This research measured the mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point and non-point sources in an urban area. Water samples were collected from a domestic sewer, a combined sewe...This research measured the mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point and non-point sources in an urban area. Water samples were collected from a domestic sewer, a combined sewer overflow, the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, and an urban river. Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in sediment of an urban fiver were also measured. Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in domestic sewage, estimated by assuming first order kinetics at 20℃ were 0.197 day^-1, 0.234 day^-1, 0.258 day^-1 and 0.276 day^-1 for total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococci, respectively. Effects of temperature, sunlight irradiation and settlement on the mortality rate were measured. Results of this research can be used as input data for water quality modeling or can be used as design factors for treatment facilities.展开更多
Objective: Breast and ovarian cancer is rare in Japan compared with other developed countries but their mortality rates are increasing. It is necessary to examine the experience of Japan as a guide to further prevent ...Objective: Breast and ovarian cancer is rare in Japan compared with other developed countries but their mortality rates are increasing. It is necessary to examine the experience of Japan as a guide to further prevent breast and ovarian cancer in our country. Methods: We conducted an epidemiological study of breast and ovarian cancer in the past 50 years to investigate the trends and characteristics of the mortality rates in Japan. The numbers of age-specific death from breast and ovarian cancer and the population of 5-year groups were obtained from the Vital Statistics of Japan. The truncated age specific mortality rates were calculated according to the patterns of age specific mortality rates from both cancers. Age adjustments were made to the standard world population. Results: In the past 50 years, mortality rates of breast and ovarian cancer increased about 2 or 6 fold, respectively. This increase was most marked over 50 years old. The death pattern of breast cancer was same as that of ovarian cancer, but that of ovarian cancer changed greatly with time. The birth cohort study had some interesting findings. Common to breast and ovarian cancer, the later the year of birth, the higher the mortality rates from both malignancies in later life. Conclusion: The increase of the yearly mortality rates from breast and ovarian cancer might be due to changes in lifestyle and environmental factors. We are very concerned about dietary practices. Further investigation is needed to clarify the possible causes of animal food.展开更多
Objective: To explore the trends of incidence and mortality rates of stroke in Hanzhong rural population. Methods: Acting as the WHO MONICA project. Results: The incidence rate of stroke was 152.9/100 000. There was d...Objective: To explore the trends of incidence and mortality rates of stroke in Hanzhong rural population. Methods: Acting as the WHO MONICA project. Results: The incidence rate of stroke was 152.9/100 000. There was decline trend in male(P<0.05). The mortality rate of stroke was 115.9/100 000. There was no significant decline trend during 18-year period (P<0.05). The incidence and mortality rates of stroke of male were higher than those of female(P<0.05).The incidence and mortality rates were all increased with age(P<0.01). Conclusion: It must stick to the long- term prevention measures to decrease incidence rate, and improve the condition of medical treatment to reduce the mortality rate in rural population.展开更多
BACKGROUND Ovarian carcinoma has the highest mortality rate among all gynecological cancers.Several reproductive and hormonal risk factors,including early menarche,late menopause,limited use of oral contraceptives,and...BACKGROUND Ovarian carcinoma has the highest mortality rate among all gynecological cancers.Several reproductive and hormonal risk factors,including early menarche,late menopause,limited use of oral contraceptives,and a low pregnancy rate,have been identified as contributors to the increased susceptibility to ovarian cancer.Advancements in cancer therapy over the past century,including the emergence of precision oncology,underscore the importance of early detection and tailored interventions,factors particularly critical in ovarian cancer,where late-stage diagnosis remains a persistent barrier to survival.This challenge is compounded by the lack of a universally endorsed screening program,resulting in late-stage identification and widespread metastasis.AIM To evaluate demographic differences in ovarian cancer-related mortality from 1999 to 2020 among adult females aged≥25 years within the United States.METHODS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database was used to collect de-identified death certificate data for malignant neoplasm of the ovaries related deaths in female adults aged 25 years and older from the year 1999 to 2020.Crude mortality rates and age-adjusted mortality rates(AAMRs)per 100000 people were calculated.Join point regression program was used to assess annual percent changes in mortality trends,with statistical significance set at P value<0.05.RESULTS Between 1999 and 2020,337619 deaths due to ovarian cancer occurred among United States females aged 25 to>85.The AAMR decreased from 14.62 in 1999 to 10.15 in 2020,with significant declines across various demographics.The AAMRs were highest among non-Hispanic White women,i.e.,13.53.Based on region,they were the highest in the Northeast(13.06)and Midwest(12.94).The steepest decline was observed in metropolitan areas as compared to nonmetropolitan ones.The study highlights significant progress in reducing ovarian cancer mortality across age,race/ethnicity,and geographic regions during this period.CONCLUSION The mortality trends for ovarian carcinoma patients showed an overall decrease,with the highest mortality rates observed among older individuals(65 to>85 years)and non-Hispanic Whites.These disparities underscore the need for equitable healthcare access and targeted policy interventions.展开更多
Background: This study aimed to identify the role of human development index (HDI) in the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer (BC) worldwide. Methods: Data on the age-standardized incidence and mortality ra...Background: This study aimed to identify the role of human development index (HDI) in the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer (BC) worldwide. Methods: Data on the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of BC for 184 countries were obtained from the GLOBOCAN. Data about the HDI and other indices were obtained from the World Bank Report 2013. Linear regression model was used for assessment the effect of HDI on BC occurrence rates. Results: In 2012, BCs were estimated to have affected a total of 1,671,149 individuals (crude rate: 47.8 per 100,000 individuals), and caused 521,907 deaths worldwide (crude rate: 14.7 per 100,000 individuals). Nearly half of total female BC cases (46.3%) with the highest risk of incidence (age-standardized Rate (ASR): 128 per 100,000) had occurred in very high HDI regions. The most proportion of the mortality burden was in low HDI and medium HDI areas. Linear regression analyses showed a direct significant correlation between the incidence of BC and HDI at the global level (B = 104.5, P < 0.001). The mortality rate of BC was not significantly associated with HDI (B = 3.26, P = 0.160). Conclusion: Our study showed that the burden of female BC is enormous in very high HDI and low HID regions. Targeted interventions have the ability to reduce this number significantly through resource-dependent interventions. Moreover, further reductions in mortality could be brought