Mt.Everest (27°54' N,86°54' E),the highest peak,is often referred to as the earth's 'third' pole,at an elevation of 8844.43 m. Due to the difficult logistics in the extreme high elevation...Mt.Everest (27°54' N,86°54' E),the highest peak,is often referred to as the earth's 'third' pole,at an elevation of 8844.43 m. Due to the difficult logistics in the extreme high elevation regions over the Himalayas,observational meteorological data are very few on Mt. Everest. In 2005,an automatic weather station was operated at the East Rongbuk glacier Col of Mt. Everest over the Himalayas. The observational data have been compared with the reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR),and the reliability of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data has been investigated in the Himalayan region,after the reanalyzed data were interpolated in the horizontal to the location of Mt. Everest and in the vertical to the height of the observed sites. The reanalysis data can capture much of the synoptic-scale variability in temperature and pressure,although the reanalysis values are systematically lower than the observation. Furthermore,most of the variability magnitude is,to some degree,underestimated. In addition,the variation extracted from the NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed pressure and temperature prominently appears one-day lead to that from the observational data,which is more important from the standpoint of improving the safety of climbers who attempt to climb Mt. Everest peak.展开更多
Satellite geodesy is capable of observing glacier height changes and most recent studies focus on the decadal scale due to limitations of data acquisition and precision.Glaciers at the Mt.Everest(Qomolangma),locating ...Satellite geodesy is capable of observing glacier height changes and most recent studies focus on the decadal scale due to limitations of data acquisition and precision.Glaciers at the Mt.Everest(Qomolangma),locating at the central Himalaya,have been studied from the 1970s to 2015.Here we obtained TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X images observed in two epochs,a group around 2013 and another in 2017.Together with SRTM observed in 2000,we derived geodetic glacier mass balance between 2000 and 2013 and 2013 and 2017.We proposed two InSAR procedures for deriving the second period,which yields with basically identical results of geodetic glacier mass balance.The differencing between DEMs derived by TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X shows better precision than that between TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X formed DEM and SRTM,and it can capable of providing geodetic glacier mass balance at a sub-decadal scale.Glaciers at the Mt.Everest(Qomolangma)and its surroundings present obvious speeding up in mass loss rates before and after 2013 for both the Chinese and the Nepalese sides.The previous obtained spatial heterogeneous pattern for glacier downwasting between 2000 and 2013 generally kept the same after 2013.Glaciers with lacustrine terminus present the most rapid lost rates.展开更多
物种名是生物分类学的核心概念,是认识和描述生物多样性的前提。拉丁种名的命名具有语言独立性、规范性和唯一性,不受地域和语言差异影响,确保跨语言、跨学科交流的准确性;但物种地方名(俗名)缺少命名规则,融合了历史与文化传统,往往存...物种名是生物分类学的核心概念,是认识和描述生物多样性的前提。拉丁种名的命名具有语言独立性、规范性和唯一性,不受地域和语言差异影响,确保跨语言、跨学科交流的准确性;但物种地方名(俗名)缺少命名规则,融合了历史与文化传统,往往存在误用、混乱甚至是缺失的情况,特别是在鱼类中,约20%的物种缺少中文名,严重制约了生物多样性认知、跨语言交流、科学传播和数据共享与利用等。为应对这一问题,本研究整合《拉汉世界鱼类系统名典》等多个权威数据源,构建了60564条高质量拉丁学名与中文名双语平行语料库。基于多语言大模型mT5(multilingual text-to-text transfer transformer,包含small、base、large三种参数规模),引入对偶学习框架与命名规则约束,实现鱼类中文名的自动生成与校正。结果显示,微调后的mT5-large模型在独立测试集上获得的BLEURT和COMET的对偶译质评分分别为0.90和0.93,较DeepSeek-R1等通用大语言模型提升38%~159%,并将低频属名与新描述种名的翻译错误率降低25%~80%。所有生成的鱼类中文名均由分类学专家逐条审定,以确保命名的科学性和规范性。本研究首次系统性地补全了全球鱼类的中文名系统,打通了物种学名与俗名之间的信息壁垒;并开发配套微信小程序面向所有用户开放,实时更新种名信息和分类变动。研究方法为其他生物类群的多语言俗名翻译提供了可复制、可推广的技术范式,助力全球生物多样性与文化多样性保护实践。展开更多
Ground-based measurements are essential for understanding alpine glacier dynamics,especially in remote regions where in-situ measurements are extremely limited.Prom 1 May to 22 July 2005（the spring-summer period）,an...Ground-based measurements are essential for understanding alpine glacier dynamics,especially in remote regions where in-situ measurements are extremely limited.Prom 1 May to 22 July 2005（the spring-summer period）,and from 2 October 2007 to 20 January 2008（the autumn-winter period）,surface radiation as well as meteorological variables were measured over the accumulation zone on the East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt. Qomolangma/Everest at an elevation of 6560 m a.s.l.by using an automatic weather station（AWS）.The