Acellular mucin refers to pools of mucin without epithelial component,oftentimes harboring inflammatory cells.Acellular mucin can be observed in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lower gastrointestinal(GI)conditions....Acellular mucin refers to pools of mucin without epithelial component,oftentimes harboring inflammatory cells.Acellular mucin can be observed in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lower gastrointestinal(GI)conditions.While mucinous neoplasms are classified and staged using established guidelines,interobserver variability occurs when acellular mucin pools are encountered,leading to inconsistent interpretation and staging.In particular,acellular mucin found in regional lymph nodes of colorectal adenocarcinoma patients who have not received treatment presents a diagnostic challenge,as its prognostic implication is not clearly defined.Acellular mucin is also commonly seen in treated colorectal adenocarcinoma,post neoadjuvant therapy.Although acellular mucin is not counted toward T or N staging in this setting,variation in how pathologists report and stage these cases persists.Acellular mucin can also be seen in non-neoplastic specimens,such as those from interval appendectomies,appendiceal diverticula,colonic diverticulitis,volvulus,and Crohn’s disease where it may mimic a neoplastic lesion.Acellular mucin in this setting is often a byproduct of inflammation,increased luminal pressure,and mural defect.This review highlights the clinical relevance and diagnostic complexity of acellular mucin in pathologic conditions of the lower GI tract.Further studies are needed to clarify its prognostic value and develop standardized guidelines.展开更多
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN) of the pancreas is a noninvasive epithelial neoplasm of mucinproducing cells arising in the main duct(MD) and/or branch ducts(BD) of the pancreas.Involved ducts are dilate...Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN) of the pancreas is a noninvasive epithelial neoplasm of mucinproducing cells arising in the main duct(MD) and/or branch ducts(BD) of the pancreas.Involved ducts are dilated and filled with neoplastic papillae and mucus in variable intensity.IPMN lacks ovarian-type stroma,unlike mucinous cystic neoplasm,and is defined as a grossly visible entity(≥ 5 mm),unlike pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm.With the use of high-resolution imaging techniques,very small IPMNs are increasingly being identified.Most IPMNs are solitary and located in the pancreatic head,although 20%-40% are multifocal.Macroscopic classification in MD type,BD type and mixed or combined type reflects biological differences with important prognostic and preoperative clinical management implications.Based on cytoarchitectural atypia,IPMN is classified into low-grade,intermediategrade and high-grade dysplasia.Based on histological features and mucin(MUC) immunophenotype,IPMNs are classified into gastric,intestinal,pancreatobiliary and oncocytic types.These different phenotypes can be observed together,with the IPMN classified according to the predominant type.Two pathways have been suggested:gastric phenotype corresponds to less aggressive uncommitted cells(MUC1-,MUC2-,MUC5 AC +,MUC6 +) with the capacity to evolve to intestinal phenotype(intestinal pathway)(MUC1-,MUC2 +,MUC5 AC +,MUC6- or weak +) or pancreatobiliary /oncocytic phenotypes(pyloropancreatic pathway)(MUC1 +,MUC 2-,MUC5 AC +,MUC 6 +) becoming more aggressive.Prognosis of IPMN is excellent but critically worsens when invasive carcinoma arises(about 40% of IPMNs),except in some cases of minimal invasion.The clinical challenge is to establish which IPMNs should be removed because of their higher risk of developing invasive cancer.Once resected,they must be extensively sampled or,much better,submitted in its entirety for microscopic study to completely rule out associated invasive carcinoma.展开更多
BACKGROUND Runchangningshen paste(RCNSP)is a paste made of four medicinal and edible homologous Chinese medicine mixed with honey.It is known for its ability to nourish yin and blood as well as to loosen the bowel to ...BACKGROUND Runchangningshen paste(RCNSP)is a paste made of four medicinal and edible homologous Chinese medicine mixed with honey.It is known for its ability to nourish yin and blood as well as to loosen the bowel to relieve constipation.The pathophysiology of functional constipation(FC)is associated with a reduction in mucin-2(MUC2)secretion and microbial dysbiosis.AIM To investigate the underlying mechanism of RCNSP against FC through MUC2 and the gut mucosal microbiota.METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry characterized RCNSP composition to elucidate the material basis of action.FC model was induced via loperamide gavage(16 mg/kg)twice daily for 7 days.Applying defecation function and gastrointestinal motility to assess constipation severity.Hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue-periodic acid-schiff staining analyzed colonic mucosal morphology.Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of goblet cells(GCs).Immunofluorescence colocalization,quantitative PCR,and western blot assessed the impact of RCNSP on gene and protein expression within the NLRP6/autophagy pathway.16S rDNA was employed to sequence the gut mucosal microbiota.RESULTS RCNSP contained 12 components with potential laxative effects.It enhanced defecation function,accelerated gastrointestinal motility,and maintained colonic mucosal integrity.RCNSP treatment significantly increased GC abundance and MUC2 production while preserving GC ultrastructure.At the molecular level,RCNSP enhanced the colocalized expression of key regulatory proteins and modulated mRNA and protein expressions in the NLRP6/autophagy pathway.Through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis,RCNSP significantly altered the mucosal microbiota composition.Specifically,it increased beneficial bacterial strains while reducing harmful ones.Simultaneously,RCNSP reduced butyrate-producing bacteria like Proteobacteria,Enterobacteriaceae,Blautia,and Eubacterium and decreased hydrogen sulfide-producing species,such as Prevotellaceae.It also reduced bile acidinhibiting species,such as g_Eubacter_coprostanoligenes_group and Erysipelotrichaceae while increasing bile acidproducing species,such as Colidextribacter.CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that RCNSP ameliorated constipation through a dual mechanism:It stimulated colonic MUC2 secretion by activating NLRP6 inflammasome-mediated autophagy and modulated the composition of the mucosal microbiota.展开更多