about by increasing access to curative treatment for patients with BC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Autoimmune liver diseases(AiLD)encompass a variety of disorders that target either the liver cells(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)or the bile ducts[primary biliary cholangitis(PBC),and primary sclerosing cholangi...BACKGROUND Autoimmune liver diseases(AiLD)encompass a variety of disorders that target either the liver cells(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)or the bile ducts[primary biliary cholangitis(PBC),and primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)].These conditions can progress to chronic liver disease(CLD),which is characterized by fibrosis,cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma.Recent studies have indicated a rise in hospitalizations and associated costs for CLD in the US,but information regarding inpatient admissions specifically for AiLD remains limited.AIM To examine the trends and mortality of inpatient hospitalization of AiLD from 2011 to 2017.METHODS This study is a retrospective analysis utilizing the National Inpatient Sample(NIS)databases.All subjects admitted between 2011 and 2017 with a diagnosis of AiLD(AIH,PBC,PSC)were identified using the International Classification of Diseases(ICD-9)and ICD-10 codes.primary AiLD admission was defined if the first admission code was one of the AiLD codes.secondary AiLD admission was defined as having the AiLD diagnosis anywhere in the admission diagnosis(25 diagnoses).Subjects aged 21 years and older were included.The national estimates of hospitalization were derived using sample weights provided by NIS.χ^(2)tests for categorical data were used.The primary trend characteristics were in-hospital mortality,hospital charges,and length of stay.RESULTS From 2011 to 2017,hospitalization rates witnessed a significant decline,dropping from 83263 admissions to 74850 admissions(P<0.05).The patients hospitalized were predominantly elderly(median 53%for age>65),mostly female(median 59%)(P<0.05),and primarily Caucasians(median 68%)(P<0.05).Medicare was the major insurance(median 56%),followed by private payer(median 27%)(P<0.05).The South was the top geographical distribution for these admissions(median 33%)(P<0.05),with most admissions taking place in big teaching institutions(median 63%)(P<0.05).Total charges for admissions rose from 66031 in 2011 to 78987 in 2017(P<0.05),while the inpatient mortality rate had a median of 4.9%(P<0.05),rising from 4.67%in 2011 to 5.43%in 2017.The median length of stay remained relatively stable,changing from 6.94 days(SD=0.07)in 2011 to 6.51 days(SD=0.06)in 2017(P<0.05).Acute renal failure emerged as the most common risk factor associated with an increased death rate,affecting nearly 68%of patients(P<0.05).CONCLUSION AiLD-inpatient hospitalization showed a decrease in overall trends over the studied years,however there is a significant increase in financial burden on healthcare with increasing in-hospital costs along with increase in mortality of hospitalized patient with AiLD.展开更多
Effective treatment methods for stroke,a common cerebrovascular disease with a high mortality rate,are still being sought.Exosome therapy,a form of acellular therapy,has demonstrated promising efficacy in various dise...Effective treatment methods for stroke,a common cerebrovascular disease with a high mortality rate,are still being sought.Exosome therapy,a form of acellular therapy,has demonstrated promising efficacy in various diseases in animal models;however,there is currently insufficient evidence to guide the clinical application of exosome in patients with stroke.This article reviews the progress of exosome applications in stroke treatment.It aims to elucidate the significant potential value of exosomes in stroke therapy and provide a reference for their clinical translation.At present,many studies on exosome-based therapies for stroke are actively underway.Regarding preclinical research,exosomes,as bioactive substances with diverse sources,currently favor stem cells as their origin.Due to their high plasticity,exosomes can be effectively modified through various physical,chemical,and genetic engineering methods to enhance their efficacy.In animal models of stroke,exosome therapy can reduce neuroinflammatory responses,alleviate oxidative stress damage,and inhibit programmed cell death.Additionally,exosomes can promote angiogenesis,repair and regenerate damaged white matter fiber bundles,and facilitate the migration and differentiation of neural stem cells,aiding the repair process.We also summarize new directions for the application of exosomes,specifically the exosome intervention through the ventricular-meningeal lymphatic system.The review findings suggest that the treatment paradigm for stroke is poised for transformation.展开更多
Introduction Early cancer detection represents a critical evolution in healthcare,addressing a significant pain point in cancer treatment:the tendency for diagnoses to occur at advanced stages.Traditionally,many cance...Introduction Early cancer detection represents a critical evolution in healthcare,addressing a significant pain point in cancer treatment:the tendency for diagnoses to occur at advanced stages.Traditionally,many cancers are not identified until they have progressed to late stages,where treatment options become limited,less effective,and more costly.This late detection results in poorer prognoses,higher mortality rates,and increased healthcare costs.Without early detection tools like Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization(FISH),these challenges persist,leaving patients with fewer opportunities for successful outcomes.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC),ranking as the third most common malignant tumor globally,continues to have high incidence and mortality rates.In China,the incidence of CRC has been increasing in recent years,imposing a heavy ...Colorectal cancer(CRC),ranking as the third most common malignant tumor globally,continues to have high incidence and mortality rates.In China,the incidence of CRC has been increasing in recent years,imposing a heavy economic burden on society[1].Low prevalence of early screening leads to the majority of patients being diagnosed at an advanced stage.Current main treatment methods,such as surgery,chemotherapy,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy,have limited effectiveness for these patients and are prone to recurrence and metastasis.Moreover,the interplay of various pathogenic factors including genetic,environmental,and lifestyle factors increases the difficulty of CRC prevention and treatment[1].展开更多
Objective This study aims to analyze the burden of lower respiratory infections in Chinese elderly people aged 70 and above.Methods This study utilized Global Burden of Disease(GBD)1990-2050 prediction data to analyze...Objective This study aims to analyze the burden of lower respiratory infections in Chinese elderly people aged 70 and above.Methods This study utilized Global Burden of Disease(GBD)1990-2050 prediction data to analyze changes in mortality rates and disability-adjusted life year(DALY)rates for lower respiratory infections in the elderly population(aged 70 and above)in China from 1990 to 2050.It also discusses future trends in the burden of lower respiratory infections(LRI)in China under different scenarios.Results According to GBD predictions,the burden of lower respiratory infections in the elderly aged 70 years and above in China is lower than the global average.The burden has been decreasing from 1990 to 2020,but is projected to increase from 2020 to 2050.Scenario-based predictions suggest that,under scenarios involving improvements in nutrition and vaccination,the burden of lower respiratory infections in the elderly in China is expected to be the lowest in 2050.Conclusion This study indicates that the burden of lower respiratory infections in elderly people aged 70 years and above in China remains a significant public health issue and may worsen.The government should consider strengthening the preventive measures and management strategies for respiratory infections in the elderly population.展开更多
