目的探讨线粒体核糖体蛋白S5(mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5,MRPS5)对人膀胱癌细胞的增殖能力及其中干细胞干性特征的影响。方法 Western blot检测人膀胱癌及癌旁正常组织MRPS5的表达;构建靶向干扰MRPS5的慢病毒载体,感染膀胱癌...目的探讨线粒体核糖体蛋白S5(mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5,MRPS5)对人膀胱癌细胞的增殖能力及其中干细胞干性特征的影响。方法 Western blot检测人膀胱癌及癌旁正常组织MRPS5的表达;构建靶向干扰MRPS5的慢病毒载体,感染膀胱癌细胞株T24,以干扰Scramble序列作为对照,Western blot检测MRPS5干扰效率;细胞活力实验检测细胞增殖能力;流式细胞术检测细胞周期;细胞成球实验观察成球能力;Western blot检测肿瘤干性转录因子Nanog,Oct4,c-Myc和Sox2的表达;小鼠皮下移植瘤实验观察T24体内成瘤能力。结果 MRPS5在膀胱癌组织中的表达高于癌旁正常组织;慢病毒干扰载体PLKO.1-sh MRPS5有效,且干扰MRPS5表达后T24细胞增殖能力下降(P<0.05),周期阻滞于S期,干性因子表达均下调,成球率无变化(P>0.05)但成球直径明显减小;同时小鼠体内成瘤体积减小[(0.784±0.278)vs(0.500±0.245)cm3,P<0.05],瘤质量减轻[(0.862±0.372)vs(0.412±0.248)g,P<0.05]。结论 MRPS5在膀胱癌中较高表达,且干扰MRPS5表达能抑制T24增殖并抑制T24中的干细胞生物学特征。展开更多
Background: Previous studies of patients with acute leukemia showed that plasma cGMP levels were markedly elevated before treatment, fell after successful therapy but increased after relapse. In many cells high concen...Background: Previous studies of patients with acute leukemia showed that plasma cGMP levels were markedly elevated before treatment, fell after successful therapy but increased after relapse. In many cells high concentrations of GMP have an antiproliferative effect. The cellular cGMP extrusion from cancer cells may represent an acquired resistance against an endogenous antiproliferative signal molecule. Multidrug resistance associated protein 5 (MRP5) has been identified as an important cGMP transporter. Methods: A human erythroleukemia cell line (HEL) was used to study the impact of cGMP and cGMP-elevating compounds like theophylline, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2). MRP5 was overexpressed in HEL cells by transfection. Concentrations of cGMP were determined with RIA or HPLC and cell densities were determined by cytometry. Results: The concentration ratio between extra- and intracellular cGMP concentrations was >1, meaning that HEL cells extruded cGMP against a concentration gradient and MRP5 was identified in these cells. In some cell types butyrate increases cellular cGMP levels by stimulating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and thereby the cellular efflux. This effect did not exist for HEL cells. MRP5 transfected HEL cells which were exposed to cGMP was clearly more sensitive to the antiproliferative effect than the wild type. On the other hand, exposing the transfected HEL cells to cGMP-elevating agents (theophylline, SNP and NaNO<sub>2</sub>) showed less sensitivity than the wildtype. Conclusion: This study supports the idea that some cancers acquire resistance against endogenous signal molecules with antiproliferative potency.展开更多
The regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian heart remains a formidable challenge in biological research.Despite extensive investigations into the loss of regenerative potential during evolution and development,un...The regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian heart remains a formidable challenge in biological research.Despite extensive investigations into the loss of regenerative potential during evolution and development,unlocking the mechanisms governing cardiomyocyte proliferation remains elusive.Two recent groundbreaking studies have provided fresh perspectives on mitochondrial-to-nuclear communication,shedding light on novel factors that regu-late cardiomyocyte proliferation.The studies identified two mitochondrial processes,fatty acid oxidation and protein translation,as key players in restricting cardiomyocyte proliferation.Inhibition of these processes led to increased cell cycle activity in cardiomyocytes,mediated by reduction in H3k4me3 levels through accumulatedα-ketoglutarate(αKG),and activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response(UPRmt),respectively.In this research highlight,we discuss the novel insights into mitochondrial-to-nuclear communication presented in these studies,the broad implications in cardiomyocyte biology and cardiovascular diseases,as well as the intriguing scientific questions inspired by the studies that may facilitate future investigations into the detailed molecular mechanisms of cardiomyo-cyte metabolism,proliferation,and mitochondrial-to-nuclear communications.展开更多
Generation of crops with low phytic acid(myoinositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate(InsP6))is an important breeding direction,but such plants often display less desirable agronomic traits.In this study,through ethyl met...Generation of crops with low phytic acid(myoinositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate(InsP6))is an important breeding direction,but such plants often display less desirable agronomic traits.In this study,through ethyl methanesulfonate-mediated mutagenesis,we found that inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate5/6-kinase 4(ITPK4),which is essential for producing InsP6,is a critical regulator of salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.Loss of function of ITPK4 gene leads to reduced root elongation under salt stress,which is primarily because of decreased root meristem length and reduced meristematic cell number.The itpk4 mutation also results in increased root hair density and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species during salt exposure.RNA sequencing assay reveals that several auxin-responsive genes are down-regulated in the itpk4-1 mutant compared to the wild-type.Consistently,the itpk4-1 mutant exhibits a reduced auxin level in the root tip and displays compromised gravity response,indicating that ITPK4 is involved in the regulation of the auxin signaling pathway.Through suppressor screening,it was found that mutation of Multidrug Resistance Protein 5(MRP5)5 gene,which encodes an ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporter required for transporting InsP6from the cytoplasm into the vacuole,fully rescues the salt hypersensitivity of the itpk4-1 mutant,but in the itpk4-1 mrp5 double mutant,InsP6remains at a very low level.These results imply that InsP6homeostasis rather than its overall amount is beneficial for stress tolerance in plants.Collectively,this study uncovers a pair of gene mutations that confer low InsP6content without impacting stress tolerance,which offers a new strategy for creating“low-phytate”crops.展开更多
