Informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of exposure due to climate-related hazards,attributed to rapid urbanization and poor infrastructural development.This paper will give a geospatial and qualit...Informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of exposure due to climate-related hazards,attributed to rapid urbanization and poor infrastructural development.This paper will give a geospatial and qualitative evaluation of the Mukuru Special Planning Area(SPA)in Nairobi in a 35-year period(1990-2025)and how the spatial planning interventions affect climate resilience.The analysis with the help of weighted overlay models,supervised land-cover classification,change detection algorithms,NDVI trend analysis,and GIS-based vulnerability mapping is based on a multi-temporal data set of 11 Landsat scenes,five high-resolution aerial images,and 35 years of hydro-meteorological data.Findings show that impervious surface cover turned high(64.2%in 2025)with a rapid rise in impervious surface cover(18.6%in 1990 and then higher in 2025)whereas vegetative cover(NDVI>0.3)reduced by 48.5%indicating massive degradation of the ecosystem.The area prone to floods grew by 33 percent and the average surface runoff intensity increased between 0.42 and 0.71(normalized index).This study concludes with evidence-based recommendations for spatially targeted inclusive planning,infrastructure retrofitting,and green space restoration to improve adaptive capacity and reduce hazard exposure in high-density informal urban environments.展开更多
文摘Informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of exposure due to climate-related hazards,attributed to rapid urbanization and poor infrastructural development.This paper will give a geospatial and qualitative evaluation of the Mukuru Special Planning Area(SPA)in Nairobi in a 35-year period(1990-2025)and how the spatial planning interventions affect climate resilience.The analysis with the help of weighted overlay models,supervised land-cover classification,change detection algorithms,NDVI trend analysis,and GIS-based vulnerability mapping is based on a multi-temporal data set of 11 Landsat scenes,five high-resolution aerial images,and 35 years of hydro-meteorological data.Findings show that impervious surface cover turned high(64.2%in 2025)with a rapid rise in impervious surface cover(18.6%in 1990 and then higher in 2025)whereas vegetative cover(NDVI>0.3)reduced by 48.5%indicating massive degradation of the ecosystem.The area prone to floods grew by 33 percent and the average surface runoff intensity increased between 0.42 and 0.71(normalized index).This study concludes with evidence-based recommendations for spatially targeted inclusive planning,infrastructure retrofitting,and green space restoration to improve adaptive capacity and reduce hazard exposure in high-density informal urban environments.