Hemoptysis is defined as bleeding originating from the respiratory tract distal to the larynx and is associated with a wide spectrum of underlying conditions,including bronchiectasis,pulmonary malignancies,tuberculosi...Hemoptysis is defined as bleeding originating from the respiratory tract distal to the larynx and is associated with a wide spectrum of underlying conditions,including bronchiectasis,pulmonary malignancies,tuberculosis,aspergillosis,and vascular malformations.^([1-3]) A metaanalysis involving patients with massive hemoptysis reported a mortality rate of 3.5%.^([4])This underscores the critical importance of prompt and eff ective embolization of the responsible artery to improve outcomes,particularly in patients presenting with life-threatening hemoptysis.展开更多
Glucocorticoids are widely utilized for treating various immune and inflammation-related diseases,prompting significant interest in their potential application for COVID-19 treatment.This study explored the efficacy a...Glucocorticoids are widely utilized for treating various immune and inflammation-related diseases,prompting significant interest in their potential application for COVID-19 treatment.This study explored the efficacy and safety of dexamethasone(DEX)and methylprednisolone(MP)in treating severe COVID-19.A cohort of 94 adult patients,aged 18 years and older,with severe COVID-19 was recruited.They received intravenous MP(40-80 mg/d)or DEX(5-10 mg/d)for 7-10 d.The primary objective was to assess the effects of these treatments on mortality rates.Additionally,the study aimed to compare the impact of these medications on various parameters,including the oxygenation index,inflammatory index,fungal infections,and hyperglycemia,serving as secondary endpoints.The findings revealed no fatalities in either group.However,there was one case of pulmonary fibrosis and Aspergillus fumigatus infection in the DEX group,and two cases of Aspergillus infection in the MP group.Although the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05),the MP group showed a faster improvement in blood oxygen saturation compared to the DEX group,with a median time of 5 d vs 7 d.No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding improvement in C-reactive protein levels(P>0.05).Notably,DEX was associated with a higher incidence of hyperglycemia compared to MP(P<0.05).Both DEX and MP significantly reduced mortality rates among patients with severe COVID-19 and improved blood oxygen saturation and inflammatory markers.However,MP exhibited a more rapid onset of efficacy and fewer adverse reactions.展开更多
Background： Hebei province is located in North of China with of approximately 6% of whole national population. It is known as a high-risk area for esophageal cancer in China and worldwide. The aim of our study was to...Background： Hebei province is located in North of China with of approximately 6% of whole national population. It is known as a high-risk area for esophageal cancer in China and worldwide. The aim of our study was to estimate the esophageal cancer burden and trend in Hebei Province. Methods： Eight cancer registries in Hebei Province submitted cancer registry data to the Hebei Provincial Cancer Registry Center. All data were qualified and compiled for cancer statistics in 2011. The pooled data were stratified by gender and age group （0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14...80＋）. Incidence and mortality rates were age-standardized to World Segi＇s population standard and expressed per 100,000 persons. In addition, proportions and cumulative incidence/mortality rates for esophageal cancer were calculated. Esophageal cancer mortality data during the periods 1973-1975, 1990-1992, and 2004-2005 were extracted from the national death surveys. Mortality and incidence rate data from Cixian and Shexian were obtained from population-based cancer registries in each county. Results： The estimated number of newly diagnosed esophageal cancer cases and deaths in 2011 in Hebei Province was 24,318 and 18,226, respectively. The crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer was 33.37/100,000 （males, 42.18/100,000 and females, 24.31/100,000）. The age-standardized rate by world standard population （ASRW） was 28.09/100,000, ranking third among all cancers. The esophageal cancer mortality rate was 25.01/100,000 （males, 31.40/100,000 and females, 18.45/100,000）, ranking third in deaths among all cancers. The mortality rates of esophageal cancer displayed a significant decreasing trend in Hebei Province from 1973-1975 （ASRW =48.69/100,000） to 2004-2005 （ASRW =28.02/100,000）, with a decreased rate of 42.45%. In Cixian, the incidence of esophageal cancer decreased from 250.76/100,000 to 106.74/100,000 in males and from 153.86/100,000 to 75.41/100,000 in females, with annual percentage changes （APC） of 2.13 and 2.16, while the mortality rates declined with an APC of 2.46 for males and 3.10 for females from 1988 to 2011. In Shexian, the incidence rate decreased from 116.90/100,000 to 74.12/100,000 in males and from 46.98/100,000 to 40.64/100,000 in females, while the mortality rates declined, with an APC of 4.89 in males from 2003 to 2011. Conclusions： Although the incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer remain high, an obvious decreasing trend has been observed in Hebei Province, as well as in high-risk regions, such as Cixian and Shexian, over the past 40 years.展开更多
BACKGROUND:This study aimed to determine whether modified shock index(MSI)is associated with mortality that is superior to heart rate,blood pressure,or the shock index(SI).in emergency patients.METHODS:A retrospective...BACKGROUND:This study aimed to determine whether modified shock index(MSI)is associated with mortality that is superior to heart rate,blood pressure,or the shock index(SI).in emergency patients.METHODS:A retrospective database review was performed on 22 161 patients who presented to Peking Union Medical College Hospital Emergency Department and received intravenous fluids from January 1 to December 31,2009.We gathered data of the patients on age,gender,vital signs,levels of consciousness,presenting complaints,and SI and MSI were calculated for all patients.RESULTS:Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between risk factors and outcome.There is a significant correlation between emergency patient mortality rate and patient's vital signs obtained at the triage desk(HR>120 beats/min,systolic BP<90 mmHg,diastolic BP<60 mmHg).MSI is a stronger predictor of emergency patient mortality compared to heart rate and blood pressure alone,whereas SI does not have a significant correlation with emergency patient mortality rate.CONCLUSION:MSI is a clinically significant predictor of mortality in emergency patients.It may be better than using heart rate and blood pressure alone.SI is not significantly correlated with the mortality rate of the emergency patient.展开更多
