Soil erosion in the Hare watershed led to significant land degradation,water pollution,and reduced agricultural productivity.Despite its effects,very few researchers have used combined morphometric and RUSLE model tec...Soil erosion in the Hare watershed led to significant land degradation,water pollution,and reduced agricultural productivity.Despite its effects,very few researchers have used combined morphometric and RUSLE model techniques to quantify soil erosion and thereby prioritize impacted areas.This work used an automated GIS-based tool(SWPT)to prioritize crucial areas based on topohydrological and morphometric factors and predict soil loss in sub-watersheds using the RUSLE model.Land use/cover data were obtained from Landsat imagery,while slope and morphometric information were extracted from digital elevation data with a resolution of 12.5 m.Soil erodibility was determined using Ethiopian soil maps,and rainfall erosivity was computed using meteorological data.An average annual soil loss of 49 t ha-1 yr-1 was observed in the Hare watershed.Sub-watershed 11 was found to be the most affected,with an average annual soil loss of 85.12 t ha-1 yr-1and a compound parameter value(CPV)of 0.059.Subwatershed 17 has the least amount of soil loss,with 3.67t ha-1 yr-1 and a CPV of 1.32.The study emphasizes the usefulness of integrating RUSLE and morphometric analysis for soil and water conservation planning,suggesting a variety of modeling tools in data-sparse locations to quantify and prioritize erosion-prone areas.展开更多
The present study aimed to delineate a robust watershed boundary and extract its morphometric parameters in the Karnaphuli watershed,Bangladesh,using different digital elevation models(DEMs).Two DEMs,the shuttle radar...The present study aimed to delineate a robust watershed boundary and extract its morphometric parameters in the Karnaphuli watershed,Bangladesh,using different digital elevation models(DEMs).Two DEMs,the shuttle radar topographic mission(SRTM)and the terra advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer(ASTER),were employed to delineate watershed boundaries and evaluate various morphometric characteristics.Raster data such as fill sinks,flow direction,and flow accumulation were utilized to delineate the watershed.The morphometric analysis included the estimation of linear,areal,and relief parameters.The findings revealed a noticeable difference between the datasets;ASTER delineated a larger watershed area than SRTM.Regarding stream order,there were streams ranging from 1st to 6th order,encompassing numerous small,medium,and main channels of the river.Drainage density was calculated as 0.52 km/km^(2)for SRTM and 0.51 km/km^(2)for ASTER,both having a spatial resolution of 30m.The bifurcation ratio ranged from 1.94 for SRTM to 2.45 for ASTER,indicating varying degrees of structural disturbance influenced by geological factors.The form factor indicated an elongated shape of the study area.The overall dimensions of the streams and the watershed extent suggest moderate mean annual rainfall discharge.The watershed exhibited relatively high denudation rates,attributed to the basin relief.A low drainage density indicated the importance of infiltration processes.The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the spatial variability of watershed characteristics,highlighting the need for tailored management strategies for the Karnaphuli River.Implementing targeted conservation measures and watershed management practices based on these morphometric parameters can enhance water resource sustainability and ecological health in the region.展开更多
Background:The Elegant Pitta(Pitta elegans)complex displays a remarkable diversity of morphological and bioacoustic traits across five taxa currently recognized as subspecies.They differ in plumage characteristics(suc...Background:The Elegant Pitta(Pitta elegans)complex displays a remarkable diversity of morphological and bioacoustic traits across five taxa currently recognized as subspecies.They differ in plumage characteristics(such as red versus black belly patches;supercilium color and extent;and white versus black throats),in lifestyle(resident versus migratory)and in vocalizations.We investigated the morphological,bioacoustic and ecological differences across all taxa after recent studies demostrated the importance of these traits in recognizing biological species limits across pittas.Methods:Morphometric analysis was carried out by measuring tarsus,wing,tail and bill lengths of 15 specimens at the Natural History Museum,UK,and plumages were inspected across 106 unique individuals from four different repositories.Bioacoustic analysis was based on 134 range-wide sound recordings.Two types of calls,territorial calls and alarm calls,were analyzed using different sets of parameters.Principal component analysis and the Isler Criterion were applied to the measurements.Playback trials were conducted to explore the levels of response of each taxon to the call types of the other taxa.Results:The territorial call of concinna exhibits a distinct two-element motif,while elegans,maria and virginalis utter a three-element motif in which the first two elements are given in quick succession.On the other hand,vigorsii,produces both two-element and three-element motifs with longer breaks in between elements.As further corroborated by the playback trials,the three taxa elegans,virginalis and maria form a tight vocal cluster,whereas each concinna and vigorsii are distinct.The alarm call turned out to be less diagnostic even though most taxa did roughly separate into different vocal clusters.Morphometric analysis failed to produce strong differences,but plumage distinctions among multiple taxa are pronounced.Conclusions:We suggest splitting the Elegant Pitta into three biological species based on bioacoustic and—less so—plumage evidence:(1)Temminck’s Elegant Pitta P.elegans(including subspecies elegans,virginalis and maria),(2)Wallace’s Elegant Pitta P.concinna(monotypic),and(3)Banda Elegant Pitta P.vigorsii(monotypic).展开更多
Objective:To determine the morphological characteristics of variations in populations of female adult sand fly,Sergentomyia anodontis Quate and Fairchild,1961 in caves in southern Thailand using morphometric analysis....Objective:To determine the morphological characteristics of variations in populations of female adult sand fly,Sergentomyia anodontis Quate and Fairchild,1961 in caves in southern Thailand using morphometric analysis.Methods:A total of 107 female Sergentomyia anodontis were isolated from 651 sand flies captured by CDC light traps overnight in caves in Surat Thani,Nakhon Si Thammarat,Satun and Songkhla provinces from February to December 2017.Measurement of 23 external and internal morphological characteristics was conducted.Data were tested with preliminary statistics(Kolmogorov-Smirnov test,Levene’s test and Box’s test of equality of covariance matrices)and by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test.Measurements were analyzed using canonical discriminant analysis.Results:There were 11 morphological characteristics with high variability while two characteristics exhibited low variation.The sand fly populations from Nakhon Si Thammarat,Satun and Songkhla provinces were very similar but were separate from that in Surat Thani province based on canonical discriminant analysis data.This indicates that the morphological variation founding is a result of the diversity of habitats in each population and the geographic features of caves in each area,such as their altitude above sea level.Conclusions:There is a certain variation in the morphology of Sergentomyia anodontis sand flies at the population level which may be used for future classification of sand flies.展开更多
