability in expression stability among tissues and sexes,indicating their limited suitability for normalization.18S exhibited the highest expression(mean C_(t):15.47-16.29)and lowest variability but displayed sex-biased expression,whereas ef-1αand ef-1γremained consistently stable across most tissues in both sexes,with ef-1αbeing the most robust and showing no sex-related bias.Although specific rankings varied among tissues and sexes,the comprehensive results indicated that ef-1αand ef-1γpossessed the highest overall stability,followed by 18S,whileβ-actin and gapdh were the least stable.The final comprehensive rankings were ef-1γ>ef-1α>18S>gapdh>β-actin(male)and ef-1α>ef-1γ>18S>gapdh>β-actin(female).geNorm analysis(V2/3<0.15)indicated that two genes,mainly ef-1αand ef-1γ,were generally sufficient for reliable normalization in most tissues.Validation confirmed that normalization using the stable ef-1αand ef-1γaccurately reflected the expression differences among tissues,whereasβ-actin and gapdh can bias or confound statistical analyses.ef-1αand ef-1γare identified as the most reliable reference gene combination for qPCR analysis in S.japonica,while 18S can serve as an auxiliary gene for within-sex comparisons.The use ofβ-actin or gapdh alone is not recommended.This study establishes a systematic framework for selecting reliable reference genes in S.japonica,thereby facilitating robust qPCR normalization and providing a foundation for future gene expression research in S.japonica and other cephalopods.
文摘WE observe that the response speed of a linear timeinvariant system to a step reference input depends not only on the system parameters but also on the magnitude of the step input.Based on this observation,we demonstrate a method to schedule the magnitude of the reference input to achieve a faster response.
文摘This study aimed to create a model for calculating the total reference crop evapotranspiration(ETo)in Mersin Province from May 2015 to 2020 and to generate maps using spatial analysis.Lemons from citrus play a significant role inMersin’s agriculture,and because of lemons’sensitivity to temperature,ETo is essential for them.Itwas observed that the ETo value(EToPM)calculated using the Penman-Monteith(PM)method increased over the years.A model was developed using data from 36 Automated Weather Observing Systems(AWOS)in Mersin,Turkiye,which is located in a semi-arid climate zone.The model was created using Multiple Linear Regression(MLR)and artificial neural network(ANN)methods.The station climate data were divided into training and test datasets separately and collectively,and ETo values were estimated with different combinations using three scenarios and six model constructs.The dataset was divided into training(2015-2018)and testing(2019-2020).ANN1 andMLR1 are analyses of individual AWOS,while the other models are analyses of all AWOS together.The statistical performance analysis involved a comparison of the R2,Mean Absolute Error(MAE),Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE),and RootMean Square Error(RMSE)values.The analysis results indicated that ANN1(0.9997,0.0105,0.2718%,and 0.0162,respectively)and ANN2(0.9958,0.0678,1.5341%,and 0.0864,respectively)models successfully predicted as statistical with both single and all AWOS.Themodels were visually evaluated using the Inverse DistanceWeighting(IDW)interpolationmethod,andmaps of plant water consumption were generated.The relationships between bothmodels and years in themonthly total ETo maps allowed for a clearer comparison.
基金the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.42273007 and 42473008)the Distinguished Young Scholars of Anhui,China(No.2408085J021)。
文摘The Metal Stable Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory(MSIGL)at the University of Science and Technology of China has developed state-of-the-art analytical methods for twelve stable isotope systems,including Mg,Si,V,Fe,Cu,Zn,Rb,Sr,Ag,Cd,Ba,and U.Geological and biological samples were first digested by acid dissolution or alkali dissolution.The target element was subsequently purified by the column chromatography method.A Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS was used to measure isotope compositions and the isotope bias caused during measurements was calibrated by standard bracketing and/or the double spike method.The analytical procedure was carefully checked to ensure the high precision and accuracy of the data.Here,we summarized the protocol of these established methods and compiled the standard data measured at our lab as well as those reported in literature.This comprehensive dataset can serve as a reliable benchmark for calibration,method validation,and quality assurance in metal stable isotope analyses.
文摘A new method,namely multiple point curvature compensation （MPCC）,is proposed for the design of a bandgap reference,and its design principles, theoretical derivation, and one feasible circuitry implementation are presented. Being different from traditional techniques, this idea focuses on finding multiple temperatures in the whole range at which the first order derivatives of the output reference voltage equal zero. In this way, the curve of the output reference voltage is flattened and a better effect of curvature compensation is achieved. The circuitry is simulated in ST Microelectronics 0. 18μm CMOS technology, and the simulated result shows that the average temperature coefficient is only 1ppm/℃ in the range from - 40 to 125℃.
