Ethnic mountain settlements are living heritage of varied vernacular cultures.The preservation of both the built form and the intangible socio-cultural associations with them are global concern in process of urbanizat...Ethnic mountain settlements are living heritage of varied vernacular cultures.The preservation of both the built form and the intangible socio-cultural associations with them are global concern in process of urbanization,and in the notion of sustainable development.However,there is a lack of multi-dimensional and cross-cultural quantitative research in settlement morphology,making it difficult to guide practice effectively.Therefore,this study focuses on exploring an automatic or semi-automatic quantification and classification method for the morphological identity of ethnic mountain settlements.We introduce and combine 3-D morphological indicators with existing 2-D indicators to build and test three different sets of indication systems for semi-automatic classification for the settlements’ethnic attribute basing on spatial morphology.Taking the Miao,Dong,and Tunpu(Han)ethnic settlements in Guizhou province,southwest China as research samples,we applied factor analysis and hierarchical clustering methods to compare the classification accuracy under the three systems using data from topographic map,field investigation map,satellite imageries,and ethnography or local chronicle.The results showed that,the 3-D indication system has succeeded in semi-automatic quantification and classification of settlement morphology and ethnic identity by greatly increasing the classification accuracy to 96.30%,which is a huge improvement compared with the basic 2-D indication system(42.59%)and the advanced 2-D indication system(61.11%).The settlement samples are further divided into two sub-types with significant morphological differences in each major ethnic category under the 3-D indication system.We then discussed the potential improvement and future large-scale application of this method with the help of machine learning and other smart techniques.We hope to provide a comprehensive quantitative perspective and a more scientific reference for the future preservation and sustainable development of the massive and diverse vernacular heritages across the world.展开更多
Settlement naming is an important carrier of settlement society and culture,carries regional culture,historical information,beliefs and other information,and is an important clue to understand regional culture and dev...Settlement naming is an important carrier of settlement society and culture,carries regional culture,historical information,beliefs and other information,and is an important clue to understand regional culture and development characteristics.In this paper,the naming of traditional mountain settlements in Mentougou in western Beijing was studied through literature review and field research,and the correlation between the naming and distribution characteristics of the settlements was discussed to provide reference for the protection and construction of mountain settlements in Mentougou.展开更多
Through literature research, field research and urban design analysis methods, based on the self-organization theory, the evolution characteristics of the settlement space of Anju Ancient Town with significant charact...Through literature research, field research and urban design analysis methods, based on the self-organization theory, the evolution characteristics of the settlement space of Anju Ancient Town with significant characteristics of traditional mountain settlements were analyzed, and then its internal and external influencing factors were summarized. Finally, appropriate protection and development strategies were proposed, such as reasonably planning functional zones, breaking through the single structure, and creating a good living cultural environment. The innovation of this study is that it integrates the self-organization theory into the cognition of traditional mountain settlement space, and discusses the connection between the mountain settlement space and the traditional regional context under the modern development concept, so as to seek the benign protection and reasonable development of traditional mountain settlement space.展开更多
Using energy analysis,the quantifying evaluation and study method on production, living and ecology functions and their sustainability of rural settlement ecosystem in mountain area is established with these energy in...Using energy analysis,the quantifying evaluation and study method on production, living and ecology functions and their sustainability of rural settlement ecosystem in mountain area is established with these energy index such as export of labor and products, export of water resource, internal energy reserve, energy consumption for human living, net energy of ecosystem function and net internal reserve. Taking rural settlement Raosi Village in Hengduan Mountains as a case study, and on the basis of the synthetic research into the ecological process of the complex ecosystem, the study shows that energy costs of production, human living and ecology functions are separately taking 1.36%, 13.59% and 85. 05% of the gross ecosystem functions, and the exertions of production and human living functions are close to a high-point state on the present using level of energy in the settlement. The study also shows that the most important function of a rural settlement in mountain area is its ecological rather productive function.展开更多
