Electrocatalysis offers efficient and targeted conversion of monomers derived from waste polyester plastics to chemical products under ambient temperature and pressure conditions.This review provides analysis of resea...Electrocatalysis offers efficient and targeted conversion of monomers derived from waste polyester plastics to chemical products under ambient temperature and pressure conditions.This review provides analysis of research on electrochemical upgrading of monomers derived from waste polyester plastics published from2021 to present.Factors for assessing upgrading of waste polyester plastics include alkaline hydrolysis pretreatment,indices of electrochemical reaction process(activity,stability,and techno-economic a nalysis),separation,and product recovery.Types of depolymerization monomers and their value-added products are summarized along with electrocatalytic mechanisms and reaction pathways.Notably,cathode coupled reactions offer significant value for anodic waste plastic oxidation during electrolysis processes.Development of bifunctional electrocatalysts can reduce the cost of coupled systems and complexity of the electrolyzer.Upgrading and recycling of waste plastic monomers using electrocatalytic technology should undergo downstream processing to form high-value products containing C-N and C-S derived functional groups obtained from depolymerized monomers,Electrochemical conversion and upgrading of monomers derived from waste polyester plastics can contribute to industrialization and global economies and help to realize environmental sustainability.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)represents the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer,characterized by high mortality rates,frequent recurrence and metastasis,poor clinical prognosis,and a complex pathogenesis with ...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)represents the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer,characterized by high mortality rates,frequent recurrence and metastasis,poor clinical prognosis,and a complex pathogenesis with limited therapeutic options.Autophagy plays a pivotal role in the immune response and functions as a lysosome-mediated degradation mechanism essential for recycling cellular components and eliminating aggregated proteins,damaged organelles,and invasive pathogens,thereby maintaining cellular function and dynamic homeostasis.Additionally,autophagy regulates several critical proteins and signaling pathways,including mammalian target of the rapamycin(mTOR),Beclin-1,the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mTOR signaling pathway,the Hippo/yes-associated protein signaling pathway,and the Janus kinase/signal transducer of activation signaling pathway.This regulatory capa-city of autophagy can potentially prevent or delay the progression of HCC.Nowadays,many studies have shown that different types of herbal monomers such as the more common quercetin,baicalein,berberine and emodin can further regulate autophagy and exert preventive and therapeutic effects on HCC through the modulation of mTOR and other related signaling pathways and so on.In this paper,we examine the mechanisms of autophagy,key proteins and signaling pathways involved,and the modulation of autophagy by Chinese medicine monomers in the prevention and treatment of HCC.This review aims to provide valuable insights for the development of Chinese medicine strategies against HCC and to inform the rational use of these therapies in clinical practice.展开更多
A traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)monomer is a bioactive compound extracted from Chinese herbal medicines possessing determined biological activity and pharmacological effects,and has gained much attention for treati...A traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)monomer is a bioactive compound extracted from Chinese herbal medicines possessing determined biological activity and pharmacological effects,and has gained much attention for treating neuronal diseases.However,the application of TCM monomers is limited by their low solubility and poor ability to cross the blood-brain barrier(BBB).Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles(EVs)ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm in diameter and can be used as drug delivery carriers that directly target cells or tissues with unique advantages,including low toxicity,low immunogenicity,high stability in blood,and the ability to cross the BBB.This review discusses the biogenesis,components,stability,surface modification,isolation technology,advantages,and disadvantages of exosomes as drug carriers and compares exosomes and other similar drug delivery systems.Furthermore,exosome-encapsulated TCM monomers exert neuroprotective roles,such as anti-inflammation,anti-apoptosis,anti-mitophagy,and anti-oxidation,in various neuronal diseases,including Alzheimer's disease(AD),Parkinson's disease(PD),multiple sclerosis(MS),and cerebral ischemia and reperfusion(CI/R)injury,as well as anti-drug resistance,anti-tumorigenesis,anti-angiogenesis,and promotion of apoptosis in brain tumors,providing more inspiration to promote the development of an exosome-based delivery tool in targeted therapy for neuronal diseases.展开更多
Introducing functional polar groups into polyolefins can significantly improve the material properties,but there are still challenges in achieving this goal,with the core difficulty being that polar groups are prone t...Introducing functional polar groups into polyolefins can significantly improve the material properties,but there are still challenges in achieving this goal,with the core difficulty being that polar groups are prone to interact with metal active species,affecting the efficiency of the copolymerization.With the rapid advancement in catalyst,a variety of copolymerization strategies are developed aimed at producing more versatile polyolefin materials.Although early transition metal catalysts play an indispensable role in the traditional polyolefin industry,their inherent strong oxophilicity becomes a significant constraint in copolymerization involving polar olefins,limiting their application scope.This review summarizes the progress made in recent years in the efficient copolymerization of non-polar olefins with polar comonomers catalyzed by groups 3 and 4 single-site catalysts.We classify the catalysts into four categories,Sc-,Ti-,Zr-,Hf-,based on the type of metal centers,and provide insights into the influence of catalyst structures and the type of comonomers on the copolymerization behavior.The introduction of polar monomers fundamentally improves the comprehensive performance of the products,greatly broadens the application scope of polyolefin materials,and meets the growing market demand for multifunctional and high-performance materials.展开更多