文摘A decentralized model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is proposed and applied to design a multivariable control system of a dual-spool turbofan engine.Simulation studies show good static and dynamic performance of the system over the fullflight envelope. Simulation results also show the good effectiveness of reducing interactionin the multivariable system with significant coupling. The control system developed has awide frequency band to satisfy the strict engineering requirement and is practical for engineering applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD2200502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31971736).
文摘Bamboo was one of the first plants to be cultivated in China and is widely used in industry and daily life.The study of gene function has become an important part of bamboo breeding,whereas quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)is a powerful tool for gene expression analysis.The accuracy of qRT-PCR results largely depends on suitable reference genes.In this study,a transcriptome-wide identification of reference genes was conducted based on 447 transcriptome datasets,comprising 200 tissue samples,107 treated samples,and 140 samples from various moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis)forms.A total of 3444,1013,and 3962 stably expressed genes were identified from these three groups,respectively.Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of these genes in pathways,including the spliceosome,proteasome,and oxidative phosphorylation.Eight candidate genes(ADPRE,GAPDH,TRX,TUBA,NRP,MBF,UNK,and CAM1),were selected for qRT-PCR validation using 112 samples.To assess their stability,five statistical methods(geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper,Delta-Ct,and RefFinder)were employed.The most suitable reference genes were ADPRE and GAPDH for different tissues,GAPDH and CAM1 for different treatments,and GAPDH and TRX for various moso bamboo forms.Overall,ADPRE and GAPDH were the most stable reference genes across all conditions,while TUBA and TRX were the least stable reference genes.In addition,a significant negative correlation was found between the Ct values of RT-qPCR and the log2TPM values from the transcriptome data(Ct=-1.534x+37.221),providing a potential method for estimating gene expression levels.The identified reference genes,particularly ADPRE and GAPDH,provide a robust set of references for gene expression studies in moso bamboo.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-35)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072696,31790414 and 31601916)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662019PY011)。
文摘Genotype imputation has become an indispensable part of genomic data analysis. In recent years, imputation based on a multi-breed reference population has received more attention, but the relevant studies are scarce in pigs. In this study, we used the Illumina Porcine SNP50 Bead Chip to investigate the variations of imputation accuracy with various influencing factors and compared the imputation performance of four commonly used imputation software programs. The results indicated that imputation accuracy increased as either the validation population marker density, reference population sample size, or minor allele frequency(MAF) increased. However, the imputation accuracy would have a certain extent of decrease when the pig reference population was a mixed group of multiple breeds or lines. Considering both imputation accuracy and running time, Beagle 4.1 and FImpute are excellent choices among the four software packages tested. This work visually presents the impacts of these influencing factors on imputation and provides a reference for formulating reasonable imputation strategies in actual pig breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under grant No.62204235。
文摘This paper introduces a high-precision bandgap reference(BGR)designed for battery management systems(BMS),fea-turing an ultra-low temperature coefficient(TC)and line sensitivity(LS).The BGR employs a current-mode scheme with chopped op-amps and internal clock generators to eliminate op-amp offset.A low dropout regulator(LDO)and a pre-regula-tor enhance output driving and LS,respectively.Curvature compensation enhances the TC by addressing higher-order nonlinear-ity.These approaches,effective near room temperature,employs trimming at both 20 and 60°C.When combined with fixed cur-vature correction currents,it achieves an ultra-low TC for each chip.Implemented in a CMOS 180 nm process,the BGR occu-pies 0.548 mm²and operates at 2.5 V with 84μA current draw from a 5 V supply.An average TC of 2.69 ppm/℃ with two-point trimming and 0.81 ppm/℃ with multi-point trimming are achieved over the temperature range of-40 to 125℃.It accommo-dates a load current of 1 mA and an LS of 42 ppm/V,making it suitable for precise BMS applications.
文摘After three rounds of rigorous evaluation of registered scholars conducted by the Reference Citation Analysis(RCA)editorial team of Baishideng Publishing Group(Baishideng),the RCA database of Baishideng officially released the 2022 Article Influence Index(2022 AII)of 632 scholars from 74 countries/territories in 98 research categories,for the first time.The list of 632 scholars can be found at:https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/searchscholar.Among them,the highest 2022 AII is 348.211,the highest number of total citations is 42830,and the highest number of total articles is 901.The category with the largest number of RCA scholars is Gastroenterology&Hepatology,with a total of 100(15.8%),and the second is Surgery,with a total of 46(7.3%).This article summarizes the RCA scholars and describes the mission of RCA,the openness and transparency of RCA evaluation,the calculation method for the 2022 AII,and the evaluation process of RCA scholars.The RCA scholar list will effectively serve as a useful Find-a-Scholar tool.Any interested scholar is welcome to register and join this RCA scholar list.