results show that surface meteorological and radiative characteristics were controlled by two major synoptic circulation regimes：the southwesterly Indian monsoon regime in summer and the westerlies in winter.At the AWS site on the East Rongbuk Glacier,north or northwest winds prevailed with high wind speed（up to 35 m s^（-1） in January） in winter while south or southeast winds predominated after the onset of the southwesterly Indian monsoon with relatively low wind speed in summer.Intensity of incoming shortwave radiation was extremely high due to the high elevation,multiple reflections between the snow/ice surface and clouds,and the high reflective surrounding surface.These factors also caused the observed 10-min mean solar radiation fluxes around local noon to be frequently higher than the solar constant from May to July 2005.The mean surface albedo ranged from 0.72 during the spring-summer period to 0.69 during the autumn-winter period. The atmospheric incoming longwave radiation was greatly affected by the cloud condition and atmospheric moisture content.The overall impact of clouds on the net all-wave radiation balance was negative in the Mt. Qomolangma region.The daily mean net all-wave radiation was positive during the entire spring-summer period and mostly positive during the autumn-winter period except for a few overcast days.On monthly basis,the net all-wave radiation was always positive.展开更多
基金the Strategic Study Foundation of Chinese Polar Science （Grant No. 2007228） the National Nature Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40501015） the Chinese Academy of Science （Grant No. KZCX3-SW-354 and KZCX3-SW-344）.
文摘Mt.Everest (27°54' N,86°54' E),the highest peak,is often referred to as the earth's 'third' pole,at an elevation of 8844.43 m. Due to the difficult logistics in the extreme high elevation regions over the Himalayas,observational meteorological data are very few on Mt. Everest. In 2005,an automatic weather station was operated at the East Rongbuk glacier Col of Mt. Everest over the Himalayas. The observational data have been compared with the reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR),and the reliability of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data has been investigated in the Himalayan region,after the reanalyzed data were interpolated in the horizontal to the location of Mt. Everest and in the vertical to the height of the observed sites. The reanalysis data can capture much of the synoptic-scale variability in temperature and pressure,although the reanalysis values are systematically lower than the observation. Furthermore,most of the variability magnitude is,to some degree,underestimated. In addition,the variation extracted from the NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed pressure and temperature prominently appears one-day lead to that from the observational data,which is more important from the standpoint of improving the safety of climbers who attempt to climb Mt. Everest peak.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41901384)National Basic Research Program of China(No.2015CB954103)+1 种基金General Research Fund of HKSAR(Nos.CUHK 14233016,CUHK 14206818)Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics(No.SKLGED2018-2-3-EZ)。
文摘Satellite geodesy is capable of observing glacier height changes and most recent studies focus on the decadal scale due to limitations of data acquisition and precision.Glaciers at the Mt.Everest(Qomolangma),locating at the central Himalaya,have been studied from the 1970s to 2015.Here we obtained TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X images observed in two epochs,a group around 2013 and another in 2017.Together with SRTM observed in 2000,we derived geodetic glacier mass balance between 2000 and 2013 and 2013 and 2017.We proposed two InSAR procedures for deriving the second period,which yields with basically identical results of geodetic glacier mass balance.The differencing between DEMs derived by TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X shows better precision than that between TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X formed DEM and SRTM,and it can capable of providing geodetic glacier mass balance at a sub-decadal scale.Glaciers at the Mt.Everest(Qomolangma)and its surroundings present obvious speeding up in mass loss rates before and after 2013 for both the Chinese and the Nepalese sides.The previous obtained spatial heterogeneous pattern for glacier downwasting between 2000 and 2013 generally kept the same after 2013.Glaciers with lacustrine terminus present the most rapid lost rates.
