Mononuclear macrophage infiltration in the central nervous system is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation. Recent studies on the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis have highlighted the multiple rol...Mononuclear macrophage infiltration in the central nervous system is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation. Recent studies on the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis have highlighted the multiple roles of mononuclear macrophages in the neuroinflammatory process. Monocytes play a significant role in neuroinflammation, and managing neuroinflammation by manipulating peripheral monocytes stands out as an effective strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, leading to improved patient outcomes. This review outlines the steps involved in the entry of myeloid monocytes into the central nervous system that are targets for effective intervention: the activation of bone marrow hematopoiesis, migration of monocytes in the blood, and penetration of the blood–brain barrier by monocytes. Finally, we summarize the different monocyte subpopulations and their effects on the central nervous system based on phenotypic differences. As activated microglia resemble monocyte-derived macrophages, it is important to accurately identify the role of monocyte-derived macrophages in disease. Depending on the roles played by monocyte-derived macrophages at different stages of the disease, several of these processes can be interrupted to limit neuroinflammation and improve patient prognosis. Here, we discuss possible strategies to target monocytes in neurological diseases, focusing on three key aspects of monocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, to provide new ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
Polytrauma with significant bone and volumetric muscle loss presents substantial clinical challenges.Although immune responses significantly influence fracture healing post-polytrauma,the cellular and molecular underp...Polytrauma with significant bone and volumetric muscle loss presents substantial clinical challenges.Although immune responses significantly influence fracture healing post-polytrauma,the cellular and molecular underpinnings of polytrauma-induced immune dysregulation require further investigation.While previous studies examined either injury site tissue or systemic tissue(peripheral blood),our study uniquely investigated both systemic and local immune cells at the same time to better understand polytrauma-induced immune dysregulation and associated impaired bone healing.Using single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)in a rat polytrauma model,we analyzed blood,bone marrow,and the local defect soft tissue to identify potential cellular and molecular targets involved in immune dysregulation.We identified a trauma-associated immunosuppressive myeloid(TIM)cell population that drives systemic immune dysregulation,immunosuppression,and potentially impaired bone healing.We found CD1d as a global marker for TIM cells in polytrauma.展开更多
BACKGROUND Depression is a significant psychiatric disorder with particularly high prevalence among adolescents.This mental health condition can have severe consequences,including academic failure,social withdrawal,an...BACKGROUND Depression is a significant psychiatric disorder with particularly high prevalence among adolescents.This mental health condition can have severe consequences,including academic failure,social withdrawal,and suicidal behavior.Given the increasing rate of depression in this age group,understanding the underlying biological mechanisms is essential for early detection and intervention.Recent studies have suggested that immune markers play a role in the pathophysiology of depression,prompting further investigation of their potential association with depressive symptoms in adolescents.AIM To investigate the relationship between immune markers(monocytes,lymphocytes,and direct bilirubin)and the incidence and severity of depression among adolescents.METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 145 adolescent patients with depression[male(M)/female(F)=38/107]from Jiangbin Hospital in Guangxi,Zhuang and 163 healthy controls(M/F=77/86)from routine health check-ups.Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast.Depression severity was measured using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.The inclusion criteria were age 12-24 years,diagnosis of depressive disorder(ICD-10),and no recent antidepressant use.The exclusion criteria included psychiatric comorbidities and serious somatic diseases.Key statistical methods included group comparisons and correlation analyses.RESULTS There was a higher prevalence of females in the depression group(P<0.001).Significant age differences were observed between the groups(Z=9.43,P<0.001).The depression group had higher monocyte(Z=3.43,P<0.001)and lymphocyte(t=2.29,P<0.05)counts,and higher serum direct bilirubin levels(Z=4.72,P<0.001).Monocyte count varied significantly according to depression severity,with lower counts in the mild group(Z=-2.90,P<0.05).A negative correlation between age and lymphocyte counts was observed(ρ=-0.22,P<0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that serum direct bilirubin levels significantly predicted depression.CONCLUSION The potential role of elevated levels of immune markers in the early detection of depression in adolescents has been highlighted.Therefore,it is necessary to explore further the relationships between these immune markers and depression.展开更多
BACKGROUND Deficient efferocytosis(i.e.,phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells)by macrophages has been frequently reported in experimental models of type 2 diabetes(T2D).AIM To translate these findings to humans by t...BACKGROUND Deficient efferocytosis(i.e.,phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells)by macrophages has been frequently reported in experimental models of type 2 diabetes(T2D).AIM To translate these findings to humans by testing whether the efferocytosis capacity of blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages is impaired in T2D patients.METHODS Overall,30 patients with poorly controlled T2D[glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)≥8.0%]and 30 age-and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study.The efferocytosis capacities of peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages were assessed by flow cytometry and immunostaining.Macrophage membrane CD14 expression was examined by flow cytometry.Metabolic factors such as 25(OH)D and immune factors such as interleukin-1βwere also measured.RESULTS The mean monocyte efferocytosis index in the diabetes group was significantly lower than that in the control group.Notably,efferocytosis remained impaired after monocytes differentiated into macrophages.Additionally,the percentages of classical monocytes(CD14^(++)CD16-monocytes)and CD14^(+)macrophages were significantly lower in the diabetes group.Multivariate linear regression analysis in diabetes patients demonstrated that the monocyte efferocytosis index was independently associated with the HbA1c level,and that the macrophage efferocytosis index was significantly associated with the percentage of CD14^(+)macrophages.CONCLUSION Impaired efferocytosis was observed in T2D patients,with poor glycemic control affecting both blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages.The efferocytosis index was negatively associated with metrics of glycemic control,and glucotoxicity may impact efferocytosis through reducing CD14 expression on both monocytes and macrophages.展开更多