Improving the comprehensive performance of anion exchange membranes(AEMs)has a decisive impact on the wide application of anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs).Herein,we prepared a series of new poly(phenanthrene...Improving the comprehensive performance of anion exchange membranes(AEMs)has a decisive impact on the wide application of anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs).Herein,we prepared a series of new poly(phenanthrene-co-p-terphenyl piperidinium)(PPTP3F_(x)-DIL)AEMs with different fluorinated monomers for high performance AEMFCs.The polymerization of fluorinated monomers with other aryl monomers can effectively promote the separation of microphase in the membrane.It also has a high OH-conductivity at a low swelling.The membrane(PPTP3F_(4)-DIL)prepared by polycondensation of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(p-tolyl)ethan 1-one monomer achieves a high conductivity of 168.5 mS cm^(-1)at 80℃.At the same time,the water uptake is 40.0%and the swelling ratio is 12.1%.In addition,these membranes also have good mechanical properties and alkaline stability.After 1440 h of treatment in a NaOH(2 M)solution at 80℃,PPTP3F_(x)-DIL still maintains excellent tensile strength(>30.3 MPa)and elongation at break(>43.4%),and the conductivity retention of the PPTP3F_(1)-DIL membrane is 90.3%.The PPTP3F_(4)-DIL-based single cell exhibits a high peak power density(918.1 mW cm^(-2))and excellent durability(100 h)at 80℃.Therefore,these PPTP3F_(x)-DIL membranes have a wide range of applications in AEMFCs.展开更多
The efficient copolymerization of olefin with polar monomers using nickel-based catalysts presents a longstanding challenge. In this contribution, three phosphine-benzocyclone ligands and corresponding neutral nickel ...The efficient copolymerization of olefin with polar monomers using nickel-based catalysts presents a longstanding challenge. In this contribution, three phosphine-benzocyclone ligands and corresponding neutral nickel catalysts(Ni1: Ar = Ph;Ni2: Ar = 2-(C_(6)H_(5))C_(6)H_(4);Ni3: Ar = 2-[2',6'-(Me O)_(2)-C_(6)H3]C_(6)H_(4)) were prepared and applied for the ethylene polymerization and copolymerization with polar monomers without any cocatalyst. The bulky substituent groups in complexes Ni2 and Ni3 contributed to high catalytic activities(up to 7.24×10^(6) and 9.04×10^(6)g·mol Ni^(-1)·h^(-1), respectively), and produced high-molecular-weight polyethylene(Mw up to 545.7 k Da). Complex Ni3 exhibited high activities for ethylene polymerization at the level of 10^(6) g·mol Ni^(-1)·h^(-1) across a wide range from 30 ℃ to 120 ℃, exhibiting excellent high temperature tolerance. These nickel complexes were also effectively employed in the copolymerization of ethylene with methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate and lauryl acrylate, producing copolymers with high molecular weights(Mw up to 80.5 k Da) and high polar monomer incorporation(up to 8.2 mol%). Microstructure analyses revealed that the introduction of large sterically hindered substituents facilitated the incorporation of polar functional units into the polymer backbone. This study demonstrates the potential of these nickel-based catalysts for efficient copolymerization of olefin with polar monomers.展开更多
Mineral aerosol particles significantly impact environmental risk prediction of liquid crystal monomers(LCMs).In this work,we investigated the reaction mechanisms and kinetics of three typical LCMs(4-cyano-3,5-difluor...Mineral aerosol particles significantly impact environmental risk prediction of liquid crystal monomers(LCMs).In this work,we investigated the reaction mechanisms and kinetics of three typical LCMs(4-cyano-3,5-difluorophenyl 4-ethylbenzoate(CEB-2F),4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl 4-ethylbenzoate(CEB-F),and 4-cyanophenyl 4-ethylbenzoate(CEB))with ozone(O_(3))in the atmospheric gas,liquid,and particle phases employing density functional theory(DFT).Here,O_(3)is prone to add to the benzene ring without F atom(s)in the selected LCMs.The ozonolysis products are aldehydes,carboxylic acids,epoxides,and unsaturated hydrocarbons containing aromatic rings.Those products undergo secondary ozonolysis to generate small molecular compounds such as glyoxal,which is beneficial for generating secondary organic aerosol(SOA).Titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),an essential component of mineral aerosol particles,has good adsorption properties for LCMs;however,it slightly reduces the reactivity with O_(3).At 298 K,the reaction rate constant of the selected LCMs reacting with O_(3)in the gas and atmospheric liquid phases is(2.74–5.53)×10^(-24)cm^(3)/(mol·sec)and 5.58×10^(-3)–39.1 L/(mol·sec),while CEB-2F reacting with O_(3)on(TiO_(2))_(6)cluster is 1.84×10^(-24)cm^(3)/(mol·sec).The existence of TiO_(2)clusters increases the persistence and long-distance transportability of LCMs,which enlarges the contaminated area of LCMs.展开更多
With the increasing morbidity of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the major reason causing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) over the world. However, curre...With the increasing morbidity of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the major reason causing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) over the world. However, current treating strategy is aiming at blood glucose controlling and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) restricting which can’t effectively preventing the development of DKD. Recent research indicating that low level of inflammatory and activation of immune system play a significant role in occurrence and progression of DKD. Understanding of inflammatory cascade and its mechanism is conducive to discern novel target of DKD and contributing to design new treating strategy based on anti-inflammatory. For the past few years, an increasing number of evidences proved that Tradit Chin Med (TCM) could delay the progression of ESRD on the basis of inflammatory. In this review, we overview the protective effect against DKD-based renal injury of TCM monomer, offering novel ideas in drug discovery and in mechanism-related research.sd.展开更多