Morphometric analysis is crucial for advancing in various fields,including geomorphology,hydrology,environmental sciences,and geological studies.The objective of the present study is to understand the hydrological and...Morphometric analysis is crucial for advancing in various fields,including geomorphology,hydrology,environmental sciences,and geological studies.The objective of the present study is to understand the hydrological and morphological characteristics of the Shimsha River,which flows through the fluvial deltaic plain in the semiarid environment of Karnataka.Remote sensing and geographic information system have been used as mapping and efficient tools for drainage basin morphometry.The emphasis is laid on geological,geomorphological,hydrological,and fluvial features under linear,aerial,shape,relief,geometric,morphotectonic,and social morphometric parameters.The basin area is about 8741 km^(2),with a dendritic to subdendritic pattern.The sinuosity index is 1.6,which indicates meandering in nature.Areal parameters suggest that the drainage basin has a moderate surface permeability,homogenous lithology,run-off,erodibility,low relief conditions,infiltration rate,and a well-developed drainage network.Shape parameter indicates that the basin is subelongated with flatted peak flow and longer duration.Relief factor indicated low relief and intermediate stage of the incision rate.The river has an asymmetry factor is 38.65 and it shows that the channel has shifted southwest.The river shows a perfectly graded profile,with a considerable amount of incision and deposition along its profile showing tectonically unstable,based on the spatial distribution of the potential groundwater zone of about(5260 km^(2)),other waterbody masks covered(285 km^(2)).Standard visual interpretation techniques were applied to recognize and interpret the land use and land cover patterns.A basin rich in clay-rich soil may lead to a massive flood.Essentially,physiographical and structural conditions controlled the stream order of the basin.The increase in the stream length ratio from lower to a higher order.That indicates a mature geomorphic stage of the study area.Rainfall and local lithology impact the development of segments of the stream.展开更多
Utilizing multispectral satellite data and digital elevation models (DEMs) has emerged as the primary approach for cartographically representing landforms. By using high-resolution satellite photos that capture spatia...Utilizing multispectral satellite data and digital elevation models (DEMs) has emerged as the primary approach for cartographically representing landforms. By using high-resolution satellite photos that capture spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric data, one may get a fresh comprehension of the geomorphology of a particular area by recognizing its landforms. In addition, a synergistic method is used by using data produced from digital elevation models (DEMs) such as Slope, Aspect, Hillshade, Curvature, Contour Patterns, and 3-D Flythrough Visuals. The increasing use of UAV (drone) technology for obtaining high-resolution digital images and elevation models has become an essential element in developing complete topographic models in landslide scars that are very unstable and prone to erosion. Comparison (differences in values) of seven (7) different DEMs between two algorithms used, i.e., QGIS and White Box Tool (WBT), were successfully attempted in the present research. The TLS, UAV and Satellite data of the study area—Kshetrapal Landslide, Chamoli (District), Uttarakhand (State), India was subjected to two different algorithms (QGIS and WBT) to evaluate and differentiate seven different DEMs (CARTOSAT, ASTER, SRTM, Alos 3D, TanDEM, MERIT, and FabDEM/FATHOM) taking into consideration various parameters viz. Aspect, Hillshade, Slope, Mean Curvature, Plan Curvature, Profile Curvature and Total Curvature. The different values of aforesaid parameters of various DEMs evaluated (using algorithms QIGS and WBT) reveal that only three parameters, i.e., Aspect, Hillshade, and Slope, show results. In contrast, the remaining ones do not show any meaningful results, and therefore, the comparison was possible only with regard to these three parameters. The comparison is drawn by comparing minimum, maximum, and elevation values (by subtracting WBT values from QGIS values) regarding Aspect, Hillshade, and Slope, arranging the differences in values as per their importance. (Increasing or decreasing order), assigning merit scores individually, and then cumulatively, and ascertaining the order of application suitability of various Dems, which stand in the order of (CARTOSAT, ASTER, SRTM, Alos 3D, TanDEM, and MERIT, and FabDEM/FATHOM).展开更多
Natural resource management is essential to sustain human well-being and the environment.Water and soil are two of the most important natural resources that require careful management.The western part of India faces m...Natural resource management is essential to sustain human well-being and the environment.Water and soil are two of the most important natural resources that require careful management.The western part of India faces multiple challenges,including climatic variability,soil degradation,water scarcity,deforestation,etc.The basin’s sub-watersheds are delineated and prioritised using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)and Sub Watershed Prioritization Tool(SWPT),respectively,using morphometric and topo-hydrological characteristics,and the sub-watersheds are further ranked using Weighted Sum Analysis(WSA).The findings indicate that SWS19,SWS18,SWS1,SWS17,SWS16,and SWS15,which are drained by the rivers Chambal,Kali Sindh,Mashi,Parbati,Parwan,and Beradi,are highly vulnerable sub-watersheds.By integrating remote sensing,GIS techniques,and quantitative morphometric analysis,parameters such as drainage density,stream frequency,bifurcation ratio,and slope gradient were evaluated.The analysis revealed critical sub-watersheds characterized by steep slopes,high drainage density,and poor vegetation cover,indicating their susceptibility to erosion and runoff.The findings underscore the necessity for targeted soil conservation measures,such as contour bunding,afforestation,and water retention structures.This study highlights the utility of geospatial tools for sustainable watershed management and provides a replicable framework for prioritizing sub-watersheds in similar regions.展开更多
The spermatozoon is the most diverse cell type known and this diversity is considered to reflect differences in sperm function. How the diversity in sperm morphology arose during speciation and what role the different...The spermatozoon is the most diverse cell type known and this diversity is considered to reflect differences in sperm function. How the diversity in sperm morphology arose during speciation and what role the different specializations play in sperm function, however, remain incompletely characterized. This work reviews the hypotheses proposed to explain sperm morphological evolution, with a focus on some aspects of sperm morphometric evaluation; the ability of morphometrics to predict sperm cryoresistance and male fertility is also discussed. For this, the evaluation of patterns of change of sperm head morphometry throughout a process, instead of the study of the morphometric characteristics of the sperm head at different stages, allows a better identification of the males with different sperm cryoconservation ability. These new approaches, together with more studies employing a greater number of individuals, are needed to obtain novel results concerning the role of sperm morphometry on sperm function. Future studies should aim at understanding the causes of sperm design diversity and the mechanisms that generate them, giving increased attention to other sperm structures besides the sperm head. The implementation of scientific and technological advances could benefit the simultaneous examination of sperm phenotype and sperm function, demonstrating that sperm morphometry could be a useful tool for sperm assessment.展开更多