文摘物种名是生物分类学的核心概念,是认识和描述生物多样性的前提。拉丁种名的命名具有语言独立性、规范性和唯一性,不受地域和语言差异影响,确保跨语言、跨学科交流的准确性;但物种地方名(俗名)缺少命名规则,融合了历史与文化传统,往往存在误用、混乱甚至是缺失的情况,特别是在鱼类中,约20%的物种缺少中文名,严重制约了生物多样性认知、跨语言交流、科学传播和数据共享与利用等。为应对这一问题,本研究整合《拉汉世界鱼类系统名典》等多个权威数据源,构建了60564条高质量拉丁学名与中文名双语平行语料库。基于多语言大模型mT5(multilingual text-to-text transfer transformer,包含small、base、large三种参数规模),引入对偶学习框架与命名规则约束,实现鱼类中文名的自动生成与校正。结果显示,微调后的mT5-large模型在独立测试集上获得的BLEURT和COMET的对偶译质评分分别为0.90和0.93,较DeepSeek-R1等通用大语言模型提升38%~159%,并将低频属名与新描述种名的翻译错误率降低25%~80%。所有生成的鱼类中文名均由分类学专家逐条审定,以确保命名的科学性和规范性。本研究首次系统性地补全了全球鱼类的中文名系统,打通了物种学名与俗名之间的信息壁垒;并开发配套微信小程序面向所有用户开放,实时更新种名信息和分类变动。研究方法为其他生物类群的多语言俗名翻译提供了可复制、可推广的技术范式,助力全球生物多样性与文化多样性保护实践。
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2007CB411503)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX3-SW-344/339)+2 种基金the International Arctic Research Center,University of Alaska Fairbanks, through the U.S.NSF cooperative agreement(OPP-0327664) to Tingjun Zhangthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (40501015/40401054)the China Meteorological Administration Special Research Project(GYHY(QX)2007-6-18)
文摘Ground-based measurements are essential for understanding alpine glacier dynamics,especially in remote regions where in-situ measurements are extremely limited.Prom 1 May to 22 July 2005（the spring-summer period）,and from 2 October 2007 to 20 January 2008（the autumn-winter period）,surface radiation as well as meteorological variables were measured over the accumulation zone on the East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt. Qomolangma/Everest at an elevation of 6560 m a.s.l.by using an automatic weather station（AWS）.The results show that surface meteorological and radiative characteristics were controlled by two major synoptic circulation regimes：the southwesterly Indian monsoon regime in summer and the westerlies in winter.At the AWS site on the East Rongbuk Glacier,north or northwest winds prevailed with high wind speed（up to 35 m s^（-1） in January） in winter while south or southeast winds predominated after the onset of the southwesterly Indian monsoon with relatively low wind speed in summer.Intensity of incoming shortwave radiation was extremely high due to the high elevation,multiple reflections between the snow/ice surface and clouds,and the high reflective surrounding surface.These factors also caused the observed 10-min mean solar radiation fluxes around local noon to be frequently higher than the solar constant from May to July 2005.The mean surface albedo ranged from 0.72 during the spring-summer period to 0.69 during the autumn-winter period. The atmospheric incoming longwave radiation was greatly affected by the cloud condition and atmospheric moisture content.The overall impact of clouds on the net all-wave radiation balance was negative in the Mt. Qomolangma region.The daily mean net all-wave radiation was positive during the entire spring-summer period and mostly positive during the autumn-winter period except for a few overcast days.On monthly basis,the net all-wave radiation was always positive.