[Objectives] To find effective monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine targeting nonorganic sleep disorders.[Methods] The reverse thinking of "target-compound" was adopted to search for effective t...[Objectives] To find effective monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine targeting nonorganic sleep disorders.[Methods] The reverse thinking of "target-compound" was adopted to search for effective traditional Chinese medicine monomer compounds that intervene in the core targets of nonorganic sleep disorders, and molecular docking technology was used to verify the traditional Chinese medicine monomer compounds that meet the expected goals.[Results] Based on the storm related targets of nonorganic sleep disorders, five monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine were screened, namely paeoniflorin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, baicalin, and ginsenoside Rg1. These monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine act on multiple targets such as CASP8, IKBKB, IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, etc. , thereby playing a role in calming the mind and improving sleep.[Conclusions] These monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine had potential pharmacological effects on nonorganic sleep disorders and high value in subsequent experiments and clinical applications.展开更多
This manuscript presents a dataset detailing a method for purifying monomers. Purification plays a crucial role in every chemical process, as it leads to an improvement in product quality through the removal of impuri...This manuscript presents a dataset detailing a method for purifying monomers. Purification plays a crucial role in every chemical process, as it leads to an improvement in product quality through the removal of impurities. The primary method for monomer purification, like acrylonitrile (AN), is the distillation technique. However, this technique is unsafe and hard to set up or handle. A straightforward, risk-free, low-cost method like the column technique resolves these issues. A simple column technique demonstrated the successful execution of purifying AN. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses confirmed that AN was successfully purified, with purity reaching 99.8%. FTIR spectra revealed changes in the position and intensity of the stretching vibration peaks after purification. Also, the functional groups of the inhibitor monomethyl ether of hydroquinone (MeHQ) were undetected after purification. Furthermore, after purification, NMR spectra revealed the absence of aromatic protons and carbons associated with MeHQ. In conclusion, the column technique is a successful and inexpensive way to purify AN monomers. This makes it useful for a wide range of applications, especially in polymerization reactions where MeHQ needs to be removed to prevent self-polymerization during the initiation process.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal effects of antifungal monomer component DZP8 isolated from Streptomyces 702 on the mycelium growth, sclerotium formation and germination of Rhizoctonia ...The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal effects of antifungal monomer component DZP8 isolated from Streptomyces 702 on the mycelium growth, sclerotium formation and germination of Rhizoctonia solani and on the mycelium growth, conidial formation, germination, appressorium formation of Magnaporthe grisea. The results showed that the antifungal monomer component DZP8 has strong antifungal effect on both the R. solani and M. grisea. The EC50 and EC90 of DZP8 were 1.81 and 3.35 μg/ml on Ft. solani respectively, and 37.01 and 136.21 μg/ml on M. grisea respectively. Under the treatment of 48.01 μg/ml DZP8, the sclerotium formation rate of R. solani was just 39.21%, the formation time delayed by 216 h and the dry weight decreased by 81.37% in comparison the con- trol; and 33.51 μg/ml DZP8 significantly inhibited the sclerotium germination. In the presence of 160.08 μg/ml DZP8, the sporulation of M. grisea was just 9.29% of control sample; 20.14 μg/ml DZP8 inhibited the conidial germination suppression rate by 95.16%, and the appressorium formation by 100%.展开更多
Lipid droplet(LD) fluorescent imaging plays an important role in the detection of lipid-related diseases.Due to their poor photostability and low hydrophobicity of currently available LD imaging fluorophores,LD imagin...Lipid droplet(LD) fluorescent imaging plays an important role in the detection of lipid-related diseases.Due to their poor photostability and low hydrophobicity of currently available LD imaging fluorophores,LD imaging is limited by its short imaging period and low imaging contrast. Herein, we reasonably designed a highly lipophilic compound Cou-Flu with excellent photostability and excimer-monomer transition property. It exhibited weak excimer emission in cytoplasm, but strong monomer emission in LDs,enabling high contrast LD imaging and LD movement tracing in cells. Zebrafish imaging study demonstrated that Cou-Flu was also suitable for in vivo LD detection with excellent sensitivity. We anticipate that Cou-Flu could be widely applied to understand LD-related intracellular activities and even LD-related diseases in the future.展开更多
This paper reports the synthesis of methoxyoligo (oxyethylene) methacrylate (MEO_n , n is the repeating unit number of (CH_2CH_2O) in the macromonomer), and its polymerization in different solvents. MEO_n is prepared ...This paper reports the synthesis of methoxyoligo (oxyethylene) methacrylate (MEO_n , n is the repeating unit number of (CH_2CH_2O) in the macromonomer), and its polymerization in different solvents. MEO_n is prepared through such two independent reactions as (1) anionic polymerization of oxirane initiated by potassium alkoxide and (2) end-capping of methoxy oligo(oxyethylene) by methacrylic group. The n value can be conveniently controlled over the range of 5 ～ 30 by varying the molar ratio of oxirane to initiator and the molecular weight distribution of MEO_n be narrowed by increasing reaction time only in step (1). MEO_n thus obtained shows a rapid polymerization in water and benzene respectively, and both give water-soluble polymers as long as suitable conditions are used.展开更多
The prevalence of prostate cancer in males worldwide is increasing every year.Androgen and androgen receptor drive the development of prostate cancer and are important targets for the treatment of prostate cancer.A gr...The prevalence of prostate cancer in males worldwide is increasing every year.Androgen and androgen receptor drive the development of prostate cancer and are important targets for the treatment of prostate cancer.A growing number of reports indicate that the traditional Chinese medicine has a clear advantage in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.This article provides an overview of the in vitro and in vivo studies of different traditional Chinese medicine monomers acting on the androgen receptor-signaling pathway in prostate cancer.展开更多
Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) accounts for 80%-85% of all lung malignancies and good diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC are critical to the increase of its survival rate. Tumor-associated macrophages(TAM) abundantly...Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) accounts for 80%-85% of all lung malignancies and good diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC are critical to the increase of its survival rate. Tumor-associated macrophages(TAM) abundantly present in numerous cancer types, and the role of TAMs in tumor biology and their prognostic value in cancer become major topics of interest. After various stimulations in the tumor microenvironment, TAMs develop into a M1(tumor-inhibitory) phenotype or M2(tumor-promoting) phenotype. Recent studies show that traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) monomers have markedly inhibitory actions for NSCLC through M1/M2 modulation. Due to the TCM monomers mainly covered five categories, i.e. terpenoids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, natural polyphenols, and alkaloids. Thus, we will discuss the regulation of TCM monomers on TAM involve in these five parts in this review. In addition, the potential role of TAMs as therapeutic targets will be discussed.展开更多
This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and ...This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.展开更多
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a common acute abdomen clinical problem characterized by high mortality, mul-tiple complications, complicated pathogenesis and difficult treatment. Recent studies found traditional C...Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a common acute abdomen clinical problem characterized by high mortality, mul-tiple complications, complicated pathogenesis and difficult treatment. Recent studies found traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers have markedly good effect for treating SAP. Many TCM monomers can inhibit pancreatin, resist inflammation, im-prove microcirculation and immunoloregulation, etc. to block the pathological progress of SAP in multiple ways, reduce com-plications and lower mortality with rapid effects. It is significant for enhancing SAP treatment to deeply understand the current situation in TCM monomers for treating SAP and take precious references therein. This article summarizes the treating effects and mechanisms of TCM monomers for SAP in recent years.展开更多
In this review we discuss the history of research into the use of gold for the acetylene hydrochlorin‐ation reaction, and describe the recent developments which have led to its commercialisation. We discuss the use o...In this review we discuss the history of research into the use of gold for the acetylene hydrochlorin‐ation reaction, and describe the recent developments which have led to its commercialisation. We discuss the use of different precursors and the addition to gold of a secondary metal as methods which attempt to improve these catalysts, and consider the nature of the active gold species. The vast majority of poly vinyl chloride （PVC） produced globally still uses a mercuric chloride as a cata‐lyst, despite the environmental problems associated with it. Due to the agreement by the Chinese government to remove mercury usage in the PVC industry over the course of the next few years there is an obvious need to find a replacement catalyst;the potential use of gold for this process has been well known for several decades and to date gold seems to be the best candidate for this, pri‐marily due to its superior selectivity when compared to other metals.展开更多
As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Pulsatilla Chinensis(P. Chinensis) is widely used in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Recently, medical research has found that the natural product ...As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Pulsatilla Chinensis(P. Chinensis) is widely used in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Recently, medical research has found that the natural product P. Chinensis saponins and their monomeric compounds extracted from P. Chinensis have a variety of biological activities, especially the triterpenoid saponins, which have significant and broad-spectrum anti-tumor effects. Moreover, its anti-tumor molecular mechanisms include inhibition of the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, repression of the migration, invasion, and metastasis, prevention of tumor cell cycle, regulation of cancer cell energy metabolism, anti-tumor angiogenesis, induction of cancer cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy, reversing cancer cell resistance, regulation a variety of related signaling pathways, and improvement of the inflammatory microenvironment of tumor cells. In the present work, we reviewed the related anticancer mechanisms of P. Chinensis saponins and their monomers in different tumors, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of new anti-tumor drugs of P. Chinensis saponins and their monomeric compounds.展开更多
In order to evaluate the anti-influenza virus activity of the effective monomer from Folium Isatidis (FI) in vivo,we established mice model with viral pneumonia and divided them into 3 different dose groups,then obser...In order to evaluate the anti-influenza virus activity of the effective monomer from Folium Isatidis (FI) in vivo,we established mice model with viral pneumonia and divided them into 3 different dose groups,then observed their lung indexes,pulmonary pathological changes,pulmonary virus hemagglitination titers,living time and death rates.The results showed that the monomer could reduce the pulmonary index from 2.64 to 1.93,1.63 and 1.40 (P<0.01) and decrease the hemagglitination titer from 1.15 to 0.84,0.70 and 0.59 (P<0.01).In addition,different groups of FI could significantly lessen the mortality rate from 100% to 30%,25% and 15%,and prolong the living time from 5.1d to 6.5d,8.4d and 8.9d respectively(P<0.01).The high dose (75 mg/kg/d) has the similar effect with 100 mg/kg/d dose of virazole(P>0.05),and more effective than 200 mg/kg/d dose of antiviral liquor (P<0.05).展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22178181)the Natural Science Fund of Tianjin(No.21JCZDJC00180)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nankai University(No.63243129)).