Human settlements are the place where human beings live,among which the rural settlements can be regarded as a reflection of human-land relationship in mountain areas because their vertical distribution is greatly inf...Human settlements are the place where human beings live,among which the rural settlements can be regarded as a reflection of human-land relationship in mountain areas because their vertical distribution is greatly influenced by the specific geographical environment and ecological conditions of mountains.Based on field investigation,this paper uses physical,geographical,and ecological theories to make a comprehensive study of rural settlements and mountain disasters in the upper Min River,which is an ecologically fragile area with high-frequency disasters(collapse,landslide,debris flow,etc.) and a minority inhabit district.By applying these modern scientific theories,this paper attempts to shed some light on the relationship between rural settlements and mountain disasters.Consequently,an in-depth understanding of this relationship was achieved as follows:(1) Rural settlements and mountain disasters are mainly distributed in the intercepted flows of water and soil; and both quantity and quality of arable lands in mountains are important indicators of these flows.(2) The Small Watershed Management Project is a complex system of rural settlements and mountain disasters that interacts with and constrains the ecological system.By this project,the human survival will be better guaranteed.Being fundamental for the ecological reconstruction,the coupling mechanism of rural settlements and mountain disasters is not only an engine to promote harmonious development between human and nature,but also a bridge to link them.展开更多
Taking ancient village of Gelao Nationality in Wuchuan for example,theories of settlement geography were used to analyze settlement landscapes of ethnic groups with cultural peculiarity in certain regions from the per...Taking ancient village of Gelao Nationality in Wuchuan for example,theories of settlement geography were used to analyze settlement landscapes of ethnic groups with cultural peculiarity in certain regions from the perspectives of geographical and humanistic environment,distribution form,internal structure and settlement characteristics. Regional and national cultural characteristics were demonstrated to promote the inheritance,promotion and protection of such old and traditional civilization in terms of landscape,and provide valuable references for relevant researches.展开更多
Making rural settlements of Mountainous Regions in Western Sichuan as the study objects and using symbolic statistical methods, then combining the case study of Daofu County, the paper analyzes the negative impact of ...Making rural settlements of Mountainous Regions in Western Sichuan as the study objects and using symbolic statistical methods, then combining the case study of Daofu County, the paper analyzes the negative impact of the scattered rural settlements on infrastructure construction, farmers＇ income increase and mountain ecological reconstruction in mountainous regions of western Sichuan. The results indicate that economic density is positively related to both rural settlements density （R^2=0.73） and rural population density （R^2=0.77）, and it is the same for relationship between towns density and rural settlements density （R^2=0.88） and between towns density and economic density （R^2=0.71）, and the scattered distribution pattern of the rural settlements and shortage of economic centers is a major factor to the lagged socioeconomic development. On the eco-economic zoning to Daofu County, the paper indicates the spatial distribution model and the industrial development model of the rural settlements need to be changed, and rural population should be concentrated in larger rural settlements with development of off-farm industries while infrastructure construction is to reinforced.展开更多
With mountainous area of North China as the research objective,the study analyzed street space in traditional settlements in mountainous area of North China from the perspective of form,structure and culture,hoping to...With mountainous area of North China as the research objective,the study analyzed street space in traditional settlements in mountainous area of North China from the perspective of form,structure and culture,hoping to find some methods and laws that could be served as the reference for the design of living environment in future.展开更多
The climatic environment,landscape environment and settlement environment of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing are summarized.Based on the analysis from the perspective of water ad...The climatic environment,landscape environment and settlement environment of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing are summarized.Based on the analysis from the perspective of water adaptability,the spatial database of water adaptability of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing is constructed,and the experience of water adaptability construction of settlement location,irrigation and water conservancy,flood control and soil fixation in river beach and gully areas is summarized.The landscape system of water adaptability of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing embodies the typical wisdom of water adaptability construction contained in traditional mountainous human settlements,and has high reference value in the related research of water adaptability.展开更多
