Long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3, particularly those from the background sites, are rarely reported. We present for the first time the long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3 at Waliguan （WLG）, the only global ...Long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3, particularly those from the background sites, are rarely reported. We present for the first time the long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3 at Waliguan （WLG）, the only global baseline station in the back-land of the Eurasian Continent. The concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 were observed at WLG from 1997 to 2009. The observed annual mean concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG were 1.28 ± 0.41 and 0.22 ± 0.19 μg/m3, respectively. The HNO3 concentrations were much higher in warmer seasons than in colder seasons, while the SO2 concentrations showed a nearly reversed seasonal pattern. In most months, the concentration of HNO3 was significantly correlated with that of SO2, suggesting that some common factors influence the variations of both gases and the precursors of HNO3 may partially be from the SO2-emitting sources. The SO2 concentration had a very significant （P 〈 0.0001） decreasing trend （-0.2 μg/（m3.yr）） in 1997-2002, but a significant （P 〈 0.05） increasing trend （＋0.06 μg/（m3-yr）） in 2003-2009. The HNO3 concentration showed no statistically significant trend during 1997-2009. While the decrease of SO2 in 1997-2002 agrees with the trend of global SO2 emissions, the increase in 2003-2009 is not consistent with the decreasing trends in many other regions over the world. Trajectory analysis suggests that the airmasses from the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Takla Makan Desert regions contributed significantly to the increasing trends of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG in 2003-2009, with a rate of ＋0.13 μg/（m3.yr） and ＋0.007μg/（m3.yr）, respectively.展开更多
Beryllium-7 (7Be) and lead-210 (210Pb) radioac- tivity in aerosols collected, from October 2002 to January 2004 at Mt. Waliguan, by the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Station, Qinghai Province is presented. The data w...Beryllium-7 (7Be) and lead-210 (210Pb) radioac- tivity in aerosols collected, from October 2002 to January 2004 at Mt. Waliguan, by the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Station, Qinghai Province is presented. The data were analyzed together with simultaneously measured surface ozone concentrations. We found that short time variations of 7Be and 210Pb were linked to alternations of synoptic weather around the Mt. Waliguan region. 210Pb showed the lowest concentration in summer while Be showed no obvious sea- 7 sonal changes. Relatively high Be and 7 210 Pb radioactivity was observed at Mt. Waliguan when compared with the ob- servations at other mountain sites in other parts of the world. Surface ozone and 7Be showed a consistent seasonalvariation. Surface ozone correlated fairly well with 7Be/210Pb ratio. This suggested that vertical transport from higher altitudes of the atmosphere has predominant effects on the budget of surface ozone at Mt. Waliguan.展开更多
物种名是生物分类学的核心概念,是认识和描述生物多样性的前提。拉丁种名的命名具有语言独立性、规范性和唯一性,不受地域和语言差异影响,确保跨语言、跨学科交流的准确性;但物种地方名(俗名)缺少命名规则,融合了历史与文化传统,往往存...物种名是生物分类学的核心概念,是认识和描述生物多样性的前提。拉丁种名的命名具有语言独立性、规范性和唯一性,不受地域和语言差异影响,确保跨语言、跨学科交流的准确性;但物种地方名(俗名)缺少命名规则,融合了历史与文化传统,往往存在误用、混乱甚至是缺失的情况,特别是在鱼类中,约20%的物种缺少中文名,严重制约了生物多样性认知、跨语言交流、科学传播和数据共享与利用等。为应对这一问题,本研究整合《拉汉世界鱼类系统名典》等多个权威数据源,构建了60564条高质量拉丁学名与中文名双语平行语料库。基于多语言大模型mT5(multilingual text-to-text transfer transformer,包含small、base、large三种参数规模),引入对偶学习框架与命名规则约束,实现鱼类中文名的自动生成与校正。结果显示,微调后的mT5-large模型在独立测试集上获得的BLEURT和COMET的对偶译质评分分别为0.90和0.93,较DeepSeek-R1等通用大语言模型提升38%~159%,并将低频属名与新描述种名的翻译错误率降低25%~80%。所有生成的鱼类中文名均由分类学专家逐条审定,以确保命名的科学性和规范性。本研究首次系统性地补全了全球鱼类的中文名系统,打通了物种学名与俗名之间的信息壁垒;并开发配套微信小程序面向所有用户开放,实时更新种名信息和分类变动。研究方法为其他生物类群的多语言俗名翻译提供了可复制、可推广的技术范式,助力全球生物多样性与文化多样性保护实践。展开更多
Mass concentration and isotopic values δ13C and 14C are presented for the water-insoluble refractory carbon （WIRC） component of total suspended particulates （TSP）, collected weekly during 2003, as well as from Oc...Mass concentration and isotopic values δ13C and 14C are presented for the water-insoluble refractory carbon （WIRC） component of total suspended particulates （TSP）, collected weekly during 2003, as well as from October 2005 to May 2006 at the WMO-GAW Mt. Waliguan （WLG） site. The overall average WlRC mass concentration was （1183 ± 120）ng/m3 （n = 79）, while seasonal averages were 2081 ± 1707 （spring）, 454±205 （summer）, 650 ±411 （autumn）, and 1019 ± 703 （winter） ng/m3. Seasonal variations in WIRC mass concentrations were consistent with black carbon measurements from an aethalometer, although WIRC concentrations were typically higher, especially in winter and spring. The δ13C PDB value （-25.3 ± 0.8）%0 determined for WIRC suggests that its sources are C3 biomass or fossil fuel combustion. No seasonal change in δ13C PDB was evident. The average percent Modern Carbon （pMC） for 14C in WIRC for winter and spring was （67.2 ± 7.7）% （n = 29）. Lower pMC values were associated with air masses trans- ported from the area east of WLG, while higher pMC values were associated with air masses from the Tibetan Plateau, southwest of WLG. Elevated pMC values with abnormally high mass concentrations of TSP and WIRC were measured during a dust storm event.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 21177157)the Basic Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (No. 2011CX001,2011Z003)+1 种基金China Meteorological Administration(No. GYHY201106023)the Desert Meteorological Foundation of China Meteorological Administration (No.Sqj2010012)