文摘Electrocatalysis offers efficient and targeted conversion of monomers derived from waste polyester plastics to chemical products under ambient temperature and pressure conditions.This review provides analysis of research on electrochemical upgrading of monomers derived from waste polyester plastics published from2021 to present.Factors for assessing upgrading of waste polyester plastics include alkaline hydrolysis pretreatment,indices of electrochemical reaction process(activity,stability,and techno-economic a nalysis),separation,and product recovery.Types of depolymerization monomers and their value-added products are summarized along with electrocatalytic mechanisms and reaction pathways.Notably,cathode coupled reactions offer significant value for anodic waste plastic oxidation during electrolysis processes.Development of bifunctional electrocatalysts can reduce the cost of coupled systems and complexity of the electrolyzer.Upgrading and recycling of waste plastic monomers using electrocatalytic technology should undergo downstream processing to form high-value products containing C-N and C-S derived functional groups obtained from depolymerized monomers,Electrochemical conversion and upgrading of monomers derived from waste polyester plastics can contribute to industrialization and global economies and help to realize environmental sustainability.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)represents the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer,characterized by high mortality rates,frequent recurrence and metastasis,poor clinical prognosis,and a complex pathogenesis with limited therapeutic options.Autophagy plays a pivotal role in the immune response and functions as a lysosome-mediated degradation mechanism essential for recycling cellular components and eliminating aggregated proteins,damaged organelles,and invasive pathogens,thereby maintaining cellular function and dynamic homeostasis.Additionally,autophagy regulates several critical proteins and signaling pathways,including mammalian target of the rapamycin(mTOR),Beclin-1,the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mTOR signaling pathway,the Hippo/yes-associated protein signaling pathway,and the Janus kinase/signal transducer of activation signaling pathway.This regulatory capa-city of autophagy can potentially prevent or delay the progression of HCC.Nowadays,many studies have shown that different types of herbal monomers such as the more common quercetin,baicalein,berberine and emodin can further regulate autophagy and exert preventive and therapeutic effects on HCC through the modulation of mTOR and other related signaling pathways and so on.In this paper,we examine the mechanisms of autophagy,key proteins and signaling pathways involved,and the modulation of autophagy by Chinese medicine monomers in the prevention and treatment of HCC.This review aims to provide valuable insights for the development of Chinese medicine strategies against HCC and to inform the rational use of these therapies in clinical practice.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:31900694).
文摘A traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)monomer is a bioactive compound extracted from Chinese herbal medicines possessing determined biological activity and pharmacological effects,and has gained much attention for treating neuronal diseases.However,the application of TCM monomers is limited by their low solubility and poor ability to cross the blood-brain barrier(BBB).Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles(EVs)ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm in diameter and can be used as drug delivery carriers that directly target cells or tissues with unique advantages,including low toxicity,low immunogenicity,high stability in blood,and the ability to cross the BBB.This review discusses the biogenesis,components,stability,surface modification,isolation technology,advantages,and disadvantages of exosomes as drug carriers and compares exosomes and other similar drug delivery systems.Furthermore,exosome-encapsulated TCM monomers exert neuroprotective roles,such as anti-inflammation,anti-apoptosis,anti-mitophagy,and anti-oxidation,in various neuronal diseases,including Alzheimer's disease(AD),Parkinson's disease(PD),multiple sclerosis(MS),and cerebral ischemia and reperfusion(CI/R)injury,as well as anti-drug resistance,anti-tumorigenesis,anti-angiogenesis,and promotion of apoptosis in brain tumors,providing more inspiration to promote the development of an exosome-based delivery tool in targeted therapy for neuronal diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U23B6011)。
文摘Introducing functional polar groups into polyolefins can significantly improve the material properties,but there are still challenges in achieving this goal,with the core difficulty being that polar groups are prone to interact with metal active species,affecting the efficiency of the copolymerization.With the rapid advancement in catalyst,a variety of copolymerization strategies are developed aimed at producing more versatile polyolefin materials.Although early transition metal catalysts play an indispensable role in the traditional polyolefin industry,their inherent strong oxophilicity becomes a significant constraint in copolymerization involving polar olefins,limiting their application scope.This review summarizes the progress made in recent years in the efficient copolymerization of non-polar olefins with polar comonomers catalyzed by groups 3 and 4 single-site catalysts.We classify the catalysts into four categories,Sc-,Ti-,Zr-,Hf-,based on the type of metal centers,and provide insights into the influence of catalyst structures and the type of comonomers on the copolymerization behavior.The introduction of polar monomers fundamentally improves the comprehensive performance of the products,greatly broadens the application scope of polyolefin materials,and meets the growing market demand for multifunctional and high-performance materials.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 22278340&22078272)。