Morphometric analysis is an indispensable tool for hydrological investigation that involves the development and management of drainage basin. This study characterizes the micro watersheds in the Palar sub-watershed us...Morphometric analysis is an indispensable tool for hydrological investigation that involves the development and management of drainage basin. This study characterizes the micro watersheds in the Palar sub-watershed using morphometric analysis and assesses its risk by land use and land cover features in a particular micro watershed. Palar sub-watershed is divided into 6 micro watersheds for prioritization based on morphometric and land use analysis. Several morphometric parameters （linear, shape and relief） are determined from the drainage map; ranks are assigned based on their capacity to induce erodability and degradation. Final ranking is based on the composite index calculated from the sum of the ranks of each morphometric parameter. Morphometric analysis reveals micro watersheds 5 and 6 as most susceptible and 2 and 3 as low susceptible. Land use is mapped using IRS ID LISS III satellite data. The risk in terms of watershed degradation involved to each micro watershed is based on the ranks of each land use feature, obtained from a similar composite index as that of morphometric analysis. Land use analysis shows that micro watersheds 2 and 4 fall under high priority category while 5 and 6 under low priority category. Integration of the morphometric and land use analysis shows that only microwatershed 1 falls under the same category in both analyses. Control measures are suggested to contain degradation depending on its specific land use pattern and morphometric features. This study ean be used to prepare a comprehensive watershed plan for the development or for planning resource conservation strategies, by integrating land use features with the drainage characteristics of the region, in particular for a hill ecosystem as the prioritization is at micro level.展开更多
To understand the current status of germplasm resources of Penaeus japonicus,in this study,genetic diversity was analyzed based on morphometric analysis and fluorescent microsatellite markers.For morphometric analysis...To understand the current status of germplasm resources of Penaeus japonicus,in this study,genetic diversity was analyzed based on morphometric analysis and fluorescent microsatellite markers.For morphometric analysis,the cumulative ratios of the PC1 and PC2(85.90%)were greater than 75%,which can explain the morphological variation among populations.For microsatellite analysis,the allele number in 10 microsatellite loci ranged from 27 to 53,and the effective allele number ranged from 21 to 42.The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.463 to 0.983,whereas expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.932 to 0.966,and the average polymorphism information content was 0.947,which indicated a high level of genetic diversity.The unbiased genetic distance among populations ranged from 0.230 to 0.431,and the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.654 to 0.782.Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)showed that the genetic variation within individuals was the main source of variation,accounting for 88.55%,and only 1.49%of the genetic variation came from among populations.展开更多
Shrimps of genus Artemia are the inhabitants of continental and marine waters with salinity of 70 to 350 g/l and above.Artemia is able to survive in the conditions in which other animals cannot exist.This is due to ad...Shrimps of genus Artemia are the inhabitants of continental and marine waters with salinity of 70 to 350 g/l and above.Artemia is able to survive in the conditions in which other animals cannot exist.This is due to adaptations:effective osmoregulation system,the ability to synthesize of respiratory pigment(hemoglobin)and diapauses cysts(Litvinenko at.al.,2009).Cysts of this展开更多
The morphometric analysis of the spinous cell in 16 specimens of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) was made by using interactive image analysis system (IBAS-II). 19 parameters of the size and shape were chosen, and compar...The morphometric analysis of the spinous cell in 16 specimens of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) was made by using interactive image analysis system (IBAS-II). 19 parameters of the size and shape were chosen, and compared with normal mucosa, leukoplakia, dysplasia and carcinoma. The results indicated that the cell dimensions (area, perimeter, all kinds of diameter) and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio in OSF were between normal mucosa and dysplasia as well as carcinoma. The former showed a progressive decrease (P<0.01), and the latter showed a progressive increase (P<0.01). The dimensions of the nuclei did not show considerable differences among the groups (P>0.05). A series of discriminant functions had been developed with stepwise discriminant analysis, the agreement ratio for OSF was 93.75%. The decrease of cell area and the increase of nuclear cytoplasmic ratio could reflect a malignant progress. The cell morphometric model could discriminate OSF well from other groups, suggesting that the change of the epith展开更多
The study is aimed at analyzing the risk of Taita Hills region of harmful runoff and soil erosion by employing morphometric analysis and change detection in a GIS environment to prioritize the Taita Hills in Taita Tav...The study is aimed at analyzing the risk of Taita Hills region of harmful runoff and soil erosion by employing morphometric analysis and change detection in a GIS environment to prioritize the Taita Hills in Taita Taveta County. The objective of the study was to characterize and give hierarchy in which the region should be conserved. The methodology adopted hydrological modeling, morphometric computation, Weighted Sum Analysis (WSA) and change detection. Hydrological modeling was vital in delineating the sub-watersheds and stream network. Morphometric computation and WSA was applicable in coming up with parameters and weighting the parameters for each sub-watershed’s prioritization. Change detection is related to how human activity is important for conservation as the effect of land forms and dimensions are compounded. Twenty-one fourth order streamed sub-watersheds were generated and prioritized using morphometry and change detection. Every sub-watershed is given a hierarchy based on the calculated compound parameter from the WSA equation developed and shows the risk of runoff and soil erosion. The morphometric prioritization shows 47% of the watersheds are in the high and very highly susceptible areas and there are two sub-watersheds with the highest land cover change. As well six sub-watersheds are risky with both land cover change and morphometry.展开更多
The nuclear area (A)and nuclear roundness factor (NRF) of epithelial cells of 42 esophageal cancers and 10 normal esophagus’s were measured by morphometry and the results were compared with the extent of the tumor