文摘Background: Previous studies of patients with acute leukemia showed that plasma cGMP levels were markedly elevated before treatment, fell after successful therapy but increased after relapse. In many cells high concentrations of GMP have an antiproliferative effect. The cellular cGMP extrusion from cancer cells may represent an acquired resistance against an endogenous antiproliferative signal molecule. Multidrug resistance associated protein 5 (MRP5) has been identified as an important cGMP transporter. Methods: A human erythroleukemia cell line (HEL) was used to study the impact of cGMP and cGMP-elevating compounds like theophylline, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2). MRP5 was overexpressed in HEL cells by transfection. Concentrations of cGMP were determined with RIA or HPLC and cell densities were determined by cytometry. Results: The concentration ratio between extra- and intracellular cGMP concentrations was >1, meaning that HEL cells extruded cGMP against a concentration gradient and MRP5 was identified in these cells. In some cell types butyrate increases cellular cGMP levels by stimulating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and thereby the cellular efflux. This effect did not exist for HEL cells. MRP5 transfected HEL cells which were exposed to cGMP was clearly more sensitive to the antiproliferative effect than the wild type. On the other hand, exposing the transfected HEL cells to cGMP-elevating agents (theophylline, SNP and NaNO<sub>2</sub>) showed less sensitivity than the wildtype. Conclusion: This study supports the idea that some cancers acquire resistance against endogenous signal molecules with antiproliferative potency.
基金Key Research and Development Program,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018YFA0800104)National Natural Science Foundation of China(92168205,32070823)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22120230471).
文摘The regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian heart remains a formidable challenge in biological research.Despite extensive investigations into the loss of regenerative potential during evolution and development,unlocking the mechanisms governing cardiomyocyte proliferation remains elusive.Two recent groundbreaking studies have provided fresh perspectives on mitochondrial-to-nuclear communication,shedding light on novel factors that regu-late cardiomyocyte proliferation.The studies identified two mitochondrial processes,fatty acid oxidation and protein translation,as key players in restricting cardiomyocyte proliferation.Inhibition of these processes led to increased cell cycle activity in cardiomyocytes,mediated by reduction in H3k4me3 levels through accumulatedα-ketoglutarate(αKG),and activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response(UPRmt),respectively.In this research highlight,we discuss the novel insights into mitochondrial-to-nuclear communication presented in these studies,the broad implications in cardiomyocyte biology and cardiovascular diseases,as well as the intriguing scientific questions inspired by the studies that may facilitate future investigations into the detailed molecular mechanisms of cardiomyo-cyte metabolism,proliferation,and mitochondrial-to-nuclear communications.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant No.22ZR1469600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32270283 and 32070295)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF1002100)the Key Laboratory of Plant Designthe National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics。
文摘Generation of crops with low phytic acid(myoinositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate(InsP6))is an important breeding direction,but such plants often display less desirable agronomic traits.In this study,through ethyl methanesulfonate-mediated mutagenesis,we found that inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate5/6-kinase 4(ITPK4),which is essential for producing InsP6,is a critical regulator of salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.Loss of function of ITPK4 gene leads to reduced root elongation under salt stress,which is primarily because of decreased root meristem length and reduced meristematic cell number.The itpk4 mutation also results in increased root hair density and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species during salt exposure.RNA sequencing assay reveals that several auxin-responsive genes are down-regulated in the itpk4-1 mutant compared to the wild-type.Consistently,the itpk4-1 mutant exhibits a reduced auxin level in the root tip and displays compromised gravity response,indicating that ITPK4 is involved in the regulation of the auxin signaling pathway.Through suppressor screening,it was found that mutation of Multidrug Resistance Protein 5(MRP5)5 gene,which encodes an ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporter required for transporting InsP6from the cytoplasm into the vacuole,fully rescues the salt hypersensitivity of the itpk4-1 mutant,but in the itpk4-1 mrp5 double mutant,InsP6remains at a very low level.These results imply that InsP6homeostasis rather than its overall amount is beneficial for stress tolerance in plants.Collectively,this study uncovers a pair of gene mutations that confer low InsP6content without impacting stress tolerance,which offers a new strategy for creating“low-phytate”crops.