文摘Improving the comprehensive performance of anion exchange membranes(AEMs)has a decisive impact on the wide application of anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs).Herein,we prepared a series of new poly(phenanthrene-co-p-terphenyl piperidinium)(PPTP3F_(x)-DIL)AEMs with different fluorinated monomers for high performance AEMFCs.The polymerization of fluorinated monomers with other aryl monomers can effectively promote the separation of microphase in the membrane.It also has a high OH-conductivity at a low swelling.The membrane(PPTP3F_(4)-DIL)prepared by polycondensation of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(p-tolyl)ethan 1-one monomer achieves a high conductivity of 168.5 mS cm^(-1)at 80℃.At the same time,the water uptake is 40.0%and the swelling ratio is 12.1%.In addition,these membranes also have good mechanical properties and alkaline stability.After 1440 h of treatment in a NaOH(2 M)solution at 80℃,PPTP3F_(x)-DIL still maintains excellent tensile strength(>30.3 MPa)and elongation at break(>43.4%),and the conductivity retention of the PPTP3F_(1)-DIL membrane is 90.3%.The PPTP3F_(4)-DIL-based single cell exhibits a high peak power density(918.1 mW cm^(-2))and excellent durability(100 h)at 80℃.Therefore,these PPTP3F_(x)-DIL membranes have a wide range of applications in AEMFCs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52130307)。
文摘The efficient copolymerization of olefin with polar monomers using nickel-based catalysts presents a longstanding challenge. In this contribution, three phosphine-benzocyclone ligands and corresponding neutral nickel catalysts(Ni1: Ar = Ph;Ni2: Ar = 2-(C_(6)H_(5))C_(6)H_(4);Ni3: Ar = 2-[2',6'-(Me O)_(2)-C_(6)H3]C_(6)H_(4)) were prepared and applied for the ethylene polymerization and copolymerization with polar monomers without any cocatalyst. The bulky substituent groups in complexes Ni2 and Ni3 contributed to high catalytic activities(up to 7.24×10^(6) and 9.04×10^(6)g·mol Ni^(-1)·h^(-1), respectively), and produced high-molecular-weight polyethylene(Mw up to 545.7 k Da). Complex Ni3 exhibited high activities for ethylene polymerization at the level of 10^(6) g·mol Ni^(-1)·h^(-1) across a wide range from 30 ℃ to 120 ℃, exhibiting excellent high temperature tolerance. These nickel complexes were also effectively employed in the copolymerization of ethylene with methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate and lauryl acrylate, producing copolymers with high molecular weights(Mw up to 80.5 k Da) and high polar monomer incorporation(up to 8.2 mol%). Microstructure analyses revealed that the introduction of large sterically hindered substituents facilitated the incorporation of polar functional units into the polymer backbone. This study demonstrates the potential of these nickel-based catalysts for efficient copolymerization of olefin with polar monomers.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22276109,21777087,and 21876099)。
文摘Mineral aerosol particles significantly impact environmental risk prediction of liquid crystal monomers(LCMs).In this work,we investigated the reaction mechanisms and kinetics of three typical LCMs(4-cyano-3,5-difluorophenyl 4-ethylbenzoate(CEB-2F),4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl 4-ethylbenzoate(CEB-F),and 4-cyanophenyl 4-ethylbenzoate(CEB))with ozone(O_(3))in the atmospheric gas,liquid,and particle phases employing density functional theory(DFT).Here,O_(3)is prone to add to the benzene ring without F atom(s)in the selected LCMs.The ozonolysis products are aldehydes,carboxylic acids,epoxides,and unsaturated hydrocarbons containing aromatic rings.Those products undergo secondary ozonolysis to generate small molecular compounds such as glyoxal,which is beneficial for generating secondary organic aerosol(SOA).Titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),an essential component of mineral aerosol particles,has good adsorption properties for LCMs;however,it slightly reduces the reactivity with O_(3).At 298 K,the reaction rate constant of the selected LCMs reacting with O_(3)in the gas and atmospheric liquid phases is(2.74–5.53)×10^(-24)cm^(3)/(mol·sec)and 5.58×10^(-3)–39.1 L/(mol·sec),while CEB-2F reacting with O_(3)on(TiO_(2))_(6)cluster is 1.84×10^(-24)cm^(3)/(mol·sec).The existence of TiO_(2)clusters increases the persistence and long-distance transportability of LCMs,which enlarges the contaminated area of LCMs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82060851)Hainan Graduate Innovative Research Project A(No.HyYS2021A03)Hainan Graduate Innovative Research Project Class A(No.HYYS2021A35)。
文摘With the increasing morbidity of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the major reason causing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) over the world. However, current treating strategy is aiming at blood glucose controlling and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) restricting which can’t effectively preventing the development of DKD. Recent research indicating that low level of inflammatory and activation of immune system play a significant role in occurrence and progression of DKD. Understanding of inflammatory cascade and its mechanism is conducive to discern novel target of DKD and contributing to design new treating strategy based on anti-inflammatory. For the past few years, an increasing number of evidences proved that Tradit Chin Med (TCM) could delay the progression of ESRD on the basis of inflammatory. In this review, we overview the protective effect against DKD-based renal injury of TCM monomer, offering novel ideas in drug discovery and in mechanism-related research.sd.