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how modern technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) and digital elevation models can help in the creation of a geographic database for the Wadi Wizr basin i...The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how modern technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) and digital elevation models can help in the creation of a geographic database for the Wadi Wizr basin in Egypt’s Central Eastern Desert, in addition to examining and analysing the radioactive properties of various rocks. This was accomplished with the help of a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 30 metre accuracy and GIS software in 10.8 Arc Map. The RS-230 was also used to measure uranium and thorium concentrations. GIS softwares and digital elevation models have been shown to be more effective than the traditional method. This was demonstrated by the flexible and quick working method, the accuracy of the parameters used, and the results of the morphometric analysis of the basin river network. In addition to, the main drainage pattern from subtype to tree type, where the branching ratio was (1.59). This basin could also cause flooding. Similar studies, according to the results of this study, should make greater use of geographic information system technology and modern data sources. Wadi Wizr also has a radioactive anomaly, with uranium equivalent concentrations reaching 70 ppm in some fault parts.展开更多
In many developing countries with poorly managed landscapes,soil erosion threatens the sustainability of water bodies.The main limitations of this study are the lack of daily sediment data,lithology,higher-resolution ...In many developing countries with poorly managed landscapes,soil erosion threatens the sustainability of water bodies.The main limitations of this study are the lack of daily sediment data,lithology,higher-resolution DEM data,and socioeconomic factors.Poor land use policy and resource management in the Upper Awash Sub-basin lead to soil erosion and sedimentation of hydrological infrastructure,Effective watershed prioritization requires integrating land use,hydrology,sediment load,and morphometric factors but often faces gaps,especially in the study area.This research aims to prioritise the Upper Awash Sub-Basin by its morphometric,land use and cover(LULC),and sediment yield characteristics.We used the integrated AHP-VIKOR multi-attribute decision-making method to prioritise watersheds,incorporating morphometry,LULC,and sediment load attributes in the simple matrix approach.The findings showed the following classes of erosion:exceedingly high(2722.14 km2),high(2524.46 km2),moderate(2205.48 km2),low(1611.43 km2),and extremely low(854.35 km2).Sub-watersheds WS6,WS8,WS10,WS13,and WS24 are the top priority for watershed management.The study ranked watersheds based on various attributes but encountered limitations such as the lack of daily sediment data,geological structure,and lithology.It can be concluded that this approach is very important to identify and categorize hotspots of soil erosion sub-watersheds for planners and decision-makers for conserving water and soil and for different environmental management purposes.展开更多
Extreme and prolonged rainfall in the Tunka Ridge caused several debris flows in the vicinity of the Arshan village(Siberia, Russia) on June 28, 2014. These debris flows, in spite of similar geological conditions, had...Extreme and prolonged rainfall in the Tunka Ridge caused several debris flows in the vicinity of the Arshan village(Siberia, Russia) on June 28, 2014. These debris flows, in spite of similar geological conditions, had different velocity, peak discharge and alluvial fan volume values. The flow velocity was from 3.5 m/s to 19.6 m/s, the peak discharge ranged from 63 m3/s to 13566 m3/s, and the alluvial fan volume varied from 4.13×103 to 8.45×105 m3. Such a great range of values is due to the morphometric parameters of the debris flow basins. The article deals with the influence of morphometric parameters of debris flow basins, such as the basin area, the average slope, Melton ratio, relief ratio on the debris flow velocity, peak discharge and volume of alluvial fans. In this debris flow event the average values of slope angle and total basin relief of the debris flow basins did not affect the values of debris flow velocity, peak discharge and alluvial fan volume. The highest correlations were observed with the debris flow basin area that was connected with the water inflow volume into the debris flow basins during the rainfall. The unequal water distribution among debris flow basins also had an impact on the debris flow velocity, peak discharge and volume of alluvial fans.展开更多
Morphometric parameters are an important aspect for understanding the hydrological and morphological behaviour of the watershed. The present study is carried out in the region of the Bundelkhand region (India) which i...Morphometric parameters are an important aspect for understanding the hydrological and morphological behaviour of the watershed. The present study is carried out in the region of the Bundelkhand region (India) which is socio-economically backward and has a history of frequent drought hence studying the watershed characteristics with reference to morphometric analysis becomes important. The remote sensing and GIS technique has been utilized to mathematically quantify the parameters of the Shahzad watershed. The watershed is mainly fed by the Shahzad River (a tributary of Jamini River) flowing from south to north direction contributing the area of 1100 km<sup>2</sup>. The various morphometric aspect viz., linear, aerial, relief and morpho-tectonic parameters indicate that the watershed is elongated in shape and is slightly uplifted from the right side in the southern part. Moreover, the watershed experiences low dissection and low run-off discharge there by indicating less erosion in the area. The other factors like drainage density, drainage frequency, infiltration number and length of over land flow indicate that the watershed has high permeability and infiltration capacity. Through this study, it can be concluded that remote sensing and GIS can be fruitfully utilized in analysing the morphometric behaviour of the region. This helps the researcher, planner and stakeholders to establish the relationship between watershed characteristics, thereby resulting in watershed management and sustainable resource management.展开更多
This study was aimed at examining the phylogenetic and morphometric relationship of frigate tuna（Auxis thazard） and bullet tuna（Auxis rochei） using mt DNA D-loop（control） region sequences and truss measurements,...This study was aimed at examining the phylogenetic and morphometric relationship of frigate tuna（Auxis thazard） and bullet tuna（Auxis rochei） using mt DNA D-loop（control） region sequences and truss measurements,respectively. Maximum-likelihood（ML） tree and median-joining network showed that haplotypes from Auxis populations grouped separately. Discriminant function analyses and non-metric multidimensional scaling of morphometric data showed that bullet and frigate tuna were differed mainly with respect to truss measurements on the anterior region, suggesting adaptation to different diets available in different environments. Historic demographic analyses of sequence data showed that both bullet and frigate tuna had not undergone a significant sudden population expansion recently. Non-significant value of Tajimas＇ s D and Fu＇s F_S were indicated an effective large and stable population size for longer period of both species in South China Sea and Java Sea species. This study gives first report on the complementary relationship between morphometric and genetic analysis in stock discrimination of genus Auxis.展开更多