In Nilaparvata lugens,a serious and widespread rice pest,high fecundity is one of the important reasons for large populations and outbreaks.As embryogenesis is a critical process associated with insect fecundity,this ...In Nilaparvata lugens,a serious and widespread rice pest,high fecundity is one of the important reasons for large populations and outbreaks.As embryogenesis is a critical process associated with insect fecundity,this study investigated the function of the Mucin2-like gene(NlMuc2)in the embryogenesis of N.lugens.The results showed that NlMuc2 was highly expressed in female reproductive organs and in 1-day-old eggs.Knockdown of NlMuc2 via RNA interference(RNAi)in 3rd instar nymphs resulted in increased mortality.In 5th instar nymphs,NlMuc2 knockdown led to a dramatic reduction in egg hatchability from 86.0%to 24.0%,offspring numbers from 330.4 to 81.5,egg count from 382.4 to 217.0,and resulted in 86.0%of eggs exhibiting inverted embryos.In newly emerged females,NlMuc2 knockdown retarded ovarian development and decreased the number of mature eggs,with 51.0%of eggs containing inverted embryos.Transcriptome sequencing analysis of eggs revealed that numerous genes were downregulated after NlMuc2 knockdown,with 16 and 15 downregulated genes enriched in the Wnt and MAPK pathways,respectively.Temporal and spatial expression profiling of selected differentially expressed genes,including Axin,δ-Catenin,Glypican-4-like,and Ror-like in the Wnt pathway,and MKK4 in the MAPK pathway,showed expression patterns similar to NlMuc2.Knockdown of Ror-like,Glypican-4-like,or MKK4 reduced the total number of eggs.Knockdown of Axin or MKK4 reduced the egg hatchability.A similar phenotype of eggs with inverted embryos was also observed in eggs laid by dsMKK4-and dsAxin-treated females.Thus,NlMuc2 is involved in embryonic development mainly by regulating the Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways.These findings may provide new targets for pesticide design and RNAi-based control of N.lugens,and will also provide new insights into insect embryonic development and the function of insect mucins.展开更多
BACKGROUND Liposarcomas(LPSs)are malignant mesenchymal tumors originating from adipocytes.Myxoid LPS(MLPS),a common subtype,predominantly arises in the extremities,retroperitoneum,and deep soft tissues,with a rare occ...BACKGROUND Liposarcomas(LPSs)are malignant mesenchymal tumors originating from adipocytes.Myxoid LPS(MLPS),a common subtype,predominantly arises in the extremities,retroperitoneum,and deep soft tissues,with a rare occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract.Primary mesenteric LPS is particularly uncommon,especially in the transverse colonic mesentery.CASE SUMMARY This report describes the case of a 65-year-old female patient who presented with abdominal distension and was diagnosed with a giant mucinous LPS of the transverse colonic mesentery.Upon admission,the patient underwent a comprehensive evaluation.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)of the chest and abdomen revealed a large malignant tumor with aortic dissection,while colonoscopy identified rectal cancer.Given the patient's condition and surgical risk,an interventional procedure was first performed to manage the aortic coarctation,followed by tumor resection via laparotomy.Intraoperative and histopathological findings confirmed a giant mucinous LPS originating from the transverse colon mesentery.Postoperatively,the patient underwent chemotherapy and regular follow-up CT.Although the rectal tumor did not recur,the mesenteric tumor showed extensive recurrence,compressing the intestinal lumen and causing mechanical obstruction,which severely threatened the patient's life.A second operation temporarily relieved the obstructive symptoms;however,it had a limited effect on tumor progression.The patient died four months later due to disease progression.CONCLUSION While no standardized treatment exists for MLPS co-occurring with multiple diseases,operation remains the mainstay.However,recurrence,metastasis,and poor postoperative prognosis continue to pose serious threats to patient survival.展开更多
BACKGROUND Complete appendiceal intussusception(CAI)coexisting with appendiceal tumor represents an exceptionally rare clinical tumor.This study presented a retrospective analysis of a case involving CAI complicated b...BACKGROUND Complete appendiceal intussusception(CAI)coexisting with appendiceal tumor represents an exceptionally rare clinical tumor.This study presented a retrospective analysis of a case involving CAI complicated by appendiceal mucinous tumor,supplemented by a review of 10 previously reported cases to distill diagnostic and therapeutic insights.CASE SUMMARY A 74-year-old male patient presented with abdominal pain.Abdominal contrastenhanced computed tomography(CECT)initially suggested a colonic tumor with intussusception.Colonoscopy identified a mass in the colon 60 cm from the anus.Intraoperative exploration confirmed CAI secondary to an appendiceal neoplasm.The patient underwent laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with regional lymphadenectomy under general anesthesia.Postoperative recovery was uneventful,and the patient was discharged 9 days post-surgery.Twelve-month follow-up revealed no evidence of recurrence or metastasis.CONCLUSION Plain abdominal computed tomography may underestimate the presence of CAI and appendiceal mucinous tumor,whereas CECT significantly improves diagnostic accuracy.Preoperative suspicion of appendiceal malignancy should be entertained in cases of CAI.In the absence of definitive biopsy results,intraoperative frozen section analysis is recommended to guide radical resection.展开更多
BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms are papillary or flat mucinous tumors with low-grade cytologic atypia.They are the most frequent source of pseudomyxoma peritonei.They can be easily misdiagnosed,due...BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms are papillary or flat mucinous tumors with low-grade cytologic atypia.They are the most frequent source of pseudomyxoma peritonei.They can be easily misdiagnosed,due to unspecific symptoms,with acute appendicitis,retroperitoneal tumors or adnexal mass.Cases of huge appendiceal mucinous neoplasms are even more extremely rare.CASE SUMMARY We report a 54-year-old patient who presented with a 10-month history of constant dull distension accompanied by nausea.A surgical procedure of total hysterectomy,bilateral adnexectomy,appendectomy,greater omentectomy and right hemicolectomy was performed as a result of the findings on ultrasound,computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging.Diagnosis was made after the pathological examination,which revealed low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm.The patient received hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cisplatin and was discharged from the hospital.CONCLUSION Low-grade appendiceal mucinous adenomas are rare tumors that are easily misdiagnosed,and a more thorough clinical workup is required to make a defi-nitive diagnosis.展开更多
Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(AMNs)are rare tumors originating from mucin-producing epithelial cells of the appendix.They can exhibit both benign and malignant behavior.They are often incidentally discovered during a...Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(AMNs)are rare tumors originating from mucin-producing epithelial cells of the appendix.They can exhibit both benign and malignant behavior.They are often incidentally discovered during appendectomy.Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to mimicking acute appendicitis.Histologically,noninvasive AMNs are classified as low-grade AMNs(LAMNs)or high-grade AMNs(HAMNs),whereas invasive tumors are categorized as mucinous adenocarcinomas.Although LAMNs and HAMNs are generally nonmalignant,rupture can lead to pseudomyxoma peritonei(PMP).Surgical resection is the primary diagnostic and therapeutic approach,with intraoperative assessment to prevent rupture.Treatment strategies vary based on findings and include appendectomy,right hemicolectomy,and cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.Histological diagnosis relies on mucin detection,and immunohistochemical markers such as cytokeratin 20(diffusely positive),cytokeratin 7(often negative),mucin 5AC,and special ATrich sequence-binding protein 2 assist in characterization.Molecular profiling frequently identifies KRAS,GNAS,and TP53 mutations.KRAS mutations are generally associated with a favorable prognosis,whereas GNAS and TP53 mutations correlate with poorer survival outcomes.These findings highlight the potential role of molecular profiling in guiding treatment strategies for AMN and PMP.展开更多
BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(LAMNs)are a class of histolo-gically well-differentiated adenomas that can proliferate outside the appendix in the form of malignant tumours,resulting in the accumul...BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(LAMNs)are a class of histolo-gically well-differentiated adenomas that can proliferate outside the appendix in the form of malignant tumours,resulting in the accumulation of external appen-diceal mucus.They may present as an extra-appendiceal mass-like bulge,mucus or polypoid tissue at the appendiceal orifice,or even with abdominal dissem-ination.The surgical approach is usually appendectomy,ileocecal resection or right hemicolectomy.It is essential to raise awareness of LAMNs and choose an appropriate treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old man underwent a routine physical examination at our hospital on May 17,2022.The patient had no symptoms of abdominal pain,bloating,or weight loss,and his tumour marker levels were normal.The faecal occult blood test was negative,and no abnormalities were identified on physical examination.Colonoscopy revealed a submucosal protrusion at the appendiceal orifice.During endoscopic ultrasound,uneven echoes were observed in the appendix cavity.A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a nodular thickening at the base of the appendix,with a diameter of approximately 1 cm.When all the examination results were considered,we suspected the lesion to be an appendiceal mucinous tumour.Laparoscopic surgery was performed using the double purse-string suture method.Postoperative pathology suggested a low-grade mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix with no involvement of the margins.A repeat colonoscopy 18 months after surgery revealed no significant abnormality at the appendiceal orifice.A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen suggested only postoperative changes.CONCLUSION This study describes a case of LAMN that was treated by resecting the mass at the appendiceal orifice via the double purse-string suture technique and provides new insights on the diagnosis and treatment of LAMNs.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(pNENs)are rare,heterogeneous tumors accounting for 1%-2%of pancreatic tumors,with significant malignant potential.Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct...BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(pNENs)are rare,heterogeneous tumors accounting for 1%-2%of pancreatic tumors,with significant malignant potential.Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct(IPMN-B)is a rare precancerous lesion in the bile duct system,with potential for malignancy.The combination of pNENs and IPMN-B is exceptionally rare and often leads to misdiagnosis.This study aims to report a rare case of pNENs combined with IPMN-B treated at Yanbian University Hospital to improve understanding and management of this unusual tumor combination.CASE SUMMARY We retrospectively analyzed a case from Yanbian University Hospital.We re-viewed clinical records,imaging findings,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography,surgical exploration,and histopathological examination.The pa-tient was diagnosed with pNENs and IPMN-B.Surgical treatment was performed,with follow-up showing effective management and no significant recurrence.CONCLUSION This case represents the first report of pNENs combined with IPMN-B.It high-lights the need for thorough diagnostic evaluation to prevent misdiagnosis and improve treatment strategies.展开更多
Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver(MCN-L)are rare cystic lesions characterized by mucin-producing epithelium and ovarian-like stroma.Although they constitute fewer than 5%of hepatic cystic lesions,MCN-L poses sign...Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver(MCN-L)are rare cystic lesions characterized by mucin-producing epithelium and ovarian-like stroma.Although they constitute fewer than 5%of hepatic cystic lesions,MCN-L poses significant diagnostic challenges due to overlapping features with other cystic lesions and their potential for malignant transformation.Early recognition and definitive surgical intervention are therefore critical to ensure optimal patient outcomes.A literature review was conducted to summarize epidemiology,clinical presentation,diagnostic modalities,and management strategies for MCN-L.Additionally,from 2019 to 2025,9 patients with MCN-L were identified at our center.Clinical data and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.MCN-L predominantly affects middle-aged women and presents as large,multiloculated cystic lesions without biliary communication.The revised 2010 World Health Organization classification emphasizes the presence of ovarian-like stroma for definitive diagnosis.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are often suggestive but not pathognomonic,reinforcing the need for histopathological confirmation.MCN-L remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its resemblance to other cystic liver lesions.Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice to prevent recurrence and malignant transformation,reinforcing the importance of early intervention.Further research is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy and refine management strategies.展开更多