基金Supported by the Key Project of TCM in Hubei Province(ZY2023F074).
文摘[Objectives] To find effective monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine targeting nonorganic sleep disorders.[Methods] The reverse thinking of "target-compound" was adopted to search for effective traditional Chinese medicine monomer compounds that intervene in the core targets of nonorganic sleep disorders, and molecular docking technology was used to verify the traditional Chinese medicine monomer compounds that meet the expected goals.[Results] Based on the storm related targets of nonorganic sleep disorders, five monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine were screened, namely paeoniflorin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, baicalin, and ginsenoside Rg1. These monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine act on multiple targets such as CASP8, IKBKB, IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, etc. , thereby playing a role in calming the mind and improving sleep.[Conclusions] These monomer compounds of traditional Chinese medicine had potential pharmacological effects on nonorganic sleep disorders and high value in subsequent experiments and clinical applications.
文摘This manuscript presents a dataset detailing a method for purifying monomers. Purification plays a crucial role in every chemical process, as it leads to an improvement in product quality through the removal of impurities. The primary method for monomer purification, like acrylonitrile (AN), is the distillation technique. However, this technique is unsafe and hard to set up or handle. A straightforward, risk-free, low-cost method like the column technique resolves these issues. A simple column technique demonstrated the successful execution of purifying AN. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses confirmed that AN was successfully purified, with purity reaching 99.8%. FTIR spectra revealed changes in the position and intensity of the stretching vibration peaks after purification. Also, the functional groups of the inhibitor monomethyl ether of hydroquinone (MeHQ) were undetected after purification. Furthermore, after purification, NMR spectra revealed the absence of aromatic protons and carbons associated with MeHQ. In conclusion, the column technique is a successful and inexpensive way to purify AN monomers. This makes it useful for a wide range of applications, especially in polymerization reactions where MeHQ needs to be removed to prevent self-polymerization during the initiation process.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31071724)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(2010GZN0037)~~
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal effects of antifungal monomer component DZP8 isolated from Streptomyces 702 on the mycelium growth, sclerotium formation and germination of Rhizoctonia solani and on the mycelium growth, conidial formation, germination, appressorium formation of Magnaporthe grisea. The results showed that the antifungal monomer component DZP8 has strong antifungal effect on both the R. solani and M. grisea. The EC50 and EC90 of DZP8 were 1.81 and 3.35 μg/ml on Ft. solani respectively, and 37.01 and 136.21 μg/ml on M. grisea respectively. Under the treatment of 48.01 μg/ml DZP8, the sclerotium formation rate of R. solani was just 39.21%, the formation time delayed by 216 h and the dry weight decreased by 81.37% in comparison the con- trol; and 33.51 μg/ml DZP8 significantly inhibited the sclerotium germination. In the presence of 160.08 μg/ml DZP8, the sporulation of M. grisea was just 9.29% of control sample; 20.14 μg/ml DZP8 inhibited the conidial germination suppression rate by 95.16%, and the appressorium formation by 100%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21725505,22074016 and 81821001)。
文摘Lipid droplet(LD) fluorescent imaging plays an important role in the detection of lipid-related diseases.Due to their poor photostability and low hydrophobicity of currently available LD imaging fluorophores,LD imaging is limited by its short imaging period and low imaging contrast. Herein, we reasonably designed a highly lipophilic compound Cou-Flu with excellent photostability and excimer-monomer transition property. It exhibited weak excimer emission in cytoplasm, but strong monomer emission in LDs,enabling high contrast LD imaging and LD movement tracing in cells. Zebrafish imaging study demonstrated that Cou-Flu was also suitable for in vivo LD detection with excellent sensitivity. We anticipate that Cou-Flu could be widely applied to understand LD-related intracellular activities and even LD-related diseases in the future.
文摘This paper reports the synthesis of methoxyoligo (oxyethylene) methacrylate (MEO_n , n is the repeating unit number of (CH_2CH_2O) in the macromonomer), and its polymerization in different solvents. MEO_n is prepared through such two independent reactions as (1) anionic polymerization of oxirane initiated by potassium alkoxide and (2) end-capping of methoxy oligo(oxyethylene) by methacrylic group. The n value can be conveniently controlled over the range of 5 ～ 30 by varying the molar ratio of oxirane to initiator and the molecular weight distribution of MEO_n be narrowed by increasing reaction time only in step (1). MEO_n thus obtained shows a rapid polymerization in water and benzene respectively, and both give water-soluble polymers as long as suitable conditions are used.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81603438 and No.81802568).