Using four types of settlements in the upper reach of Minjiang River as case,we establish structural models in farmers' income of different settlement patterns based on rural household panel data to reveal the gra...Using four types of settlements in the upper reach of Minjiang River as case,we establish structural models in farmers' income of different settlement patterns based on rural household panel data to reveal the gradient effect on farmers' income and determinants.The results indicate that:(1) except the resettlement area,the incomes for farmers living in river valley,semi-mountain,and high-mountain settlements present a decreasing trend with the elevation increasing;on the contrary,their nonfarm earnings show an increasing trend with the elevation decreasing;(2) from the effect on farmers' income,there is a common feature that the nonfarm earnings and farming incomes have significant positive effects,and family size and productive expenditure have significant negative effects.One exception to this is the productive expenditure,which becomes insignificant in the model of resettlement area;(3) from the way of increasing farmers' income and alleviating poverty,there are great differences for four types of settlements in mountain areas,however,the improvement of agricultural product sales,agricultural production subsidies,the expansion for nonfarm employment,and the control of the family's size are the most effective approaches for poverty alleviation.展开更多
Climate change has significantly increased the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events,posing significant challenges to the hydrological ecological security of rural settlements in mountainous areas.There is...Climate change has significantly increased the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events,posing significant challenges to the hydrological ecological security of rural settlements in mountainous areas.There is an urgent need for research that predicts the flood risk of mountainous villages under future climate scenarios.Taking the mountainous area of the Yongding River Watershed in Beijing as an example,this study uses CMIP6 data and the Delta statistical downscaling method to predict precipitation with return periods of 20-a,50-a,and 100-a under the SSP126,SSP245,and SSP585 scenarios at the end of this century.A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model combining SWMM and HEC-RAS has been employed to simulate the flood risks of the villages in the watershed.The results show that:1)overall flood risk is higher for the villages located downstream of the Qingshui River and at the outlet of the Yongding River Gorge,with significantly increased inundation area ratio,maximum inundation depth,and the number of villages affected;2)with the increase in radiative forcing values of the SSP pathways,the inundation area ratio increases by up to 8.22%by 2100,significantly increasing the flood control pressure on settlements in the future;3)the correlation results between village spatial characteristics and flood risks show that the inundation area ratio is significantly negatively correlated with average river width and river sinuosity,and significantly positively correlated with river gradient and floodway proximity;the maximum inundation depth is significantly negatively correlated with average river width and significantly positively correlated with floodway proximity.Finally,this research suggests that it is necessary to integrate various spatial elements and resources from upstream and downstream areas by prioritizing the strategy of key area flood control and sustainable development,to reduce the flood risk to mountainous settlements under future climate change.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD1100303)。
文摘Ethnic mountain settlements are living heritage of varied vernacular cultures.The preservation of both the built form and the intangible socio-cultural associations with them are global concern in process of urbanization,and in the notion of sustainable development.However,there is a lack of multi-dimensional and cross-cultural quantitative research in settlement morphology,making it difficult to guide practice effectively.Therefore,this study focuses on exploring an automatic or semi-automatic quantification and classification method for the morphological identity of ethnic mountain settlements.We introduce and combine 3-D morphological indicators with existing 2-D indicators to build and test three different sets of indication systems for semi-automatic classification for the settlements’ethnic attribute basing on spatial morphology.Taking the Miao,Dong,and Tunpu(Han)ethnic settlements in Guizhou province,southwest China as research samples,we applied factor analysis and hierarchical clustering methods to compare the classification accuracy under the three systems using data from topographic map,field investigation map,satellite imageries,and ethnography or local chronicle.The results showed that,the 3-D indication system has succeeded in semi-automatic quantification and classification of settlement morphology and ethnic identity by greatly increasing the classification accuracy to 96.30%,which is a huge improvement compared with the basic 2-D indication system(42.59%)and the advanced 2-D indication system(61.11%).The settlement samples are further divided into two sub-types with significant morphological differences in each major ethnic category under the 3-D indication system.We then discussed the potential improvement and future large-scale application of this method with the help of machine learning and other smart techniques.We hope to provide a comprehensive quantitative perspective and a more scientific reference for the future preservation and sustainable development of the massive and diverse vernacular heritages across the world.
文摘Settlement naming is an important carrier of settlement society and culture,carries regional culture,historical information,beliefs and other information,and is an important clue to understand regional culture and development characteristics.In this paper,the naming of traditional mountain settlements in Mentougou in western Beijing was studied through literature review and field research,and the correlation between the naming and distribution characteristics of the settlements was discussed to provide reference for the protection and construction of mountain settlements in Mentougou.