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN)and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct(IPNB)are mucinous cystic tumors with intraductal papillary growth and malignant potential.Their concurrent occurrence is...Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN)and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct(IPNB)are mucinous cystic tumors with intraductal papillary growth and malignant potential.Their concurrent occurrence is exceptionally rare.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old Chinese man presented with recurrent upper abdominal pain.Imaging and laboratory tests revealed lesions consistent with IPNB and IPMN.Postoperative pathological examination confirmed IPNB with high-grade dysplasia and main-duct type IPMN with low-grade dysplasia.The patient underwent extrahepatic bile duct resection with Roux-en-Y choledochoenterostomy and distal pancreatectomy.He had an excellent prognosis with no tumor recurrence during the 30-month follow-up.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the importance of comprehensive preoperative assessment and individualized management for these complex tumors.Further research is needed to understand their pathogenesis and improve treatment strategies.展开更多
Colonic mucus and gut microbiota closely linked through mutual regulatory effect.While their alterations during sepsis and whether glutamine can maintain the colonic mucus barrier and gut microbiota stability are uncl...Colonic mucus and gut microbiota closely linked through mutual regulatory effect.While their alterations during sepsis and whether glutamine can maintain the colonic mucus barrier and gut microbiota stability are unclear.Cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in mice was utilized to observe changes in colonic mucus,gut microbiota,and their interaction with glutamine intervention.Our findings indicated that glutamine mitigated sepsis-induced intestinal damage and restores colonic mucus barrier function by augmenting mucin synthesis.Further analysis revealed that goblet cells were under oxidative stress after sepsis,resulting in anterior gradient-2(AGR2),the key mucin-modifying enzyme,being dissynthesized,and inhibiting mucin 2(MUC2)maturation.Glutamine could ameliorates this situation by promoting the key enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD)glycosylation in the pentose phosphate pathway,increasing the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)synthesis,reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress,and accelerating AGR2 synthesis and MUC2 maturation.Additionally,glutamine aided in maintaining gut microbiota stability during sepsis,up-regulating mucin-associated bacteria such as Akkermansia and Alistipes.These bacteria,intimately linked to mucin synthesis and degradation,may impact intestinal mucus stability.In conclusion,glutamine can maintain goblet cell redox balance,promotes AGR2 synthesis and MUC2 maturation,shields the mucus barrier,and potentially maintains gut microbiota stability by regulating the interaction between bacteria and mucus,thus alleviating sepsis-induced intestinal damage.展开更多
BACKGROUND Early detection of advanced cystic mucinous neoplasms[(A-cMNs),defined as high-grade dysplasia or malignancy]of the pancreas is of great significance.As a simple and feasible detection method,serum tumor ma...BACKGROUND Early detection of advanced cystic mucinous neoplasms[(A-cMNs),defined as high-grade dysplasia or malignancy]of the pancreas is of great significance.As a simple and feasible detection method,serum tumor markers(STMs)may be used to predict advanced intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms(IPMNs)and mucinous cystic neoplasms(MCNs).However,there are few studies on the usefulness of STMs other than carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9 for early detection of A-cMNs.AIM To study the ability of five STMs-CA19-9,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),CA125,CA724,and CA242 to predict A-cMNs and distinguish IPMNs and MCNs.METHODS We mainly measured the levels of each STM in patients pathologically diagnosed with cMNs.The mean levels of STMs and the number of A-cMN subjects with a higher STM level than the cutoff were compared respectively to identify the ability of STMs to predict A-cMNs and distinguish MCNs from IPMNs.A receiver operating characteristic curve with the area under curve(AUC)was also created to identify the performance of the five STMs.RESULTS A total of 187 patients with cMNs were identified and 72 of them showed AcMNs.We found that CA19-9 exhibited the highest sensitivity(SE)(54.2%)and accuracy(76.5%)and a moderate ability(AUC=0.766)to predict A-cMNs.In predicting high-grade dysplasia IPMNs,the SE of CA19-9 decreased to 38.5%.The ability of CEA,CA125,and CA724 to predict A-cMNs was low(AUC=0.651,0.583,and 0.618,respectively).The predictive ability of CA242 was not identified.The combination of STMs improved the SE to 62.5%.CA125 may be specific to the diagnosis of advanced MCNs.CONCLUSION CA19-9 has a moderate ability,and CEA,CA125,and CA724 have a low ability to predict A-cMNs.The combination of STM testing could improve SE in predicting A-cMNs.展开更多
BACKGROUND Acral persistent papular mucinosis(APPM)is a rare idiopathic subtype of localized lichen myxedematosus.To date,there have been 40 APPM cases reported worldwide;however,only 7 cases have been reported in the...BACKGROUND Acral persistent papular mucinosis(APPM)is a rare idiopathic subtype of localized lichen myxedematosus.To date,there have been 40 APPM cases reported worldwide;however,only 7 cases have been reported in the Korean literature.CASE SUMMARY A 70-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a solitary pinkish nodule on the dorsum of his right hand.Despite the absence of symptoms,the patient wanted to know the exact diagnosis;thus,a biopsy was performed.Histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen obtained from the nodule on the dorsum of his hand revealed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with patchy parakeratosis,prominent hypergranulosis,and diffuse dissecting mucinous deposition between collagen bundles,along with some bland-looking spindle cells throughout the dermis.The nodule was histologically diagnosed as an APPM,and an intralesional triamcinolone injection(2.5 mg/mL)was started every 2 wk.After three sessions of treatment,the patient showed marked improvements.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,this is the first case of a Korean APPM presenting as a solitary nodule that showed a marked response to triamcinolone intralesional injection.Since it is a rare disease,we report this case to contribute to future research on the pathogenesis and treatment of APPM.展开更多
Mucin genes are the main component of mucus. The sea anemone species, Aulactinia veratra (Phylum Cnidaria) contains different types of mucin genes. In the intertidal zone, A. veratra is found to be exposed to air duri...Mucin genes are the main component of mucus. The sea anemone species, Aulactinia veratra (Phylum Cnidaria) contains different types of mucin genes. In the intertidal zone, A. veratra is found to be exposed to air during the low tide and produces large quantities of mucus as an external covering. The relation between low tide and mucus secretion is still unclear, and what is the role of mucin during arial exposure is not yet investigated. This study hypothesised that the mucin genes in A. veratra would have significantly high expression in response to aerial exposure. Therefore, the aim of current study was to examine and analyses the response of A. veratra mucins in response to an experiment involving three hours of aerial exposure. To achieve this, aim the RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to examine the expression profile of A. veratra mucin genes in response to aerial exposure. The generated results have shown that, Mucin4-like and mucin5B-like were up-regulated in response to the three hours of aerial exposure in A. veratra. This finding shows a significant role of mucin5B-like and mucin4-like genes in response to air stress at low tide. The data generated from this study could be used in conjunction with future mucin gene studies of sea anemones and other cnidarians to compare A. veratra mucin gene expression results across time, and to extend our understanding of mucin stress response in this phylum.展开更多