文摘The prevalence of prostate cancer in males worldwide is increasing every year.Androgen and androgen receptor drive the development of prostate cancer and are important targets for the treatment of prostate cancer.A growing number of reports indicate that the traditional Chinese medicine has a clear advantage in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.This article provides an overview of the in vitro and in vivo studies of different traditional Chinese medicine monomers acting on the androgen receptor-signaling pathway in prostate cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81473546)National Center for International Research(No.2015B01022)+1 种基金the Regional Collaborative Innovation Center of Tibetan Medicine(No.2017XTCX012)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2018-JYBZZ-XJSJJ011)
文摘Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) accounts for 80%-85% of all lung malignancies and good diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC are critical to the increase of its survival rate. Tumor-associated macrophages(TAM) abundantly present in numerous cancer types, and the role of TAMs in tumor biology and their prognostic value in cancer become major topics of interest. After various stimulations in the tumor microenvironment, TAMs develop into a M1(tumor-inhibitory) phenotype or M2(tumor-promoting) phenotype. Recent studies show that traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) monomers have markedly inhibitory actions for NSCLC through M1/M2 modulation. Due to the TCM monomers mainly covered five categories, i.e. terpenoids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, natural polyphenols, and alkaloids. Thus, we will discuss the regulation of TCM monomers on TAM involve in these five parts in this review. In addition, the potential role of TAMs as therapeutic targets will be discussed.
基金supported by "13115" Science and Tech-nology Innovation Programme of Shaanxi Province,China (2007ZDKG-09)the National Agricultural Industrial Technology System Foundation of China(Z225020901)Young Academic Backbone Scientific Research Program of Northwest A&F University,China (01140303)
文摘This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.
基金Project supported by the Adminisitration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province (Nos. 2003C130 and 2004C142), the Medical Science and Technology of Health Department of Zhejiang Province (No. 2003B134), the Technology and Development of Technological Bureau of Hangzhou (No. 2003123B19), China
文摘Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a common acute abdomen clinical problem characterized by high mortality, mul-tiple complications, complicated pathogenesis and difficult treatment. Recent studies found traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers have markedly good effect for treating SAP. Many TCM monomers can inhibit pancreatin, resist inflammation, im-prove microcirculation and immunoloregulation, etc. to block the pathological progress of SAP in multiple ways, reduce com-plications and lower mortality with rapid effects. It is significant for enhancing SAP treatment to deeply understand the current situation in TCM monomers for treating SAP and take precious references therein. This article summarizes the treating effects and mechanisms of TCM monomers for SAP in recent years.
文摘In this review we discuss the history of research into the use of gold for the acetylene hydrochlorin‐ation reaction, and describe the recent developments which have led to its commercialisation. We discuss the use of different precursors and the addition to gold of a secondary metal as methods which attempt to improve these catalysts, and consider the nature of the active gold species. The vast majority of poly vinyl chloride （PVC） produced globally still uses a mercuric chloride as a cata‐lyst, despite the environmental problems associated with it. Due to the agreement by the Chinese government to remove mercury usage in the PVC industry over the course of the next few years there is an obvious need to find a replacement catalyst;the potential use of gold for this process has been well known for several decades and to date gold seems to be the best candidate for this, pri‐marily due to its superior selectivity when compared to other metals.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81703768 and 81803400)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No. ZR2017MH118 and ZR2018BH045)。
文摘As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Pulsatilla Chinensis(P. Chinensis) is widely used in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Recently, medical research has found that the natural product P. Chinensis saponins and their monomeric compounds extracted from P. Chinensis have a variety of biological activities, especially the triterpenoid saponins, which have significant and broad-spectrum anti-tumor effects. Moreover, its anti-tumor molecular mechanisms include inhibition of the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, repression of the migration, invasion, and metastasis, prevention of tumor cell cycle, regulation of cancer cell energy metabolism, anti-tumor angiogenesis, induction of cancer cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy, reversing cancer cell resistance, regulation a variety of related signaling pathways, and improvement of the inflammatory microenvironment of tumor cells. In the present work, we reviewed the related anticancer mechanisms of P. Chinensis saponins and their monomers in different tumors, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of new anti-tumor drugs of P. Chinensis saponins and their monomeric compounds.
基金Natural Science Foundation of South Central University for Nationalities (YZQ05011)
文摘In order to evaluate the anti-influenza virus activity of the effective monomer from Folium Isatidis (FI) in vivo,we established mice model with viral pneumonia and divided them into 3 different dose groups,then observed their lung indexes,pulmonary pathological changes,pulmonary virus hemagglitination titers,living time and death rates.The results showed that the monomer could reduce the pulmonary index from 2.64 to 1.93,1.63 and 1.40 (P<0.01) and decrease the hemagglitination titer from 1.15 to 0.84,0.70 and 0.59 (P<0.01).In addition,different groups of FI could significantly lessen the mortality rate from 100% to 30%,25% and 15%,and prolong the living time from 5.1d to 6.5d,8.4d and 8.9d respectively(P<0.01).The high dose (75 mg/kg/d) has the similar effect with 100 mg/kg/d dose of virazole(P>0.05),and more effective than 200 mg/kg/d dose of antiviral liquor (P<0.05).