The instantaneous total mortality rate(Z) of a fish population is one of the important parameters in fisheries stock assessment. The estimation of Z is crucial to fish population dynamics analysis,abundance and catch ...The instantaneous total mortality rate(Z) of a fish population is one of the important parameters in fisheries stock assessment. The estimation of Z is crucial to fish population dynamics analysis,abundance and catch forecast,and fisheries management. A catch curve-based method for estimating time-based Z and its change trend from catch per unit effort(CPUE) data of multiple cohorts is developed. Unlike the traditional catch-curve method,the method developed here does not need the assumption of constant Z throughout the time,but the Z values in n continuous years are assumed constant,and then the Z values in different n continuous years are estimated using the age-based CPUE data within these years. The results of the simulation analyses show that the trends of the estimated time-based Z are consistent with the trends of the true Z,and the estimated rates of change from this approach are close to the true change rates(the relative differences between the change rates of the estimated Z and the true Z are smaller than 10%). Variations of both Z and recruitment can affect the estimates of Z value and the trend of Z. The most appropriate value of n can be different given the effects of different factors. Therefore,the appropriate value of n for different fisheries should be determined through a simulation analysis as we demonstrated in this study. Further analyses suggested that selectivity and age estimation are also two factors that can affect the estimated Z values if there is error in either of them,but the estimated change rates of Z are still close to the true change rates. We also applied this approach to the Atlantic cod(G adus morhua) fishery of eastern Newfoundland and Labrador from 1983 to 1997,and obtained reasonable estimates of time-based Z.展开更多
We compared subgroup differences in COVID-19 case and mortality and investigated factors associated with case and mortality rate(MR)measured at the county level in Mississippi.Findings were based on data published by ...We compared subgroup differences in COVID-19 case and mortality and investigated factors associated with case and mortality rate(MR)measured at the county level in Mississippi.Findings were based on data published by the Mississippi State Department of Health between March 11 and July 16,2020.The COVID-19 case rate and case fatality rate(CFR)differed by gender and race,while MR only differed by race.Residents aged 80 years or older and those who live in a non-metro area had a higher case rate,CFR,and MR.After controlling for selected factors,researchers found that the percent of residents who are obese,low income,or with certain chronic conditions were associated with the county COVID-19 case rate,CFR,and/or MR,though some were negatively related.The findings may help the state to identify counties with higher COVID-19 case rate,CFR,and MR based on county demographics and the degree of its chronic conditions.展开更多
Schizophrenia is a group of the most common types of mental illness.Commonly used antischizophrenia drugs all increase mortality to some extent.The increased risk of death in older individuals and patients with dement...Schizophrenia is a group of the most common types of mental illness.Commonly used antischizophrenia drugs all increase mortality to some extent.The increased risk of death in older individuals and patients with dementia using atypical antips-ychotics may be due to myocardial damage,increased mobility and increased risk of stroke.展开更多
Objective To assess the data quality and estimate the provincial infant mortality rate（1q0） from China＇s sixth census. Methods A log-quadratic model is applied to under-fifteen data. We analyze and compare the aver...Objective To assess the data quality and estimate the provincial infant mortality rate（1q0） from China＇s sixth census. Methods A log-quadratic model is applied to under-fifteen data. We analyze and compare the average relative errors（AREs） for 1q0 between the estimated and reported values using the leave-one-out cross-validation method. Results For the sixth census, the AREs are more than 100% for almost all provinces. The estimated average 1q0 level for 31 provinces is 12.3‰ for males and 10.7‰ for females. Conclusion The data for the provincial 1q0 from China＇s sixth census have a serious data quality problem. The actual levels of 1q0 for each province are significantly higher than the reported values.展开更多
In 1983, the Vice Secretary-General of United Nations Children＇s Fund （UNICEF）, Karl Knutsson, visited Japan and remarked that the method of reducing the Japanese infant mortality rate （IMR） was a model for every...In 1983, the Vice Secretary-General of United Nations Children＇s Fund （UNICEF）, Karl Knutsson, visited Japan and remarked that the method of reducing the Japanese infant mortality rate （IMR） was a model for every country. In the early twentieth century, Osaka and at the time of UNICEF＇s plan in the 1980s, diarrhea was the cause of most babies＇ deaths, so we consider infant nutrition to be the central issue. The average IMR was 155.4 in rural areas in Japan, and IMR in Osaka city was 231.6 during 1906 to 1910. IMR in Osaka city might have been influenced by somewhat negative urban factors, which we can call the ＂urban penalty＂. Dr. Hiroshi Maruyama discovered the a-index in 1938. The a-index represents infant mortality number divided by neonatal mortality number. After all, Maruyama set one month after birth as a boundary to divide endogenous and exogenous. The a-index shows a qualitative measure of infant mortality. Post neonatal mortality was increased due to acquired diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia, and beriberi. This shows that the effect of the urban penalty was raising the a-index. The a-index of the industrial zones shows that bad maternal conditions affected endogenous factors. Most mothers suffered from a deficiency of breast-feeding capability.展开更多
With the decline in the most fisheries resources in the Yellow Sea,the yellow goosefish Lophius litulon has increased in commercial and ecological importance in recent years.We studied the length distribution,length-w...With the decline in the most fisheries resources in the Yellow Sea,the yellow goosefish Lophius litulon has increased in commercial and ecological importance in recent years.We studied the length distribution,length-weight relationship,age composition,growth pattern,mortality,and exploitation rates of the yellow goosefish in the Yellow Sea.Total length(TL)of females and males ranged from 173 to 582 mm and 178 to 500 mm,respectively.The length-weight relationships were also estimated for females and males.Age classes from 2 to 4 years predominated in the samples.The von Bertalanffy growth function(VBGF),estimated based on non-linear least-squares methodology,showed significant differences between sexes.Females attained a greater estimated asymptotic total length(765 mm TL)compared to males(579 mm TL).The VBGF did not differ significantly between stocks of the northern Yellow Sea and the southern Yellow Sea.Estimated natural instantaneous mortality rate(M)ranged from 0.25/a to 0.33/a based on four age-and length-based methods.Total instantaneous mortality rate(Z)of total samples calculated by the age-based catch curve method was 0.591/a and the average fishing mortality(F)was 0.30/a.Estimated exploitation rate(E)was approximately 0.5,indicating that the population of L.litulon in the Yellow Sea may be sustainable.These results provide a reference for the present status of L.litulon and information for the management.展开更多
基金supported by the Intramural Research Grant of Hannam University
文摘This research measured the mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point and non-point sources in an urban area. Water samples were collected from a domestic sewer, a combined sewer overflow, the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, and an urban river. Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in sediment of an urban fiver were also measured. Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in domestic sewage, estimated by assuming first order kinetics at 20℃ were 0.197 day^-1, 0.234 day^-1, 0.258 day^-1 and 0.276 day^-1 for total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococci, respectively. Effects of temperature, sunlight irradiation and settlement on the mortality rate were measured. Results of this research can be used as input data for water quality modeling or can be used as design factors for treatment facilities.