Soil erosion and the subsequent sedimentation are serious environmental problems.Improper land management coupled with intense rainfall has complicated the problem in the Ethiopian highlands.Consequently,soil loss cos...Soil erosion and the subsequent sedimentation are serious environmental problems.Improper land management coupled with intense rainfall has complicated the problem in the Ethiopian highlands.Consequently,soil loss costs a profound amount of the national GDP and deters land productivity.Quantifying soil loss and prioritizing areas for conservation is imperative for proper planning and resource management.Therefore,this study aimed at estimating the mean annual soil loss rate of Gilgel Abay watershed which has critical implications on Lake Tana and Abbay River(Upper Blue Nile River),using RUSLE and morphometric analysis methods.Datasets including rainfall,soil,Digital Elevation Model and land use/land cover were used to generate important parameters required for the soil loss estimation.Data collected through field observation,consultation with experts and document analysis were used for validation purposes.The results of the study reveal that the watershed experienced an average soil loss rate of 39.8 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1).Subsequently,nearly 25%(37,038 ha)of the watershed is threatened by moderate to very severe soil loss.Among the four sub watersheds,sub watershed 3(S3)and sub watershed 4(S4),which consist of about 65%(105,000 ha)of the total area of the study watershed,experienced an annual soil loss rate of over 30 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1).The amount of soil loss that the study watershed has experienced is above the soil loss tolerance level of Ethiopia(2-18 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1))and the tropical region(10 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)).Similarly,the results of morphometric analysis showed that the studied watershed has S-shaped hypsometric curve,an indication for maturity stage of landscape development.The studied watershed is also characterized by a non-circular shaped drainage with rugged and dissected topography that contributes to high flash flood,peak discharge and incidence of soil loss.The result of both models signified that S3 and S4 are highly susceptible to soil erosion.Therefore,these two sub watersheds need priority for soil and water conservation(SWC)measures.Furthermore,the study demonstrated the importance of the integration of different models in the identification of soil erosion prone areas and prioritization for the proper implementation of SWC measures.展开更多
文摘Soil erosion in the Hare watershed led to significant land degradation,water pollution,and reduced agricultural productivity.Despite its effects,very few researchers have used combined morphometric and RUSLE model techniques to quantify soil erosion and thereby prioritize impacted areas.This work used an automated GIS-based tool(SWPT)to prioritize crucial areas based on topohydrological and morphometric factors and predict soil loss in sub-watersheds using the RUSLE model.Land use/cover data were obtained from Landsat imagery,while slope and morphometric information were extracted from digital elevation data with a resolution of 12.5 m.Soil erodibility was determined using Ethiopian soil maps,and rainfall erosivity was computed using meteorological data.An average annual soil loss of 49 t ha-1 yr-1 was observed in the Hare watershed.Sub-watershed 11 was found to be the most affected,with an average annual soil loss of 85.12 t ha-1 yr-1and a compound parameter value(CPV)of 0.059.Subwatershed 17 has the least amount of soil loss,with 3.67t ha-1 yr-1 and a CPV of 1.32.The study emphasizes the usefulness of integrating RUSLE and morphometric analysis for soil and water conservation planning,suggesting a variety of modeling tools in data-sparse locations to quantify and prioritize erosion-prone areas.
文摘The present study aimed to delineate a robust watershed boundary and extract its morphometric parameters in the Karnaphuli watershed,Bangladesh,using different digital elevation models(DEMs).Two DEMs,the shuttle radar topographic mission(SRTM)and the terra advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer(ASTER),were employed to delineate watershed boundaries and evaluate various morphometric characteristics.Raster data such as fill sinks,flow direction,and flow accumulation were utilized to delineate the watershed.The morphometric analysis included the estimation of linear,areal,and relief parameters.The findings revealed a noticeable difference between the datasets;ASTER delineated a larger watershed area than SRTM.Regarding stream order,there were streams ranging from 1st to 6th order,encompassing numerous small,medium,and main channels of the river.Drainage density was calculated as 0.52 km/km^(2)for SRTM and 0.51 km/km^(2)for ASTER,both having a spatial resolution of 30m.The bifurcation ratio ranged from 1.94 for SRTM to 2.45 for ASTER,indicating varying degrees of structural disturbance influenced by geological factors.The form factor indicated an elongated shape of the study area.The overall dimensions of the streams and the watershed extent suggest moderate mean annual rainfall discharge.The watershed exhibited relatively high denudation rates,attributed to the basin relief.A low drainage density indicated the importance of infiltration processes.The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the spatial variability of watershed characteristics,highlighting the need for tailored management strategies for the Karnaphuli River.Implementing targeted conservation measures and watershed management practices based on these morphometric parameters can enhance water resource sustainability and ecological health in the region.
文摘Background:The Elegant Pitta(Pitta elegans)complex displays a remarkable diversity of morphological and bioacoustic traits across five taxa currently recognized as subspecies.They differ in plumage characteristics(such as red versus black belly patches;supercilium color and extent;and white versus black throats),in lifestyle(resident versus migratory)and in vocalizations.We investigated the morphological,bioacoustic and ecological differences across all taxa after recent studies demostrated the importance of these traits in recognizing biological species limits across pittas.Methods:Morphometric analysis was carried out by measuring tarsus,wing,tail and bill lengths of 15 specimens at the Natural History Museum,UK,and plumages were inspected across 106 unique individuals from four different repositories.Bioacoustic analysis was based on 134 range-wide sound recordings.Two types of calls,territorial calls and alarm calls,were analyzed using different sets of parameters.Principal component analysis and the Isler Criterion were applied to the measurements.Playback trials were conducted to explore the levels of response of each taxon to the call types of the other taxa.Results:The territorial call of concinna exhibits a distinct two-element motif,while elegans,maria and virginalis utter a three-element motif in which the first two elements are given in quick succession.On the other hand,vigorsii,produces both two-element and three-element motifs with longer breaks in between elements.As further corroborated by the playback trials,the three taxa elegans,virginalis and maria form a tight vocal cluster,whereas each concinna and vigorsii are distinct.The alarm call turned out to be less diagnostic even though most taxa did roughly separate into different vocal clusters.Morphometric analysis failed to produce strong differences,but plumage distinctions among multiple taxa are pronounced.Conclusions:We suggest splitting the Elegant Pitta into three biological species based on bioacoustic and—less so—plumage evidence:(1)Temminck’s Elegant Pitta P.elegans(including subspecies elegans,virginalis and maria),(2)Wallace’s Elegant Pitta P.concinna(monotypic),and(3)Banda Elegant Pitta P.vigorsii(monotypic).