文摘Acellular mucin refers to pools of mucin without epithelial component,oftentimes harboring inflammatory cells.Acellular mucin can be observed in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lower gastrointestinal(GI)conditions.While mucinous neoplasms are classified and staged using established guidelines,interobserver variability occurs when acellular mucin pools are encountered,leading to inconsistent interpretation and staging.In particular,acellular mucin found in regional lymph nodes of colorectal adenocarcinoma patients who have not received treatment presents a diagnostic challenge,as its prognostic implication is not clearly defined.Acellular mucin is also commonly seen in treated colorectal adenocarcinoma,post neoadjuvant therapy.Although acellular mucin is not counted toward T or N staging in this setting,variation in how pathologists report and stage these cases persists.Acellular mucin can also be seen in non-neoplastic specimens,such as those from interval appendectomies,appendiceal diverticula,colonic diverticulitis,volvulus,and Crohn’s disease where it may mimic a neoplastic lesion.Acellular mucin in this setting is often a byproduct of inflammation,increased luminal pressure,and mural defect.This review highlights the clinical relevance and diagnostic complexity of acellular mucin in pathologic conditions of the lower GI tract.Further studies are needed to clarify its prognostic value and develop standardized guidelines.
文摘Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN) of the pancreas is a noninvasive epithelial neoplasm of mucinproducing cells arising in the main duct(MD) and/or branch ducts(BD) of the pancreas.Involved ducts are dilated and filled with neoplastic papillae and mucus in variable intensity.IPMN lacks ovarian-type stroma,unlike mucinous cystic neoplasm,and is defined as a grossly visible entity(≥ 5 mm),unlike pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm.With the use of high-resolution imaging techniques,very small IPMNs are increasingly being identified.Most IPMNs are solitary and located in the pancreatic head,although 20%-40% are multifocal.Macroscopic classification in MD type,BD type and mixed or combined type reflects biological differences with important prognostic and preoperative clinical management implications.Based on cytoarchitectural atypia,IPMN is classified into low-grade,intermediategrade and high-grade dysplasia.Based on histological features and mucin(MUC) immunophenotype,IPMNs are classified into gastric,intestinal,pancreatobiliary and oncocytic types.These different phenotypes can be observed together,with the IPMN classified according to the predominant type.Two pathways have been suggested:gastric phenotype corresponds to less aggressive uncommitted cells(MUC1-,MUC2-,MUC5 AC +,MUC6 +) with the capacity to evolve to intestinal phenotype(intestinal pathway)(MUC1-,MUC2 +,MUC5 AC +,MUC6- or weak +) or pancreatobiliary /oncocytic phenotypes(pyloropancreatic pathway)(MUC1 +,MUC 2-,MUC5 AC +,MUC 6 +) becoming more aggressive.Prognosis of IPMN is excellent but critically worsens when invasive carcinoma arises(about 40% of IPMNs),except in some cases of minimal invasion.The clinical challenge is to establish which IPMNs should be removed because of their higher risk of developing invasive cancer.Once resected,they must be extensively sampled or,much better,submitted in its entirety for microscopic study to completely rule out associated invasive carcinoma.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82174309and Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Siming Fund Special Project for Scientific Research,No.SGKJ-202304.
文摘BACKGROUND Runchangningshen paste(RCNSP)is a paste made of four medicinal and edible homologous Chinese medicine mixed with honey.It is known for its ability to nourish yin and blood as well as to loosen the bowel to relieve constipation.The pathophysiology of functional constipation(FC)is associated with a reduction in mucin-2(MUC2)secretion and microbial dysbiosis.AIM To investigate the underlying mechanism of RCNSP against FC through MUC2 and the gut mucosal microbiota.METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry characterized RCNSP composition to elucidate the material basis of action.FC model was induced via loperamide gavage(16 mg/kg)twice daily for 7 days.Applying defecation function and gastrointestinal motility to assess constipation severity.Hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue-periodic acid-schiff staining analyzed colonic mucosal morphology.Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of goblet cells(GCs).Immunofluorescence colocalization,quantitative PCR,and western blot assessed the impact of RCNSP on gene and protein expression within the NLRP6/autophagy pathway.16S rDNA was employed to sequence the gut mucosal microbiota.RESULTS RCNSP contained 12 components with potential laxative effects.It enhanced defecation function,accelerated gastrointestinal motility,and maintained colonic mucosal integrity.RCNSP treatment significantly increased GC abundance and MUC2 production while preserving GC ultrastructure.At the molecular level,RCNSP enhanced the colocalized expression of key regulatory proteins and modulated mRNA and protein expressions in the NLRP6/autophagy pathway.Through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis,RCNSP significantly altered the mucosal microbiota composition.Specifically,it increased beneficial bacterial strains while reducing harmful ones.Simultaneously,RCNSP reduced butyrate-producing bacteria like Proteobacteria,Enterobacteriaceae,Blautia,and Eubacterium and decreased hydrogen sulfide-producing species,such as Prevotellaceae.It also reduced bile acidinhibiting species,such as g_Eubacter_coprostanoligenes_group and Erysipelotrichaceae while increasing bile acidproducing species,such as Colidextribacter.CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that RCNSP ameliorated constipation through a dual mechanism:It stimulated colonic MUC2 secretion by activating NLRP6 inflammasome-mediated autophagy and modulated the composition of the mucosal microbiota.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32272538)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-01)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institute,China(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202406).