文摘Objective: Breast and ovarian cancer is rare in Japan compared with other developed countries but their mortality rates are increasing. It is necessary to examine the experience of Japan as a guide to further prevent breast and ovarian cancer in our country. Methods: We conducted an epidemiological study of breast and ovarian cancer in the past 50 years to investigate the trends and characteristics of the mortality rates in Japan. The numbers of age-specific death from breast and ovarian cancer and the population of 5-year groups were obtained from the Vital Statistics of Japan. The truncated age specific mortality rates were calculated according to the patterns of age specific mortality rates from both cancers. Age adjustments were made to the standard world population. Results: In the past 50 years, mortality rates of breast and ovarian cancer increased about 2 or 6 fold, respectively. This increase was most marked over 50 years old. The death pattern of breast cancer was same as that of ovarian cancer, but that of ovarian cancer changed greatly with time. The birth cohort study had some interesting findings. Common to breast and ovarian cancer, the later the year of birth, the higher the mortality rates from both malignancies in later life. Conclusion: The increase of the yearly mortality rates from breast and ovarian cancer might be due to changes in lifestyle and environmental factors. We are very concerned about dietary practices. Further investigation is needed to clarify the possible causes of animal food.
文摘Objective: To explore the trends of incidence and mortality rates of stroke in Hanzhong rural population. Methods: Acting as the WHO MONICA project. Results: The incidence rate of stroke was 152.9/100 000. There was decline trend in male(P<0.05). The mortality rate of stroke was 115.9/100 000. There was no significant decline trend during 18-year period (P<0.05). The incidence and mortality rates of stroke of male were higher than those of female(P<0.05).The incidence and mortality rates were all increased with age(P<0.01). Conclusion: It must stick to the long- term prevention measures to decrease incidence rate, and improve the condition of medical treatment to reduce the mortality rate in rural population.
文摘BACKGROUND Ovarian carcinoma has the highest mortality rate among all gynecological cancers.Several reproductive and hormonal risk factors,including early menarche,late menopause,limited use of oral contraceptives,and a low pregnancy rate,have been identified as contributors to the increased susceptibility to ovarian cancer.Advancements in cancer therapy over the past century,including the emergence of precision oncology,underscore the importance of early detection and tailored interventions,factors particularly critical in ovarian cancer,where late-stage diagnosis remains a persistent barrier to survival.This challenge is compounded by the lack of a universally endorsed screening program,resulting in late-stage identification and widespread metastasis.AIM To evaluate demographic differences in ovarian cancer-related mortality from 1999 to 2020 among adult females aged≥25 years within the United States.METHODS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database was used to collect de-identified death certificate data for malignant neoplasm of the ovaries related deaths in female adults aged 25 years and older from the year 1999 to 2020.Crude mortality rates and age-adjusted mortality rates(AAMRs)per 100000 people were calculated.Join point regression program was used to assess annual percent changes in mortality trends,with statistical significance set at P value<0.05.RESULTS Between 1999 and 2020,337619 deaths due to ovarian cancer occurred among United States females aged 25 to>85.The AAMR decreased from 14.62 in 1999 to 10.15 in 2020,with significant declines across various demographics.The AAMRs were highest among non-Hispanic White women,i.e.,13.53.Based on region,they were the highest in the Northeast(13.06)and Midwest(12.94).The steepest decline was observed in metropolitan areas as compared to nonmetropolitan ones.The study highlights significant progress in reducing ovarian cancer mortality across age,race/ethnicity,and geographic regions during this period.CONCLUSION The mortality trends for ovarian carcinoma patients showed an overall decrease,with the highest mortality rates observed among older individuals(65 to>85 years)and non-Hispanic Whites.These disparities underscore the need for equitable healthcare access and targeted policy interventions.