文摘Introduction: Childbirth on a scarred uterus is a major issue for health centers, especially peripheral, due to the major obstetric risks it presents. The objectives were to evaluate the frequency, route of delivery and maternal-fetal prognosis of this type of delivery at csref of Kolondiéba. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study for one year (1 January 2023-31 December 2023). All patients admitted to the maternity ward of the center with at least one uterine scar and treated in the center were included. We extracted data from partograms, OR records, birth records and obstetric records. Input was done on Excel 2010 and analysis on SPSS.23. Results: The frequency of scarring uterus was 16.8% (217/1285 births). The average age was 27. Pauciparous were most represented (59%). Patients were received from community health centers (44.7%). Prenatal consultation sessions (1 - 3 sessions) were performed at (64.9%). Uterine scars were obstetric in (99%). The cesarean section was performed immediately in (59.4%), it was prophylactic in 17%. The uterine test was attempted in (25.34%) with (69%) success. We recorded 3.6% uterine ruptures, 8.7% postoperative complications, 5.5% stillbirths and one maternal death (0.46%). Conclusion: Births on a scarred uterus are frequent and associated with a high rate of complications.
文摘Computed tomography is an indispensable X-ray imaging modality used to diagnose numerous pathologies, but it can also involve the delivery of high ionizing radiation doses harmful to the health of patients. This study aims to survey the level of radiation doses delivered to child patients during head exams in CT imaging to set up the Dosimetric Reference Levels (DRLs), a routine dose optimization tool, based on data acquired at the University Hospital of Angré (UHA), the University Hospital of Treichville (UHT) and the Polyclinic Hospital Farah (Farah) for optimizing procedures in Ivorian hospitals. Prospectively performed on 334 CT images of 186 child patients, this study was carried out on CT systems such as Hitachi Scenaria, Sinovision Insitum, and Philips Incisive used respectively at UHA, UHT and Farah. Children’s scan data were classified into four age bands: vol or dose-length product as DLP) value, whatever the hospital, increases with respect to the age of child patients. Based on the 75th percentile of the whole dose distributions, the DRLs of the CTDIvol is 54.37 mGy whatever the age groups and those of the DLP with respect to age bands are 1224.55 mGy∙cm, 1414.06 mGy∙cm, 1632.24 mGy.cm and 1544.57 mGy∙cm, respectively. The averaged values of CTDIvol and DLP smaller than the corresponding DRLs values suggest that practices in our three facilities are optimized. However, comparing our results with those from different international studies, we see that the CTDIvol and DLP values obtained in the present work are higher. These results suggest additional surveys to ensure our DRLs values and efforts from radiologists, imaging technicians and medical physicists to strengthen clinical procedures for the radiation protection of children undergoing CT scans in Côte d’Ivoire.
基金This study was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51879196,51790533,51709143)Jiangxi Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20181BAB206045).
文摘It is important for regional water resources management to know the agricultural water consumption information several months in advance.Forecasting reference evapotranspiration(ET_(0))in the next few months is important for irrigation and reservoir management.Studies on forecasting of multiple-month ahead ET_(0) using machine learning models have not been reported yet.Besides,machine learning models such as the XGBoost model has multiple parameters that need to be tuned,and traditional methods can get stuck in a regional optimal solution and fail to obtain a global optimal solution.This study investigated the performance of the hybrid extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)model coupled with the Grey Wolf Optimizer(GWO)algorithm for forecasting multi-step ahead ET_(0)(1-3 months ahead),compared with three conventional machine learning models,i.e.,standalone XGBoost,multi-layer perceptron(MLP)and M5 model tree(M5)models in the subtropical zone of China.The results showed that theGWO-XGB model generally performed better than the other three machine learning models in forecasting 1-3 months ahead ET_(0),followed by the XGB,M5 and MLP models with very small differences among the three models.The GWO-XGB model performed best in autumn,while the MLP model performed slightly better than the other three models in summer.It is thus suggested to apply the MLP model for ET_(0) forecasting in summer but use the GWO-XGB model in other seasons.