文摘In Nilaparvata lugens,a serious and widespread rice pest,high fecundity is one of the important reasons for large populations and outbreaks.As embryogenesis is a critical process associated with insect fecundity,this study investigated the function of the Mucin2-like gene(NlMuc2)in the embryogenesis of N.lugens.The results showed that NlMuc2 was highly expressed in female reproductive organs and in 1-day-old eggs.Knockdown of NlMuc2 via RNA interference(RNAi)in 3rd instar nymphs resulted in increased mortality.In 5th instar nymphs,NlMuc2 knockdown led to a dramatic reduction in egg hatchability from 86.0%to 24.0%,offspring numbers from 330.4 to 81.5,egg count from 382.4 to 217.0,and resulted in 86.0%of eggs exhibiting inverted embryos.In newly emerged females,NlMuc2 knockdown retarded ovarian development and decreased the number of mature eggs,with 51.0%of eggs containing inverted embryos.Transcriptome sequencing analysis of eggs revealed that numerous genes were downregulated after NlMuc2 knockdown,with 16 and 15 downregulated genes enriched in the Wnt and MAPK pathways,respectively.Temporal and spatial expression profiling of selected differentially expressed genes,including Axin,δ-Catenin,Glypican-4-like,and Ror-like in the Wnt pathway,and MKK4 in the MAPK pathway,showed expression patterns similar to NlMuc2.Knockdown of Ror-like,Glypican-4-like,or MKK4 reduced the total number of eggs.Knockdown of Axin or MKK4 reduced the egg hatchability.A similar phenotype of eggs with inverted embryos was also observed in eggs laid by dsMKK4-and dsAxin-treated females.Thus,NlMuc2 is involved in embryonic development mainly by regulating the Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways.These findings may provide new targets for pesticide design and RNAi-based control of N.lugens,and will also provide new insights into insect embryonic development and the function of insect mucins.
基金Supported by The Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China,No.ZR2021QH046.
文摘BACKGROUND Liposarcomas(LPSs)are malignant mesenchymal tumors originating from adipocytes.Myxoid LPS(MLPS),a common subtype,predominantly arises in the extremities,retroperitoneum,and deep soft tissues,with a rare occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract.Primary mesenteric LPS is particularly uncommon,especially in the transverse colonic mesentery.CASE SUMMARY This report describes the case of a 65-year-old female patient who presented with abdominal distension and was diagnosed with a giant mucinous LPS of the transverse colonic mesentery.Upon admission,the patient underwent a comprehensive evaluation.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)of the chest and abdomen revealed a large malignant tumor with aortic dissection,while colonoscopy identified rectal cancer.Given the patient's condition and surgical risk,an interventional procedure was first performed to manage the aortic coarctation,followed by tumor resection via laparotomy.Intraoperative and histopathological findings confirmed a giant mucinous LPS originating from the transverse colon mesentery.Postoperatively,the patient underwent chemotherapy and regular follow-up CT.Although the rectal tumor did not recur,the mesenteric tumor showed extensive recurrence,compressing the intestinal lumen and causing mechanical obstruction,which severely threatened the patient's life.A second operation temporarily relieved the obstructive symptoms;however,it had a limited effect on tumor progression.The patient died four months later due to disease progression.CONCLUSION While no standardized treatment exists for MLPS co-occurring with multiple diseases,operation remains the mainstay.However,recurrence,metastasis,and poor postoperative prognosis continue to pose serious threats to patient survival.
文摘BACKGROUND Complete appendiceal intussusception(CAI)coexisting with appendiceal tumor represents an exceptionally rare clinical tumor.This study presented a retrospective analysis of a case involving CAI complicated by appendiceal mucinous tumor,supplemented by a review of 10 previously reported cases to distill diagnostic and therapeutic insights.CASE SUMMARY A 74-year-old male patient presented with abdominal pain.Abdominal contrastenhanced computed tomography(CECT)initially suggested a colonic tumor with intussusception.Colonoscopy identified a mass in the colon 60 cm from the anus.Intraoperative exploration confirmed CAI secondary to an appendiceal neoplasm.The patient underwent laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with regional lymphadenectomy under general anesthesia.Postoperative recovery was uneventful,and the patient was discharged 9 days post-surgery.Twelve-month follow-up revealed no evidence of recurrence or metastasis.CONCLUSION Plain abdominal computed tomography may underestimate the presence of CAI and appendiceal mucinous tumor,whereas CECT significantly improves diagnostic accuracy.Preoperative suspicion of appendiceal malignancy should be entertained in cases of CAI.In the absence of definitive biopsy results,intraoperative frozen section analysis is recommended to guide radical resection.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82204123.
文摘BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms are papillary or flat mucinous tumors with low-grade cytologic atypia.They are the most frequent source of pseudomyxoma peritonei.They can be easily misdiagnosed,due to unspecific symptoms,with acute appendicitis,retroperitoneal tumors or adnexal mass.Cases of huge appendiceal mucinous neoplasms are even more extremely rare.CASE SUMMARY We report a 54-year-old patient who presented with a 10-month history of constant dull distension accompanied by nausea.A surgical procedure of total hysterectomy,bilateral adnexectomy,appendectomy,greater omentectomy and right hemicolectomy was performed as a result of the findings on ultrasound,computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging.Diagnosis was made after the pathological examination,which revealed low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm.The patient received hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cisplatin and was discharged from the hospital.CONCLUSION Low-grade appendiceal mucinous adenomas are rare tumors that are easily misdiagnosed,and a more thorough clinical workup is required to make a defi-nitive diagnosis.