基金supported by the Faculty of Science Research Fund,Prince of Songkla University,Contract No.1-2559-02-012supported by the Prince of Songkla University,Contract No.MET610469S
文摘Objective:To determine the morphological characteristics of variations in populations of female adult sand fly,Sergentomyia anodontis Quate and Fairchild,1961 in caves in southern Thailand using morphometric analysis.Methods:A total of 107 female Sergentomyia anodontis were isolated from 651 sand flies captured by CDC light traps overnight in caves in Surat Thani,Nakhon Si Thammarat,Satun and Songkhla provinces from February to December 2017.Measurement of 23 external and internal morphological characteristics was conducted.Data were tested with preliminary statistics(Kolmogorov-Smirnov test,Levene’s test and Box’s test of equality of covariance matrices)and by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test.Measurements were analyzed using canonical discriminant analysis.Results:There were 11 morphological characteristics with high variability while two characteristics exhibited low variation.The sand fly populations from Nakhon Si Thammarat,Satun and Songkhla provinces were very similar but were separate from that in Surat Thani province based on canonical discriminant analysis data.This indicates that the morphological variation founding is a result of the diversity of habitats in each population and the geographic features of caves in each area,such as their altitude above sea level.Conclusions:There is a certain variation in the morphology of Sergentomyia anodontis sand flies at the population level which may be used for future classification of sand flies.
文摘Morphometric analysis is crucial for advancing in various fields,including geomorphology,hydrology,environmental sciences,and geological studies.The objective of the present study is to understand the hydrological and morphological characteristics of the Shimsha River,which flows through the fluvial deltaic plain in the semiarid environment of Karnataka.Remote sensing and geographic information system have been used as mapping and efficient tools for drainage basin morphometry.The emphasis is laid on geological,geomorphological,hydrological,and fluvial features under linear,aerial,shape,relief,geometric,morphotectonic,and social morphometric parameters.The basin area is about 8741 km^(2),with a dendritic to subdendritic pattern.The sinuosity index is 1.6,which indicates meandering in nature.Areal parameters suggest that the drainage basin has a moderate surface permeability,homogenous lithology,run-off,erodibility,low relief conditions,infiltration rate,and a well-developed drainage network.Shape parameter indicates that the basin is subelongated with flatted peak flow and longer duration.Relief factor indicated low relief and intermediate stage of the incision rate.The river has an asymmetry factor is 38.65 and it shows that the channel has shifted southwest.The river shows a perfectly graded profile,with a considerable amount of incision and deposition along its profile showing tectonically unstable,based on the spatial distribution of the potential groundwater zone of about(5260 km^(2)),other waterbody masks covered(285 km^(2)).Standard visual interpretation techniques were applied to recognize and interpret the land use and land cover patterns.A basin rich in clay-rich soil may lead to a massive flood.Essentially,physiographical and structural conditions controlled the stream order of the basin.The increase in the stream length ratio from lower to a higher order.That indicates a mature geomorphic stage of the study area.Rainfall and local lithology impact the development of segments of the stream.
文摘Utilizing multispectral satellite data and digital elevation models (DEMs) has emerged as the primary approach for cartographically representing landforms. By using high-resolution satellite photos that capture spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric data, one may get a fresh comprehension of the geomorphology of a particular area by recognizing its landforms. In addition, a synergistic method is used by using data produced from digital elevation models (DEMs) such as Slope, Aspect, Hillshade, Curvature, Contour Patterns, and 3-D Flythrough Visuals. The increasing use of UAV (drone) technology for obtaining high-resolution digital images and elevation models has become an essential element in developing complete topographic models in landslide scars that are very unstable and prone to erosion. Comparison (differences in values) of seven (7) different DEMs between two algorithms used, i.e., QGIS and White Box Tool (WBT), were successfully attempted in the present research. The TLS, UAV and Satellite data of the study area—Kshetrapal Landslide, Chamoli (District), Uttarakhand (State), India was subjected to two different algorithms (QGIS and WBT) to evaluate and differentiate seven different DEMs (CARTOSAT, ASTER, SRTM, Alos 3D, TanDEM, MERIT, and FabDEM/FATHOM) taking into consideration various parameters viz. Aspect, Hillshade, Slope, Mean Curvature, Plan Curvature, Profile Curvature and Total Curvature. The different values of aforesaid parameters of various DEMs evaluated (using algorithms QIGS and WBT) reveal that only three parameters, i.e., Aspect, Hillshade, and Slope, show results. In contrast, the remaining ones do not show any meaningful results, and therefore, the comparison was possible only with regard to these three parameters. The comparison is drawn by comparing minimum, maximum, and elevation values (by subtracting WBT values from QGIS values) regarding Aspect, Hillshade, and Slope, arranging the differences in values as per their importance. (Increasing or decreasing order), assigning merit scores individually, and then cumulatively, and ascertaining the order of application suitability of various Dems, which stand in the order of (CARTOSAT, ASTER, SRTM, Alos 3D, TanDEM, and MERIT, and FabDEM/FATHOM).
文摘Natural resource management is essential to sustain human well-being and the environment.Water and soil are two of the most important natural resources that require careful management.The western part of India faces multiple challenges,including climatic variability,soil degradation,water scarcity,deforestation,etc.The basin’s sub-watersheds are delineated and prioritised using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)and Sub Watershed Prioritization Tool(SWPT),respectively,using morphometric and topo-hydrological characteristics,and the sub-watersheds are further ranked using Weighted Sum Analysis(WSA).The findings indicate that SWS19,SWS18,SWS1,SWS17,SWS16,and SWS15,which are drained by the rivers Chambal,Kali Sindh,Mashi,Parbati,Parwan,and Beradi,are highly vulnerable sub-watersheds.By integrating remote sensing,GIS techniques,and quantitative morphometric analysis,parameters such as drainage density,stream frequency,bifurcation ratio,and slope gradient were evaluated.The analysis revealed critical sub-watersheds characterized by steep slopes,high drainage density,and poor vegetation cover,indicating their susceptibility to erosion and runoff.The findings underscore the necessity for targeted soil conservation measures,such as contour bunding,afforestation,and water retention structures.This study highlights the utility of geospatial tools for sustainable watershed management and provides a replicable framework for prioritizing sub-watersheds in similar regions.