文摘The purpose of this research was to evaluate radiological safety in pediatric radiology in hospitals in the Kongo Central province of the DRC. To this end, we surveyed a convenience sample of 50 health professionals, including 10 radiologists working in the hospitals covered by the survey, to assess the practice of pediatric radiology and the degree of compliance with radiation protection principles for the safety of children and the environment. We collected radiophysical parameters to calculate entrance doses in pediatric radiology in radiology departments to determine the dosimetric level by comparison with the diagnostic reference levels of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). All in all, we found that in Kongo Central in the DRC, many health personnel surveyed reported that more than 30% of requested radiological examinations are not justified. Also, after comparing the entrance doses produced in the surveyed departments with those of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), a statistically significant difference was found in pediatric radiology between the average doses in five out of six surveyed departments and those of the ICRP. Therefore, almost all of the surveyed departments were found to be highly irradiating in children, while excessive X-ray irradiation in children can have significant effects due to their increased sensitivity to radiation. Among the risks are: increased cancer risks, damage to developing cells, potential genetic effects, and neurological effects. This is why support for implementing radiation protection principles is a necessity to promote the safety of patients and the environment against the harmful effects of X-rays in conventional radiology.
文摘BACKGROUND Pepsinogen(PG)and the PG I/II ratio(PGR)are critical indicators for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis,and assessing gastric cancer risk.Existing reference intervals(RIs)often overlook age,sex,and demographic variations.Partitioned RIs,while considering these factors,fail to capture the gradual age-related physiological changes.Next-generation RIs offer a solution to this limitation.AIM To investigate age-and sex-specific dynamics of PG and establish next-generation RIs for adults and the elderly in northern China.METHODS After screening,708 healthy individuals were included in this observational study.Serum PG was measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay.Age-and sex-related effects on PG were analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance.RI partitioning was determined by the standard deviation ratio(SDR).Traditional RIs were established using a non-parametric approach.Generalized Additive Models for Location,Scale,and Shape(GAMLSS)modeled age-related trends and continuous reference percentiles for PG I and PG II.Reference limit flagging rates for both RI types were compared.RESULTS PG I and PG II levels were influenced by age(P<0.001)and sex(P<0.001),while PGR remained stable.Age-specific RIs were required for PG I(SDR=0.366)and PG II(SDR=0.424).Partitioned RIs were established for PG I and PG II,with a single RI for PGR.GAMLSS modeling revealed distinct age-dependent trajectories:PG I increased from a median of 39.75μg/L at age 20 years to 49.75μg/L at age 60 years,a 25.16%increase,after which it plateaued through age 80 years.In contrast,PG II showed a continuous rise throughout the age range,with the median value increasing from 5.07μg/L at age 20 years to 8.36μg/L at age 80 years,corresponding to a 64.89%increase.Continuous reference percentiles intuitively reflected these trends and were detailed in this study.Next-generation RIs demonstrated superior accuracy compared to partitioned RIs when applied to specific age subgroups.CONCLUSION This study elucidates the age-and sex-specific dynamics of PG and,to our knowledge,is the first to establish next-generation RIs for PG,supporting more individualized interpretation in laboratory medicine.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Pro-gram of China(2021YFF0601902)the National Reference Material Development Project(S2022234).
文摘To solve the problem of the lack of reference material(RM)for determination of allergenic ingredients in food,a RM of cashew nut powder was developed in the study.Cashew nut powder was prepared from cashew nut kernel by selecting,cleaning,crushing,n-hexane degreasing and sieving treatment.The reliability and traceability of RM was verified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and phylogenetic tree analysis.The cashew nut powder RM showed good homogeneity,and good stability under long-term storage at 4℃and short-term simulated transportation from-20 to 45℃.The RM was determined jointly by 8 collaborative laboratories,and the characteristic CT value was 24.732,and the extended uncertainty was 1.052%(k=2).The RM was applied to verify the amplification efficiency and the limit of detection for qPCR assay,and showed good applicability.The RM could be used for method validation and quality control,for the determination of allergenic ingredients in food mixed with trace amounts of cashew nut.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province(2022-ZJ-902).