基金the General Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51778078)General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1055).
文摘Through literature research, field research and urban design analysis methods, based on the self-organization theory, the evolution characteristics of the settlement space of Anju Ancient Town with significant characteristics of traditional mountain settlements were analyzed, and then its internal and external influencing factors were summarized. Finally, appropriate protection and development strategies were proposed, such as reasonably planning functional zones, breaking through the single structure, and creating a good living cultural environment. The innovation of this study is that it integrates the self-organization theory into the cognition of traditional mountain settlement space, and discusses the connection between the mountain settlement space and the traditional regional context under the modern development concept, so as to seek the benign protection and reasonable development of traditional mountain settlement space.
文摘Using energy analysis,the quantifying evaluation and study method on production, living and ecology functions and their sustainability of rural settlement ecosystem in mountain area is established with these energy index such as export of labor and products, export of water resource, internal energy reserve, energy consumption for human living, net energy of ecosystem function and net internal reserve. Taking rural settlement Raosi Village in Hengduan Mountains as a case study, and on the basis of the synthetic research into the ecological process of the complex ecosystem, the study shows that energy costs of production, human living and ecology functions are separately taking 1.36%, 13.59% and 85. 05% of the gross ecosystem functions, and the exertions of production and human living functions are close to a high-point state on the present using level of energy in the settlement. The study also shows that the most important function of a rural settlement in mountain area is its ecological rather productive function.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41101164 and 41371185)Directional Project of Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.SDS-135-1204-01)the key project of Education Department of Sichuan Province(Grant No.13ZA0160)
文摘Human settlements are the place where human beings live,among which the rural settlements can be regarded as a reflection of human-land relationship in mountain areas because their vertical distribution is greatly influenced by the specific geographical environment and ecological conditions of mountains.Based on field investigation,this paper uses physical,geographical,and ecological theories to make a comprehensive study of rural settlements and mountain disasters in the upper Min River,which is an ecologically fragile area with high-frequency disasters(collapse,landslide,debris flow,etc.) and a minority inhabit district.By applying these modern scientific theories,this paper attempts to shed some light on the relationship between rural settlements and mountain disasters.Consequently,an in-depth understanding of this relationship was achieved as follows:(1) Rural settlements and mountain disasters are mainly distributed in the intercepted flows of water and soil; and both quantity and quality of arable lands in mountains are important indicators of these flows.(2) The Small Watershed Management Project is a complex system of rural settlements and mountain disasters that interacts with and constrains the ecological system.By this project,the human survival will be better guaranteed.Being fundamental for the ecological reconstruction,the coupling mechanism of rural settlements and mountain disasters is not only an engine to promote harmonious development between human and nature,but also a bridge to link them.
文摘Taking ancient village of Gelao Nationality in Wuchuan for example,theories of settlement geography were used to analyze settlement landscapes of ethnic groups with cultural peculiarity in certain regions from the perspectives of geographical and humanistic environment,distribution form,internal structure and settlement characteristics. Regional and national cultural characteristics were demonstrated to promote the inheritance,promotion and protection of such old and traditional civilization in terms of landscape,and provide valuable references for relevant researches.
基金the Western China Program for Personnel Training of Chinese Academy of Sciences (L10416004)National Social Science Foundation of China (06BJY076)Knowledge Innovation Project Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Making rural settlements of Mountainous Regions in Western Sichuan as the study objects and using symbolic statistical methods, then combining the case study of Daofu County, the paper analyzes the negative impact of the scattered rural settlements on infrastructure construction, farmers＇ income increase and mountain ecological reconstruction in mountainous regions of western Sichuan. The results indicate that economic density is positively related to both rural settlements density （R^2=0.73） and rural population density （R^2=0.77）, and it is the same for relationship between towns density and rural settlements density （R^2=0.88） and between towns density and economic density （R^2=0.71）, and the scattered distribution pattern of the rural settlements and shortage of economic centers is a major factor to the lagged socioeconomic development. On the eco-economic zoning to Daofu County, the paper indicates the spatial distribution model and the industrial development model of the rural settlements need to be changed, and rural population should be concentrated in larger rural settlements with development of off-farm industries while infrastructure construction is to reinforced.