文摘Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(AMNs)are rare tumors originating from mucin-producing epithelial cells of the appendix.They can exhibit both benign and malignant behavior.They are often incidentally discovered during appendectomy.Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to mimicking acute appendicitis.Histologically,noninvasive AMNs are classified as low-grade AMNs(LAMNs)or high-grade AMNs(HAMNs),whereas invasive tumors are categorized as mucinous adenocarcinomas.Although LAMNs and HAMNs are generally nonmalignant,rupture can lead to pseudomyxoma peritonei(PMP).Surgical resection is the primary diagnostic and therapeutic approach,with intraoperative assessment to prevent rupture.Treatment strategies vary based on findings and include appendectomy,right hemicolectomy,and cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.Histological diagnosis relies on mucin detection,and immunohistochemical markers such as cytokeratin 20(diffusely positive),cytokeratin 7(often negative),mucin 5AC,and special ATrich sequence-binding protein 2 assist in characterization.Molecular profiling frequently identifies KRAS,GNAS,and TP53 mutations.KRAS mutations are generally associated with a favorable prognosis,whereas GNAS and TP53 mutations correlate with poorer survival outcomes.These findings highlight the potential role of molecular profiling in guiding treatment strategies for AMN and PMP.
基金Supported by Jinhua City Science and Technology Plan Projects“Improve the Polarization of Cancer-related Fatigue:Clinical Efficacy Study”,No.2018-4-049.
文摘BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(LAMNs)are a class of histolo-gically well-differentiated adenomas that can proliferate outside the appendix in the form of malignant tumours,resulting in the accumulation of external appen-diceal mucus.They may present as an extra-appendiceal mass-like bulge,mucus or polypoid tissue at the appendiceal orifice,or even with abdominal dissem-ination.The surgical approach is usually appendectomy,ileocecal resection or right hemicolectomy.It is essential to raise awareness of LAMNs and choose an appropriate treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old man underwent a routine physical examination at our hospital on May 17,2022.The patient had no symptoms of abdominal pain,bloating,or weight loss,and his tumour marker levels were normal.The faecal occult blood test was negative,and no abnormalities were identified on physical examination.Colonoscopy revealed a submucosal protrusion at the appendiceal orifice.During endoscopic ultrasound,uneven echoes were observed in the appendix cavity.A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a nodular thickening at the base of the appendix,with a diameter of approximately 1 cm.When all the examination results were considered,we suspected the lesion to be an appendiceal mucinous tumour.Laparoscopic surgery was performed using the double purse-string suture method.Postoperative pathology suggested a low-grade mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix with no involvement of the margins.A repeat colonoscopy 18 months after surgery revealed no significant abnormality at the appendiceal orifice.A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen suggested only postoperative changes.CONCLUSION This study describes a case of LAMN that was treated by resecting the mass at the appendiceal orifice via the double purse-string suture technique and provides new insights on the diagnosis and treatment of LAMNs.
文摘BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(pNENs)are rare,heterogeneous tumors accounting for 1%-2%of pancreatic tumors,with significant malignant potential.Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct(IPMN-B)is a rare precancerous lesion in the bile duct system,with potential for malignancy.The combination of pNENs and IPMN-B is exceptionally rare and often leads to misdiagnosis.This study aims to report a rare case of pNENs combined with IPMN-B treated at Yanbian University Hospital to improve understanding and management of this unusual tumor combination.CASE SUMMARY We retrospectively analyzed a case from Yanbian University Hospital.We re-viewed clinical records,imaging findings,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography,surgical exploration,and histopathological examination.The pa-tient was diagnosed with pNENs and IPMN-B.Surgical treatment was performed,with follow-up showing effective management and no significant recurrence.CONCLUSION This case represents the first report of pNENs combined with IPMN-B.It high-lights the need for thorough diagnostic evaluation to prevent misdiagnosis and improve treatment strategies.
文摘Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver(MCN-L)are rare cystic lesions characterized by mucin-producing epithelium and ovarian-like stroma.Although they constitute fewer than 5%of hepatic cystic lesions,MCN-L poses significant diagnostic challenges due to overlapping features with other cystic lesions and their potential for malignant transformation.Early recognition and definitive surgical intervention are therefore critical to ensure optimal patient outcomes.A literature review was conducted to summarize epidemiology,clinical presentation,diagnostic modalities,and management strategies for MCN-L.Additionally,from 2019 to 2025,9 patients with MCN-L were identified at our center.Clinical data and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.MCN-L predominantly affects middle-aged women and presents as large,multiloculated cystic lesions without biliary communication.The revised 2010 World Health Organization classification emphasizes the presence of ovarian-like stroma for definitive diagnosis.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are often suggestive but not pathognomonic,reinforcing the need for histopathological confirmation.MCN-L remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its resemblance to other cystic liver lesions.Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice to prevent recurrence and malignant transformation,reinforcing the importance of early intervention.Further research is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy and refine management strategies.
文摘Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN)and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct(IPNB)are mucinous cystic tumors with intraductal papillary growth and malignant potential.Their concurrent occurrence is exceptionally rare.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old Chinese man presented with recurrent upper abdominal pain.Imaging and laboratory tests revealed lesions consistent with IPNB and IPMN.Postoperative pathological examination confirmed IPNB with high-grade dysplasia and main-duct type IPMN with low-grade dysplasia.The patient underwent extrahepatic bile duct resection with Roux-en-Y choledochoenterostomy and distal pancreatectomy.He had an excellent prognosis with no tumor recurrence during the 30-month follow-up.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the importance of comprehensive preoperative assessment and individualized management for these complex tumors.Further research is needed to understand their pathogenesis and improve treatment strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82172202)Innovative Leading Talents Project of Chongqing(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0148)+1 种基金the Project of NINGBO Leading Medical&Health Discipline(2022-F17)Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program(2023030615).