文摘Long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3, particularly those from the background sites, are rarely reported. We present for the first time the long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3 at Waliguan （WLG）, the only global baseline station in the back-land of the Eurasian Continent. The concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 were observed at WLG from 1997 to 2009. The observed annual mean concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG were 1.28 ± 0.41 and 0.22 ± 0.19 μg/m3, respectively. The HNO3 concentrations were much higher in warmer seasons than in colder seasons, while the SO2 concentrations showed a nearly reversed seasonal pattern. In most months, the concentration of HNO3 was significantly correlated with that of SO2, suggesting that some common factors influence the variations of both gases and the precursors of HNO3 may partially be from the SO2-emitting sources. The SO2 concentration had a very significant （P 〈 0.0001） decreasing trend （-0.2 μg/（m3.yr）） in 1997-2002, but a significant （P 〈 0.05） increasing trend （＋0.06 μg/（m3-yr）） in 2003-2009. The HNO3 concentration showed no statistically significant trend during 1997-2009. While the decrease of SO2 in 1997-2002 agrees with the trend of global SO2 emissions, the increase in 2003-2009 is not consistent with the decreasing trends in many other regions over the world. Trajectory analysis suggests that the airmasses from the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Takla Makan Desert regions contributed significantly to the increasing trends of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG in 2003-2009, with a rate of ＋0.13 μg/（m3.yr） and ＋0.007μg/（m3.yr）, respectively.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20175032).
文摘Beryllium-7 (7Be) and lead-210 (210Pb) radioac- tivity in aerosols collected, from October 2002 to January 2004 at Mt. Waliguan, by the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Station, Qinghai Province is presented. The data were analyzed together with simultaneously measured surface ozone concentrations. We found that short time variations of 7Be and 210Pb were linked to alternations of synoptic weather around the Mt. Waliguan region. 210Pb showed the lowest concentration in summer while Be showed no obvious sea- 7 sonal changes. Relatively high Be and 7 210 Pb radioactivity was observed at Mt. Waliguan when compared with the ob- servations at other mountain sites in other parts of the world. Surface ozone and 7Be showed a consistent seasonalvariation. Surface ozone correlated fairly well with 7Be/210Pb ratio. This suggested that vertical transport from higher altitudes of the atmosphere has predominant effects on the budget of surface ozone at Mt. Waliguan.
文摘物种名是生物分类学的核心概念,是认识和描述生物多样性的前提。拉丁种名的命名具有语言独立性、规范性和唯一性,不受地域和语言差异影响,确保跨语言、跨学科交流的准确性;但物种地方名(俗名)缺少命名规则,融合了历史与文化传统,往往存在误用、混乱甚至是缺失的情况,特别是在鱼类中,约20%的物种缺少中文名,严重制约了生物多样性认知、跨语言交流、科学传播和数据共享与利用等。为应对这一问题,本研究整合《拉汉世界鱼类系统名典》等多个权威数据源,构建了60564条高质量拉丁学名与中文名双语平行语料库。基于多语言大模型mT5(multilingual text-to-text transfer transformer,包含small、base、large三种参数规模),引入对偶学习框架与命名规则约束,实现鱼类中文名的自动生成与校正。结果显示,微调后的mT5-large模型在独立测试集上获得的BLEURT和COMET的对偶译质评分分别为0.90和0.93,较DeepSeek-R1等通用大语言模型提升38%~159%,并将低频属名与新描述种名的翻译错误率降低25%~80%。所有生成的鱼类中文名均由分类学专家逐条审定,以确保命名的科学性和规范性。本研究首次系统性地补全了全球鱼类的中文名系统,打通了物种学名与俗名之间的信息壁垒;并开发配套微信小程序面向所有用户开放,实时更新种名信息和分类变动。研究方法为其他生物类群的多语言俗名翻译提供了可复制、可推广的技术范式,助力全球生物多样性与文化多样性保护实践。
基金supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(Grant Nos.411751154083010240575013 and 40175032)
文摘Mass concentration and isotopic values δ13C and 14C are presented for the water-insoluble refractory carbon （WIRC） component of total suspended particulates （TSP）, collected weekly during 2003, as well as from October 2005 to May 2006 at the WMO-GAW Mt. Waliguan （WLG） site. The overall average WlRC mass concentration was （1183 ± 120）ng/m3 （n = 79）, while seasonal averages were 2081 ± 1707 （spring）, 454±205 （summer）, 650 ±411 （autumn）, and 1019 ± 703 （winter） ng/m3. Seasonal variations in WIRC mass concentrations were consistent with black carbon measurements from an aethalometer, although WIRC concentrations were typically higher, especially in winter and spring. The δ13C PDB value （-25.3 ± 0.8）%0 determined for WIRC suggests that its sources are C3 biomass or fossil fuel combustion. No seasonal change in δ13C PDB was evident. The average percent Modern Carbon （pMC） for 14C in WIRC for winter and spring was （67.2 ± 7.7）% （n = 29）. Lower pMC values were associated with air masses trans- ported from the area east of WLG, while higher pMC values were associated with air masses from the Tibetan Plateau, southwest of WLG. Elevated pMC values with abnormally high mass concentrations of TSP and WIRC were measured during a dust storm event.