文摘Background: This study aimed to identify the role of human development index (HDI) in the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer (BC) worldwide. Methods: Data on the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of BC for 184 countries were obtained from the GLOBOCAN. Data about the HDI and other indices were obtained from the World Bank Report 2013. Linear regression model was used for assessment the effect of HDI on BC occurrence rates. Results: In 2012, BCs were estimated to have affected a total of 1,671,149 individuals (crude rate: 47.8 per 100,000 individuals), and caused 521,907 deaths worldwide (crude rate: 14.7 per 100,000 individuals). Nearly half of total female BC cases (46.3%) with the highest risk of incidence (age-standardized Rate (ASR): 128 per 100,000) had occurred in very high HDI regions. The most proportion of the mortality burden was in low HDI and medium HDI areas. Linear regression analyses showed a direct significant correlation between the incidence of BC and HDI at the global level (B = 104.5, P < 0.001). The mortality rate of BC was not significantly associated with HDI (B = 3.26, P = 0.160). Conclusion: Our study showed that the burden of female BC is enormous in very high HDI and low HID regions. Targeted interventions have the ability to reduce this number significantly through resource-dependent interventions. Moreover, further reductions in mortality could be brought about by increasing access to curative treatment for patients with BC.
文摘BACKGROUND Autoimmune liver diseases(AiLD)encompass a variety of disorders that target either the liver cells(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)or the bile ducts[primary biliary cholangitis(PBC),and primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)].These conditions can progress to chronic liver disease(CLD),which is characterized by fibrosis,cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma.Recent studies have indicated a rise in hospitalizations and associated costs for CLD in the US,but information regarding inpatient admissions specifically for AiLD remains limited.AIM To examine the trends and mortality of inpatient hospitalization of AiLD from 2011 to 2017.METHODS This study is a retrospective analysis utilizing the National Inpatient Sample(NIS)databases.All subjects admitted between 2011 and 2017 with a diagnosis of AiLD(AIH,PBC,PSC)were identified using the International Classification of Diseases(ICD-9)and ICD-10 codes.primary AiLD admission was defined if the first admission code was one of the AiLD codes.secondary AiLD admission was defined as having the AiLD diagnosis anywhere in the admission diagnosis(25 diagnoses).Subjects aged 21 years and older were included.The national estimates of hospitalization were derived using sample weights provided by NIS.χ^(2)tests for categorical data were used.The primary trend characteristics were in-hospital mortality,hospital charges,and length of stay.RESULTS From 2011 to 2017,hospitalization rates witnessed a significant decline,dropping from 83263 admissions to 74850 admissions(P<0.05).The patients hospitalized were predominantly elderly(median 53%for age>65),mostly female(median 59%)(P<0.05),and primarily Caucasians(median 68%)(P<0.05).Medicare was the major insurance(median 56%),followed by private payer(median 27%)(P<0.05).The South was the top geographical distribution for these admissions(median 33%)(P<0.05),with most admissions taking place in big teaching institutions(median 63%)(P<0.05).Total charges for admissions rose from 66031 in 2011 to 78987 in 2017(P<0.05),while the inpatient mortality rate had a median of 4.9%(P<0.05),rising from 4.67%in 2011 to 5.43%in 2017.The median length of stay remained relatively stable,changing from 6.94 days(SD=0.07)in 2011 to 6.51 days(SD=0.06)in 2017(P<0.05).Acute renal failure emerged as the most common risk factor associated with an increased death rate,affecting nearly 68%of patients(P<0.05).CONCLUSION AiLD-inpatient hospitalization showed a decrease in overall trends over the studied years,however there is a significant increase in financial burden on healthcare with increasing in-hospital costs along with increase in mortality of hospitalized patient with AiLD.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,No.CSTB2023NSCQ-mSX0561(to WL).
文摘Effective treatment methods for stroke,a common cerebrovascular disease with a high mortality rate,are still being sought.Exosome therapy,a form of acellular therapy,has demonstrated promising efficacy in various diseases in animal models;however,there is currently insufficient evidence to guide the clinical application of exosome in patients with stroke.This article reviews the progress of exosome applications in stroke treatment.It aims to elucidate the significant potential value of exosomes in stroke therapy and provide a reference for their clinical translation.At present,many studies on exosome-based therapies for stroke are actively underway.Regarding preclinical research,exosomes,as bioactive substances with diverse sources,currently favor stem cells as their origin.Due to their high plasticity,exosomes can be effectively modified through various physical,chemical,and genetic engineering methods to enhance their efficacy.In animal models of stroke,exosome therapy can reduce neuroinflammatory responses,alleviate oxidative stress damage,and inhibit programmed cell death.Additionally,exosomes can promote angiogenesis,repair and regenerate damaged white matter fiber bundles,and facilitate the migration and differentiation of neural stem cells,aiding the repair process.We also summarize new directions for the application of exosomes,specifically the exosome intervention through the ventricular-meningeal lymphatic system.The review findings suggest that the treatment paradigm for stroke is poised for transformation.
基金supported by Guangzhou Development Zone Science and Technology(2021GH10,2020GH10,2023GH02)the University of Macao(MYRG2022-00271-FST)The Science and Technology Development Fund(FDCT)of Macao(0032/2022/A).
文摘Introduction Early cancer detection represents a critical evolution in healthcare,addressing a significant pain point in cancer treatment:the tendency for diagnoses to occur at advanced stages.Traditionally,many cancers are not identified until they have progressed to late stages,where treatment options become limited,less effective,and more costly.This late detection results in poorer prognoses,higher mortality rates,and increased healthcare costs.Without early detection tools like Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization(FISH),these challenges persist,leaving patients with fewer opportunities for successful outcomes.
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC),ranking as the third most common malignant tumor globally,continues to have high incidence and mortality rates.In China,the incidence of CRC has been increasing in recent years,imposing a heavy economic burden on society[1].Low prevalence of early screening leads to the majority of patients being diagnosed at an advanced stage.Current main treatment methods,such as surgery,chemotherapy,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy,have limited effectiveness for these patients and are prone to recurrence and metastasis.Moreover,the interplay of various pathogenic factors including genetic,environmental,and lifestyle factors increases the difficulty of CRC prevention and treatment[1].
基金supported by the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(No.BJ-2023-066).