文摘The use of a stable reference gene is fundamental for achieving reliable quantitative qRT-PCR (qPCR) results. Developing and evaluating the stability of reference genes is necessary for studying the molecular mechanisms of M. transitoria in response to drought stress. In this study, 18 candidate reference genes were selected from transcriptome sequencing data of M. transitoria according to their FPKM values under different drought stress degrees. Cluster-23533.34641 was identified as the most stable reference gene for M. transitoria under drought stress based on qPCR results and combined analysis of Genorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct algorithms. The reference genes identified in this research offer improved accuracy for quantifying target gene expression in both M. transitoria and Malus species under drought stress. This study could provide insights into the drought stress-related functional gene or factor in M. transitoria, even in Malus species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42003014,42363004,42073051,42303023)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20232BAB213070)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022QD050)。
文摘Sulfur isotopes of S-bearing materials are powerful tools to trace various geological processes and sulfur sources in earth sciences,especially in ore deposits where sulfide-sulfate pair coprecipitates widely.However,in-situ S isotope determination of barite is challenging without natural matrix-matched reference material.In this study,we present two natural barite reference materials(1-YS and 294-YS)for in-situ sulfur isotopic analysis.Independent LA-MC-ICP-MS laboratories were utilized to test theδ34S micron-scale homogeneity of 1-YS and 294-YS barites that have 2s repeatabilities of better than±0.45‰and±0.41‰,respectively.Meanwhile,the in-situ analysis results are consistent with the results of the bulk analysis by GS-IRMS within uncertainty.The grand meanδ~(34)S values of 1-YS(13.37‰±0.42‰,2s)and 294-YS(14.38‰±0.44‰,2s)are the final recommended values obtained from four independent laboratories.All the results confirm the suitability of 1-YS and 294-YS barite used as calibration materials with respect to in-situ S isotopic analysis.Moreover,the new developed barite reference materials were used as matrix-matched standard to calibrate the barite samples from the Huayangchuan carbonatite-hosted U-polymetallic deposit(Qinling orogenic belt,western China)to obtainδ34S values.Utilizing the temperaturedependentδ34S fractionation of barite-pyrite pair,we calculate the formation temperature of barite(i.e.,506 to 537°C)and theδ34S value of mineralizing fluid(i.e.,-7.11‰to-7.59‰)in the Huayangchuan deposit.The results indicate an involvement of sedimentary sulfur,presumably acting as a potential uranium source(e.g.,upper crustal materials)for the giant Huayangchuan deposit.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22206180)the funds for establishing basic quality and technology capabilities(No.ANL2203)the special fund for basic scientific research business of central public research institutes(No.AKYZD2207-4)。
文摘Carbonaceous aerosol,including organic carbon(OC)and elemental carbon(EC),has significant influence on human health,air quality and climate change.Accurate measurement of carbonaceous aerosol is essential to reduce the uncertainty of radiative forcing estimation and source apportionment.The accurate separation of OC and EC is controversial due to the charring of OC.Therefore,the development of reference materials(RM)for the validation of OC/EC separation is an important basis for further study.Previous RMs were mainly based on ambient air sampling,which could not provide traceability of OC and EC concentration.To develop traceable RMs with known OC/EC contents,our study applied an improved aerosol generation and mixing technique,providing uniform deposition of particles on quartz filters.To generate OC aerosol with similar pyrolytic property of ambient aerosol,both water soluble organic carbon(WSOC)and water insoluble organic carbon(WIOC)were used,and amorphous carbon was selected for EC surrogate.The RMs were analyzed using different protocols.The homogeneity within the filter was validated,reaching below 2%.The long-term stability of RMs has been validated with RSD ranged from 1.7%–3.2%.Good correlationwas observed between nominal concentration of RMswithmeasured concentration by two protocols,while the difference of EC concentration was within 20%.The results indicated that the newly developed RMs were acceptable for the calibration of OC and EC,which could improve the accuracy of carbonaceous aerosol measurement.Moreover,the laboratory-generated EC-RMs could be suitable for the calibration of equivalent BC concentration by Aethalometers.
文摘In this paper,a video compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm based on multidimensional reference frames is proposed using the sparse characteristics of video signals in different sparse representation domains.First,the overall structure of the proposed video compressed sensing algorithm is introduced in this paper.The paper adopts a multi-reference frame bidirectional prediction hypothesis optimization algorithm.Then,the paper proposes a reconstruction method for CS frames at the re-decoding end.In addition to using key frames of each GOP reconstructed in the time domain as reference frames for reconstructing CS frames,half-pixel reference frames and scaled reference frames in the pixel domain are also used as CS frames.Reference frames of CS frames are used to obtain higher quality assumptions.Themethod of obtaining reference frames in the pixel domain is also discussed in detail in this paper.Finally,the reconstruction algorithm proposed in this paper is compared with video compression algorithms in the literature that have better reconstruction results.Experiments show that the algorithm has better performance than the best multi-reference frame video compression sensing algorithm and can effectively improve the quality of slowmotion video reconstruction.