文摘The spermatozoon is the most diverse cell type known and this diversity is considered to reflect differences in sperm function. How the diversity in sperm morphology arose during speciation and what role the different specializations play in sperm function, however, remain incompletely characterized. This work reviews the hypotheses proposed to explain sperm morphological evolution, with a focus on some aspects of sperm morphometric evaluation; the ability of morphometrics to predict sperm cryoresistance and male fertility is also discussed. For this, the evaluation of patterns of change of sperm head morphometry throughout a process, instead of the study of the morphometric characteristics of the sperm head at different stages, allows a better identification of the males with different sperm cryoconservation ability. These new approaches, together with more studies employing a greater number of individuals, are needed to obtain novel results concerning the role of sperm morphometry on sperm function. Future studies should aim at understanding the causes of sperm design diversity and the mechanisms that generate them, giving increased attention to other sperm structures besides the sperm head. The implementation of scientific and technological advances could benefit the simultaneous examination of sperm phenotype and sperm function, demonstrating that sperm morphometry could be a useful tool for sperm assessment.
文摘Morphometric analysis is an indispensable tool for hydrological investigation that involves the development and management of drainage basin. This study characterizes the micro watersheds in the Palar sub-watershed using morphometric analysis and assesses its risk by land use and land cover features in a particular micro watershed. Palar sub-watershed is divided into 6 micro watersheds for prioritization based on morphometric and land use analysis. Several morphometric parameters （linear, shape and relief） are determined from the drainage map; ranks are assigned based on their capacity to induce erodability and degradation. Final ranking is based on the composite index calculated from the sum of the ranks of each morphometric parameter. Morphometric analysis reveals micro watersheds 5 and 6 as most susceptible and 2 and 3 as low susceptible. Land use is mapped using IRS ID LISS III satellite data. The risk in terms of watershed degradation involved to each micro watershed is based on the ranks of each land use feature, obtained from a similar composite index as that of morphometric analysis. Land use analysis shows that micro watersheds 2 and 4 fall under high priority category while 5 and 6 under low priority category. Integration of the morphometric and land use analysis shows that only microwatershed 1 falls under the same category in both analyses. Control measures are suggested to contain degradation depending on its specific land use pattern and morphometric features. This study ean be used to prepare a comprehensive watershed plan for the development or for planning resource conservation strategies, by integrating land use features with the drainage characteristics of the region, in particular for a hill ecosystem as the prioritization is at micro level.
基金This work was supported by Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi(NO.AA17204088).
文摘To understand the current status of germplasm resources of Penaeus japonicus,in this study,genetic diversity was analyzed based on morphometric analysis and fluorescent microsatellite markers.For morphometric analysis,the cumulative ratios of the PC1 and PC2(85.90%)were greater than 75%,which can explain the morphological variation among populations.For microsatellite analysis,the allele number in 10 microsatellite loci ranged from 27 to 53,and the effective allele number ranged from 21 to 42.The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.463 to 0.983,whereas expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.932 to 0.966,and the average polymorphism information content was 0.947,which indicated a high level of genetic diversity.The unbiased genetic distance among populations ranged from 0.230 to 0.431,and the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.654 to 0.782.Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)showed that the genetic variation within individuals was the main source of variation,accounting for 88.55%,and only 1.49%of the genetic variation came from among populations.
文摘Shrimps of genus Artemia are the inhabitants of continental and marine waters with salinity of 70 to 350 g/l and above.Artemia is able to survive in the conditions in which other animals cannot exist.This is due to adaptations:effective osmoregulation system,the ability to synthesize of respiratory pigment(hemoglobin)and diapauses cysts(Litvinenko at.al.,2009).Cysts of this
文摘The morphometric analysis of the spinous cell in 16 specimens of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) was made by using interactive image analysis system (IBAS-II). 19 parameters of the size and shape were chosen, and compared with normal mucosa, leukoplakia, dysplasia and carcinoma. The results indicated that the cell dimensions (area, perimeter, all kinds of diameter) and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio in OSF were between normal mucosa and dysplasia as well as carcinoma. The former showed a progressive decrease (P<0.01), and the latter showed a progressive increase (P<0.01). The dimensions of the nuclei did not show considerable differences among the groups (P>0.05). A series of discriminant functions had been developed with stepwise discriminant analysis, the agreement ratio for OSF was 93.75%. The decrease of cell area and the increase of nuclear cytoplasmic ratio could reflect a malignant progress. The cell morphometric model could discriminate OSF well from other groups, suggesting that the change of the epith
文摘The study is aimed at analyzing the risk of Taita Hills region of harmful runoff and soil erosion by employing morphometric analysis and change detection in a GIS environment to prioritize the Taita Hills in Taita Taveta County. The objective of the study was to characterize and give hierarchy in which the region should be conserved. The methodology adopted hydrological modeling, morphometric computation, Weighted Sum Analysis (WSA) and change detection. Hydrological modeling was vital in delineating the sub-watersheds and stream network. Morphometric computation and WSA was applicable in coming up with parameters and weighting the parameters for each sub-watershed’s prioritization. Change detection is related to how human activity is important for conservation as the effect of land forms and dimensions are compounded. Twenty-one fourth order streamed sub-watersheds were generated and prioritized using morphometry and change detection. Every sub-watershed is given a hierarchy based on the calculated compound parameter from the WSA equation developed and shows the risk of runoff and soil erosion. The morphometric prioritization shows 47% of the watersheds are in the high and very highly susceptible areas and there are two sub-watersheds with the highest land cover change. As well six sub-watersheds are risky with both land cover change and morphometry.
文摘The nuclear area (A)and nuclear roundness factor (NRF) of epithelial cells of 42 esophageal cancers and 10 normal esophagus’s were measured by morphometry and the results were compared with the extent of the tumor
文摘The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how modern technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) and digital elevation models can help in the creation of a geographic database for the Wadi Wizr basin in Egypt’s Central Eastern Desert, in addition to examining and analysing the radioactive properties of various rocks. This was accomplished with the help of a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 30 metre accuracy and GIS software in 10.8 Arc Map. The RS-230 was also used to measure uranium and thorium concentrations. GIS softwares and digital elevation models have been shown to be more effective than the traditional method. This was demonstrated by the flexible and quick working method, the accuracy of the parameters used, and the results of the morphometric analysis of the basin river network. In addition to, the main drainage pattern from subtype to tree type, where the branching ratio was (1.59). This basin could also cause flooding. Similar studies, according to the results of this study, should make greater use of geographic information system technology and modern data sources. Wadi Wizr also has a radioactive anomaly, with uranium equivalent concentrations reaching 70 ppm in some fault parts.
基金financially supported by the Water and Land Resource Center(WLRC),Addis Ababa University(AAU),Water Security and Sustainable Development Hub funded by the UK Research and Innovation’s Global Challenges Research Fund(GCRF):ES/S008179/1.