文摘Colonic mucus and gut microbiota closely linked through mutual regulatory effect.While their alterations during sepsis and whether glutamine can maintain the colonic mucus barrier and gut microbiota stability are unclear.Cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in mice was utilized to observe changes in colonic mucus,gut microbiota,and their interaction with glutamine intervention.Our findings indicated that glutamine mitigated sepsis-induced intestinal damage and restores colonic mucus barrier function by augmenting mucin synthesis.Further analysis revealed that goblet cells were under oxidative stress after sepsis,resulting in anterior gradient-2(AGR2),the key mucin-modifying enzyme,being dissynthesized,and inhibiting mucin 2(MUC2)maturation.Glutamine could ameliorates this situation by promoting the key enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD)glycosylation in the pentose phosphate pathway,increasing the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)synthesis,reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress,and accelerating AGR2 synthesis and MUC2 maturation.Additionally,glutamine aided in maintaining gut microbiota stability during sepsis,up-regulating mucin-associated bacteria such as Akkermansia and Alistipes.These bacteria,intimately linked to mucin synthesis and degradation,may impact intestinal mucus stability.In conclusion,glutamine can maintain goblet cell redox balance,promotes AGR2 synthesis and MUC2 maturation,shields the mucus barrier,and potentially maintains gut microbiota stability by regulating the interaction between bacteria and mucus,thus alleviating sepsis-induced intestinal damage.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81770642the Shanghai Association for Science and Technology,China,No.19411951602.
文摘BACKGROUND Early detection of advanced cystic mucinous neoplasms[(A-cMNs),defined as high-grade dysplasia or malignancy]of the pancreas is of great significance.As a simple and feasible detection method,serum tumor markers(STMs)may be used to predict advanced intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms(IPMNs)and mucinous cystic neoplasms(MCNs).However,there are few studies on the usefulness of STMs other than carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9 for early detection of A-cMNs.AIM To study the ability of five STMs-CA19-9,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),CA125,CA724,and CA242 to predict A-cMNs and distinguish IPMNs and MCNs.METHODS We mainly measured the levels of each STM in patients pathologically diagnosed with cMNs.The mean levels of STMs and the number of A-cMN subjects with a higher STM level than the cutoff were compared respectively to identify the ability of STMs to predict A-cMNs and distinguish MCNs from IPMNs.A receiver operating characteristic curve with the area under curve(AUC)was also created to identify the performance of the five STMs.RESULTS A total of 187 patients with cMNs were identified and 72 of them showed AcMNs.We found that CA19-9 exhibited the highest sensitivity(SE)(54.2%)and accuracy(76.5%)and a moderate ability(AUC=0.766)to predict A-cMNs.In predicting high-grade dysplasia IPMNs,the SE of CA19-9 decreased to 38.5%.The ability of CEA,CA125,and CA724 to predict A-cMNs was low(AUC=0.651,0.583,and 0.618,respectively).The predictive ability of CA242 was not identified.The combination of STMs improved the SE to 62.5%.CA125 may be specific to the diagnosis of advanced MCNs.CONCLUSION CA19-9 has a moderate ability,and CEA,CA125,and CA724 have a low ability to predict A-cMNs.The combination of STM testing could improve SE in predicting A-cMNs.
文摘BACKGROUND Acral persistent papular mucinosis(APPM)is a rare idiopathic subtype of localized lichen myxedematosus.To date,there have been 40 APPM cases reported worldwide;however,only 7 cases have been reported in the Korean literature.CASE SUMMARY A 70-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a solitary pinkish nodule on the dorsum of his right hand.Despite the absence of symptoms,the patient wanted to know the exact diagnosis;thus,a biopsy was performed.Histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen obtained from the nodule on the dorsum of his hand revealed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with patchy parakeratosis,prominent hypergranulosis,and diffuse dissecting mucinous deposition between collagen bundles,along with some bland-looking spindle cells throughout the dermis.The nodule was histologically diagnosed as an APPM,and an intralesional triamcinolone injection(2.5 mg/mL)was started every 2 wk.After three sessions of treatment,the patient showed marked improvements.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,this is the first case of a Korean APPM presenting as a solitary nodule that showed a marked response to triamcinolone intralesional injection.Since it is a rare disease,we report this case to contribute to future research on the pathogenesis and treatment of APPM.
文摘Mucin genes are the main component of mucus. The sea anemone species, Aulactinia veratra (Phylum Cnidaria) contains different types of mucin genes. In the intertidal zone, A. veratra is found to be exposed to air during the low tide and produces large quantities of mucus as an external covering. The relation between low tide and mucus secretion is still unclear, and what is the role of mucin during arial exposure is not yet investigated. This study hypothesised that the mucin genes in A. veratra would have significantly high expression in response to aerial exposure. Therefore, the aim of current study was to examine and analyses the response of A. veratra mucins in response to an experiment involving three hours of aerial exposure. To achieve this, aim the RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to examine the expression profile of A. veratra mucin genes in response to aerial exposure. The generated results have shown that, Mucin4-like and mucin5B-like were up-regulated in response to the three hours of aerial exposure in A. veratra. This finding shows a significant role of mucin5B-like and mucin4-like genes in response to air stress at low tide. The data generated from this study could be used in conjunction with future mucin gene studies of sea anemones and other cnidarians to compare A. veratra mucin gene expression results across time, and to extend our understanding of mucin stress response in this phylum.