文摘Objective This study aims to analyze the burden of lower respiratory infections in Chinese elderly people aged 70 and above.Methods This study utilized Global Burden of Disease(GBD)1990-2050 prediction data to analyze changes in mortality rates and disability-adjusted life year(DALY)rates for lower respiratory infections in the elderly population(aged 70 and above)in China from 1990 to 2050.It also discusses future trends in the burden of lower respiratory infections(LRI)in China under different scenarios.Results According to GBD predictions,the burden of lower respiratory infections in the elderly aged 70 years and above in China is lower than the global average.The burden has been decreasing from 1990 to 2020,but is projected to increase from 2020 to 2050.Scenario-based predictions suggest that,under scenarios involving improvements in nutrition and vaccination,the burden of lower respiratory infections in the elderly in China is expected to be the lowest in 2050.Conclusion This study indicates that the burden of lower respiratory infections in elderly people aged 70 years and above in China remains a significant public health issue and may worsen.The government should consider strengthening the preventive measures and management strategies for respiratory infections in the elderly population.
文摘Hemoptysis is defined as bleeding originating from the respiratory tract distal to the larynx and is associated with a wide spectrum of underlying conditions,including bronchiectasis,pulmonary malignancies,tuberculosis,aspergillosis,and vascular malformations.^([1-3]) A metaanalysis involving patients with massive hemoptysis reported a mortality rate of 3.5%.^([4])This underscores the critical importance of prompt and eff ective embolization of the responsible artery to improve outcomes,particularly in patients presenting with life-threatening hemoptysis.
基金Cultivation fund in Second Hospital of Shandong University(Grant No.2023YP11).
文摘Glucocorticoids are widely utilized for treating various immune and inflammation-related diseases,prompting significant interest in their potential application for COVID-19 treatment.This study explored the efficacy and safety of dexamethasone(DEX)and methylprednisolone(MP)in treating severe COVID-19.A cohort of 94 adult patients,aged 18 years and older,with severe COVID-19 was recruited.They received intravenous MP(40-80 mg/d)or DEX(5-10 mg/d)for 7-10 d.The primary objective was to assess the effects of these treatments on mortality rates.Additionally,the study aimed to compare the impact of these medications on various parameters,including the oxygenation index,inflammatory index,fungal infections,and hyperglycemia,serving as secondary endpoints.The findings revealed no fatalities in either group.However,there was one case of pulmonary fibrosis and Aspergillus fumigatus infection in the DEX group,and two cases of Aspergillus infection in the MP group.Although the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05),the MP group showed a faster improvement in blood oxygen saturation compared to the DEX group,with a median time of 5 d vs 7 d.No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding improvement in C-reactive protein levels(P>0.05).Notably,DEX was associated with a higher incidence of hyperglycemia compared to MP(P<0.05).Both DEX and MP significantly reduced mortality rates among patients with severe COVID-19 and improved blood oxygen saturation and inflammatory markers.However,MP exhibited a more rapid onset of efficacy and fewer adverse reactions.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(81272682)the National Natural Scientific Foundation of Hebei Province(C2011206058)financial department of Hebei Province[No.(2012)2056]
文摘Background： Hebei province is located in North of China with of approximately 6% of whole national population. It is known as a high-risk area for esophageal cancer in China and worldwide. The aim of our study was to estimate the esophageal cancer burden and trend in Hebei Province. Methods： Eight cancer registries in Hebei Province submitted cancer registry data to the Hebei Provincial Cancer Registry Center. All data were qualified and compiled for cancer statistics in 2011. The pooled data were stratified by gender and age group （0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14...80＋）. Incidence and mortality rates were age-standardized to World Segi＇s population standard and expressed per 100,000 persons. In addition, proportions and cumulative incidence/mortality rates for esophageal cancer were calculated. Esophageal cancer mortality data during the periods 1973-1975, 1990-1992, and 2004-2005 were extracted from the national death surveys. Mortality and incidence rate data from Cixian and Shexian were obtained from population-based cancer registries in each county. Results： The estimated number of newly diagnosed esophageal cancer cases and deaths in 2011 in Hebei Province was 24,318 and 18,226, respectively. The crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer was 33.37/100,000 （males, 42.18/100,000 and females, 24.31/100,000）. The age-standardized rate by world standard population （ASRW） was 28.09/100,000, ranking third among all cancers. The esophageal cancer mortality rate was 25.01/100,000 （males, 31.40/100,000 and females, 18.45/100,000）, ranking third in deaths among all cancers. The mortality rates of esophageal cancer displayed a significant decreasing trend in Hebei Province from 1973-1975 （ASRW =48.69/100,000） to 2004-2005 （ASRW =28.02/100,000）, with a decreased rate of 42.45%. In Cixian, the incidence of esophageal cancer decreased from 250.76/100,000 to 106.74/100,000 in males and from 153.86/100,000 to 75.41/100,000 in females, with annual percentage changes （APC） of 2.13 and 2.16, while the mortality rates declined with an APC of 2.46 for males and 3.10 for females from 1988 to 2011. In Shexian, the incidence rate decreased from 116.90/100,000 to 74.12/100,000 in males and from 46.98/100,000 to 40.64/100,000 in females, while the mortality rates declined, with an APC of 4.89 in males from 2003 to 2011. Conclusions： Although the incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer remain high, an obvious decreasing trend has been observed in Hebei Province, as well as in high-risk regions, such as Cixian and Shexian, over the past 40 years.
文摘BACKGROUND:This study aimed to determine whether modified shock index(MSI)is associated with mortality that is superior to heart rate,blood pressure,or the shock index(SI).in emergency patients.METHODS:A retrospective database review was performed on 22 161 patients who presented to Peking Union Medical College Hospital Emergency Department and received intravenous fluids from January 1 to December 31,2009.We gathered data of the patients on age,gender,vital signs,levels of consciousness,presenting complaints,and SI and MSI were calculated for all patients.RESULTS:Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between risk factors and outcome.There is a significant correlation between emergency patient mortality rate and patient's vital signs obtained at the triage desk(HR>120 beats/min,systolic BP<90 mmHg,diastolic BP<60 mmHg).MSI is a stronger predictor of emergency patient mortality compared to heart rate and blood pressure alone,whereas SI does not have a significant correlation with emergency patient mortality rate.CONCLUSION:MSI is a clinically significant predictor of mortality in emergency patients.It may be better than using heart rate and blood pressure alone.SI is not significantly correlated with the mortality rate of the emergency patient.