基金Supported by "Investigation on Public Space in Traditional Settlement of North China" which is the Program of Science and Technology Investigation of Department of Education of Hebei Province (Z2010164)~~
文摘With mountainous area of North China as the research objective,the study analyzed street space in traditional settlements in mountainous area of North China from the perspective of form,structure and culture,hoping to find some methods and laws that could be served as the reference for the design of living environment in future.
基金Sponsored by Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China“Building of Water Adaptive Landscape Security Pattern Model for Mountainous Rural Environment with the Case Study on Mentougou District in Beijing”(51808005)General Social Science Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission“Investigation and Database Establishment of Water Adaptive Landscapes in the Mountainous Rural Area in Western Beijing”(SM201910009008)+1 种基金Youth Yuyou Talent Training Plan of North China University of Technology“Engineering Frontier Oriented Research on Climate-Adaptive Planning and Construction Technology with the Case Study of Beijing”(NCUT2020)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for Beijing Municipal College Students“Construction of Spatial Database of Mountainous Ancient Villages in Mentougou of West Beijing”(NCUT2021)。
文摘The climatic environment,landscape environment and settlement environment of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing are summarized.Based on the analysis from the perspective of water adaptability,the spatial database of water adaptability of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing is constructed,and the experience of water adaptability construction of settlement location,irrigation and water conservancy,flood control and soil fixation in river beach and gully areas is summarized.The landscape system of water adaptability of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing embodies the typical wisdom of water adaptability construction contained in traditional mountainous human settlements,and has high reference value in the related research of water adaptability.
基金Funding was provided for China regional research by the Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZZD-EW-06-03)
文摘Using four types of settlements in the upper reach of Minjiang River as case,we establish structural models in farmers' income of different settlement patterns based on rural household panel data to reveal the gradient effect on farmers' income and determinants.The results indicate that:(1) except the resettlement area,the incomes for farmers living in river valley,semi-mountain,and high-mountain settlements present a decreasing trend with the elevation increasing;on the contrary,their nonfarm earnings show an increasing trend with the elevation decreasing;(2) from the effect on farmers' income,there is a common feature that the nonfarm earnings and farming incomes have significant positive effects,and family size and productive expenditure have significant negative effects.One exception to this is the productive expenditure,which becomes insignificant in the model of resettlement area;(3) from the way of increasing farmers' income and alleviating poverty,there are great differences for four types of settlements in mountain areas,however,the improvement of agricultural product sales,agricultural production subsidies,the expansion for nonfarm employment,and the control of the family's size are the most effective approaches for poverty alleviation.
文摘Climate change has significantly increased the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events,posing significant challenges to the hydrological ecological security of rural settlements in mountainous areas.There is an urgent need for research that predicts the flood risk of mountainous villages under future climate scenarios.Taking the mountainous area of the Yongding River Watershed in Beijing as an example,this study uses CMIP6 data and the Delta statistical downscaling method to predict precipitation with return periods of 20-a,50-a,and 100-a under the SSP126,SSP245,and SSP585 scenarios at the end of this century.A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model combining SWMM and HEC-RAS has been employed to simulate the flood risks of the villages in the watershed.The results show that:1)overall flood risk is higher for the villages located downstream of the Qingshui River and at the outlet of the Yongding River Gorge,with significantly increased inundation area ratio,maximum inundation depth,and the number of villages affected;2)with the increase in radiative forcing values of the SSP pathways,the inundation area ratio increases by up to 8.22%by 2100,significantly increasing the flood control pressure on settlements in the future;3)the correlation results between village spatial characteristics and flood risks show that the inundation area ratio is significantly negatively correlated with average river width and river sinuosity,and significantly positively correlated with river gradient and floodway proximity;the maximum inundation depth is significantly negatively correlated with average river width and significantly positively correlated with floodway proximity.Finally,this research suggests that it is necessary to integrate various spatial elements and resources from upstream and downstream areas by prioritizing the strategy of key area flood control and sustainable development,to reduce the flood risk to mountainous settlements under future climate change.