文摘In many developing countries with poorly managed landscapes,soil erosion threatens the sustainability of water bodies.The main limitations of this study are the lack of daily sediment data,lithology,higher-resolution DEM data,and socioeconomic factors.Poor land use policy and resource management in the Upper Awash Sub-basin lead to soil erosion and sedimentation of hydrological infrastructure,Effective watershed prioritization requires integrating land use,hydrology,sediment load,and morphometric factors but often faces gaps,especially in the study area.This research aims to prioritise the Upper Awash Sub-Basin by its morphometric,land use and cover(LULC),and sediment yield characteristics.We used the integrated AHP-VIKOR multi-attribute decision-making method to prioritise watersheds,incorporating morphometry,LULC,and sediment load attributes in the simple matrix approach.The findings showed the following classes of erosion:exceedingly high(2722.14 km2),high(2524.46 km2),moderate(2205.48 km2),low(1611.43 km2),and extremely low(854.35 km2).Sub-watersheds WS6,WS8,WS10,WS13,and WS24 are the top priority for watershed management.The study ranked watersheds based on various attributes but encountered limitations such as the lack of daily sediment data,geological structure,and lithology.It can be concluded that this approach is very important to identify and categorize hotspots of soil erosion sub-watersheds for planners and decision-makers for conserving water and soil and for different environmental management purposes.
文摘Extreme and prolonged rainfall in the Tunka Ridge caused several debris flows in the vicinity of the Arshan village(Siberia, Russia) on June 28, 2014. These debris flows, in spite of similar geological conditions, had different velocity, peak discharge and alluvial fan volume values. The flow velocity was from 3.5 m/s to 19.6 m/s, the peak discharge ranged from 63 m3/s to 13566 m3/s, and the alluvial fan volume varied from 4.13×103 to 8.45×105 m3. Such a great range of values is due to the morphometric parameters of the debris flow basins. The article deals with the influence of morphometric parameters of debris flow basins, such as the basin area, the average slope, Melton ratio, relief ratio on the debris flow velocity, peak discharge and volume of alluvial fans. In this debris flow event the average values of slope angle and total basin relief of the debris flow basins did not affect the values of debris flow velocity, peak discharge and alluvial fan volume. The highest correlations were observed with the debris flow basin area that was connected with the water inflow volume into the debris flow basins during the rainfall. The unequal water distribution among debris flow basins also had an impact on the debris flow velocity, peak discharge and volume of alluvial fans.
文摘Morphometric parameters are an important aspect for understanding the hydrological and morphological behaviour of the watershed. The present study is carried out in the region of the Bundelkhand region (India) which is socio-economically backward and has a history of frequent drought hence studying the watershed characteristics with reference to morphometric analysis becomes important. The remote sensing and GIS technique has been utilized to mathematically quantify the parameters of the Shahzad watershed. The watershed is mainly fed by the Shahzad River (a tributary of Jamini River) flowing from south to north direction contributing the area of 1100 km<sup>2</sup>. The various morphometric aspect viz., linear, aerial, relief and morpho-tectonic parameters indicate that the watershed is elongated in shape and is slightly uplifted from the right side in the southern part. Moreover, the watershed experiences low dissection and low run-off discharge there by indicating less erosion in the area. The other factors like drainage density, drainage frequency, infiltration number and length of over land flow indicate that the watershed has high permeability and infiltration capacity. Through this study, it can be concluded that remote sensing and GIS can be fruitfully utilized in analysing the morphometric behaviour of the region. This helps the researcher, planner and stakeholders to establish the relationship between watershed characteristics, thereby resulting in watershed management and sustainable resource management.
文摘This study was aimed at examining the phylogenetic and morphometric relationship of frigate tuna（Auxis thazard） and bullet tuna（Auxis rochei） using mt DNA D-loop（control） region sequences and truss measurements,respectively. Maximum-likelihood（ML） tree and median-joining network showed that haplotypes from Auxis populations grouped separately. Discriminant function analyses and non-metric multidimensional scaling of morphometric data showed that bullet and frigate tuna were differed mainly with respect to truss measurements on the anterior region, suggesting adaptation to different diets available in different environments. Historic demographic analyses of sequence data showed that both bullet and frigate tuna had not undergone a significant sudden population expansion recently. Non-significant value of Tajimas＇ s D and Fu＇s F_S were indicated an effective large and stable population size for longer period of both species in South China Sea and Java Sea species. This study gives first report on the complementary relationship between morphometric and genetic analysis in stock discrimination of genus Auxis.
文摘Soil erosion and the subsequent sedimentation are serious environmental problems.Improper land management coupled with intense rainfall has complicated the problem in the Ethiopian highlands.Consequently,soil loss costs a profound amount of the national GDP and deters land productivity.Quantifying soil loss and prioritizing areas for conservation is imperative for proper planning and resource management.Therefore,this study aimed at estimating the mean annual soil loss rate of Gilgel Abay watershed which has critical implications on Lake Tana and Abbay River(Upper Blue Nile River),using RUSLE and morphometric analysis methods.Datasets including rainfall,soil,Digital Elevation Model and land use/land cover were used to generate important parameters required for the soil loss estimation.Data collected through field observation,consultation with experts and document analysis were used for validation purposes.The results of the study reveal that the watershed experienced an average soil loss rate of 39.8 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1).Subsequently,nearly 25%(37,038 ha)of the watershed is threatened by moderate to very severe soil loss.Among the four sub watersheds,sub watershed 3(S3)and sub watershed 4(S4),which consist of about 65%(105,000 ha)of the total area of the study watershed,experienced an annual soil loss rate of over 30 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1).The amount of soil loss that the study watershed has experienced is above the soil loss tolerance level of Ethiopia(2-18 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1))and the tropical region(10 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)).Similarly,the results of morphometric analysis showed that the studied watershed has S-shaped hypsometric curve,an indication for maturity stage of landscape development.The studied watershed is also characterized by a non-circular shaped drainage with rugged and dissected topography that contributes to high flash flood,peak discharge and incidence of soil loss.The result of both models signified that S3 and S4 are highly susceptible to soil erosion.Therefore,these two sub watersheds need priority for soil and water conservation(SWC)measures.Furthermore,the study demonstrated the importance of the integration of different models in the identification of soil erosion prone areas and prioritization for the proper implementation of SWC measures.