基金Supported by the USDA Cooperative State Research,Education and Extension Service,Hatch Project(No.0210510)the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Nos.31270527,40801225)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LY13D010005)the Young Academic Leaders Climbing Program of Zhejiang Province(No.pd2013222)
文摘The instantaneous total mortality rate(Z) of a fish population is one of the important parameters in fisheries stock assessment. The estimation of Z is crucial to fish population dynamics analysis,abundance and catch forecast,and fisheries management. A catch curve-based method for estimating time-based Z and its change trend from catch per unit effort(CPUE) data of multiple cohorts is developed. Unlike the traditional catch-curve method,the method developed here does not need the assumption of constant Z throughout the time,but the Z values in n continuous years are assumed constant,and then the Z values in different n continuous years are estimated using the age-based CPUE data within these years. The results of the simulation analyses show that the trends of the estimated time-based Z are consistent with the trends of the true Z,and the estimated rates of change from this approach are close to the true change rates(the relative differences between the change rates of the estimated Z and the true Z are smaller than 10%). Variations of both Z and recruitment can affect the estimates of Z value and the trend of Z. The most appropriate value of n can be different given the effects of different factors. Therefore,the appropriate value of n for different fisheries should be determined through a simulation analysis as we demonstrated in this study. Further analyses suggested that selectivity and age estimation are also two factors that can affect the estimated Z values if there is error in either of them,but the estimated change rates of Z are still close to the true change rates. We also applied this approach to the Atlantic cod(G adus morhua) fishery of eastern Newfoundland and Labrador from 1983 to 1997,and obtained reasonable estimates of time-based Z.
文摘We compared subgroup differences in COVID-19 case and mortality and investigated factors associated with case and mortality rate(MR)measured at the county level in Mississippi.Findings were based on data published by the Mississippi State Department of Health between March 11 and July 16,2020.The COVID-19 case rate and case fatality rate(CFR)differed by gender and race,while MR only differed by race.Residents aged 80 years or older and those who live in a non-metro area had a higher case rate,CFR,and MR.After controlling for selected factors,researchers found that the percent of residents who are obese,low income,or with certain chronic conditions were associated with the county COVID-19 case rate,CFR,and/or MR,though some were negatively related.The findings may help the state to identify counties with higher COVID-19 case rate,CFR,and MR based on county demographics and the degree of its chronic conditions.
基金Supported by Curriculum Reform Project of Taizhou University in 2021, No. xkg2021087
文摘Schizophrenia is a group of the most common types of mental illness.Commonly used antischizophrenia drugs all increase mortality to some extent.The increased risk of death in older individuals and patients with dementia using atypical antips-ychotics may be due to myocardial damage,increased mobility and increased risk of stroke.
基金supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation of China:A Study on the Mortality Pattern of Chinese Population and Related Statistical Models(81273179)China’s sixth census excluds the data of Hong Kong SAR,Macao SAR,and Taiwan
文摘Objective To assess the data quality and estimate the provincial infant mortality rate（1q0） from China＇s sixth census. Methods A log-quadratic model is applied to under-fifteen data. We analyze and compare the average relative errors（AREs） for 1q0 between the estimated and reported values using the leave-one-out cross-validation method. Results For the sixth census, the AREs are more than 100% for almost all provinces. The estimated average 1q0 level for 31 provinces is 12.3‰ for males and 10.7‰ for females. Conclusion The data for the provincial 1q0 from China＇s sixth census have a serious data quality problem. The actual levels of 1q0 for each province are significantly higher than the reported values.
文摘In 1983, the Vice Secretary-General of United Nations Children＇s Fund （UNICEF）, Karl Knutsson, visited Japan and remarked that the method of reducing the Japanese infant mortality rate （IMR） was a model for every country. In the early twentieth century, Osaka and at the time of UNICEF＇s plan in the 1980s, diarrhea was the cause of most babies＇ deaths, so we consider infant nutrition to be the central issue. The average IMR was 155.4 in rural areas in Japan, and IMR in Osaka city was 231.6 during 1906 to 1910. IMR in Osaka city might have been influenced by somewhat negative urban factors, which we can call the ＂urban penalty＂. Dr. Hiroshi Maruyama discovered the a-index in 1938. The a-index represents infant mortality number divided by neonatal mortality number. After all, Maruyama set one month after birth as a boundary to divide endogenous and exogenous. The a-index shows a qualitative measure of infant mortality. Post neonatal mortality was increased due to acquired diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia, and beriberi. This shows that the effect of the urban penalty was raising the a-index. The a-index of the industrial zones shows that bad maternal conditions affected endogenous factors. Most mothers suffered from a deficiency of breast-feeding capability.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0900902)。
文摘With the decline in the most fisheries resources in the Yellow Sea,the yellow goosefish Lophius litulon has increased in commercial and ecological importance in recent years.We studied the length distribution,length-weight relationship,age composition,growth pattern,mortality,and exploitation rates of the yellow goosefish in the Yellow Sea.Total length(TL)of females and males ranged from 173 to 582 mm and 178 to 500 mm,respectively.The length-weight relationships were also estimated for females and males.Age classes from 2 to 4 years predominated in the samples.The von Bertalanffy growth function(VBGF),estimated based on non-linear least-squares methodology,showed significant differences between sexes.Females attained a greater estimated asymptotic total length(765 mm TL)compared to males(579 mm TL).The VBGF did not differ significantly between stocks of the northern Yellow Sea and the southern Yellow Sea.Estimated natural instantaneous mortality rate(M)ranged from 0.25/a to 0.33/a based on four age-and length-based methods.Total instantaneous mortality rate(Z)of total samples calculated by the age-based catch curve method was 0.591/a and the average fishing mortality(F)was 0.30/a.Estimated exploitation rate(E)was approximately 0.5,indicating that the population of L.litulon in the Yellow Sea may be sustainable.These results provide a reference for the present status of L.litulon and information for the management.