Aim This study was to evaluate the effect of arsenic trioxide （As2O3） on the transgenic TNF-α promoter activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs） and THP-1 monocytes. Methods Human TNF-α promoter ...Aim This study was to evaluate the effect of arsenic trioxide （As2O3） on the transgenic TNF-α promoter activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs） and THP-1 monocytes. Methods Human TNF-α promoter was constructed by reporter gene system and was transiently transfected into VSMCs and THP-1 in vitro. The promoter activity was tested by luciferase activity with or without LPS and Ang Ⅱ stimulation, before and after different dosage of As2O3 treatment. Results 1. TNF-α promoter effectively expressed in VSMCs and THP-1 compared with CMV promoter （58.3% and 80.9%, respectively）. Both LPS and Ang Ⅱ significantly up-regulated TNF-α promoter activity （P〈0.05）. 2. As2O3 significantly inhibited, both intact and LPS/Ang Ⅱ stimulated promoter activity, in a dose dependent manner （P〈0.05）, and in both cell type. Conclusion These results manifested that, the inhibition effect of As2O3 on the activity of human TNF-α promoter indicated its potential inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine genes expression at transcriptional level and its potential anti-inflammatory property in the cardiovascular system.展开更多
Objective: In order to detect the role of monocytes inHSV-2 infection, we studied the effect of herpes sim-plex Virus-2 infection on the production of tumor ne-crosis factor (TNF-σ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretedby m...Objective: In order to detect the role of monocytes inHSV-2 infection, we studied the effect of herpes sim-plex Virus-2 infection on the production of tumor ne-crosis factor (TNF-σ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretedby monocytes. Methods: Monocytes were infected by HSV-2 (333Strain). Culture supernatants were collected at 1, 3,5, 7 days post-infection. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent as-say (ELISA). Results: The levels of TNF-α secretion by mono-cytes significantly decreased on first day post-infection. The levels of IL-6 significantly decreasedon first and third days post-infection, and then gradu-ally increased to the control on seventh day post-infection. Conclusions: TNF-α and IL-6 production by mono-cytes was inhibited during HSV-2 infection. The pro-duction of cytokines may play an important role inherpes simplex viurs-2 pathogenicity and immunity.展开更多
Acute pancreatitis(AP) is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas caused by an imbalance in factors involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Earliest events in AP occur within acinar cells accompanied by other p...Acute pancreatitis(AP) is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas caused by an imbalance in factors involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Earliest events in AP occur within acinar cells accompanied by other principal contributors to the inflammatory response i.e.the endothelial cells,immunocytes(granulocytes,monocytes/macrophages,lymphocytes) and neutrophils.Monocytes/macrophages are important inflammatory mediators,involved in the pathophysiology of AP,known to reside in the peritoneal cavity(in the vicinity of the pancreas) and in peripancreatic tissue.Recent studies suggested that impaired clearance of injured acini by macrophages is associated with an altered cytokine reaction which may constitute a basis for progression of AP.This review focuses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in progression of AP and discusses f indings on the inflammatory process involved.展开更多
Background Sustained yet intractable immunosuppression is commonly observed in septic patients,resulting in aggravated clinical outcomes.However,due to the substantial heterogeneity within septic patients,precise indi...Background Sustained yet intractable immunosuppression is commonly observed in septic patients,resulting in aggravated clinical outcomes.However,due to the substantial heterogeneity within septic patients,precise indicators in deciphering clinical trajectories and immunological alterations for septic patients remain largely lacking.Methods We adopted cross-species,single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)analysis based on two published datasets containing circulating immune cell profile of septic patients as well as immune cell atlas of murine model of sepsis.Flow cytometry,laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM)imaging and Western blotting were applied to identify the presence of S100A9^(+)monocytes at protein level.To interrogate the immunosuppressive function of this subset,splenic monocytes isolated from septic wild-type or S100a9^(–/–)mice were co-cultured with naive CD4^(+)T cells,followed by proliferative assay.Pharmacological inhibition of S100A9 was implemented using Paquinimod via oral gavage.Results scRNA-seq analysis of human sepsis revealed substantial heterogeneity in monocyte compartments following the onset of sepsis,for which distinct monocyte subsets were enriched in disparate subclusters of septic patients.We identified a unique monocyte subset characterized by high expression of S100A family genes and low expression of human leukocyte antigen DR(HLA-DR),which were prominently enriched in septic patients and might exert immunosuppressive function.By combining single-cell transcriptomics of murine model of sepsis with in vivo experiments,we uncovered a similar subtype of monocyte significantly associated with late sepsis and immunocompromised status of septic mice,corresponding to HLA-DR^(low)S100A^(high)monocytes in human sepsis.Moreover,we found that S100A9^(+)monocytes exhibited profound immunosuppressive function on CD4^(+)T cell immune response and blockade of S100A9 using Paquinimod could partially reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression.Conclusions This study identifies HLA-DR^(low)S100A^(high)monocytes correlated with immunosuppressive state upon septic challenge,inhibition of which can markedly mitigate sepsis-induced immune depression,thereby providing a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of sepsis.展开更多
AIM: To unravel the differences between systematic in- flammatory response syndrome (SIRS) of acute pancre- atitis compared to the same syndrome in sepsis. METHODS: Twenty-five patients were enrolled, 12 with sepsis a...AIM: To unravel the differences between systematic in- flammatory response syndrome (SIRS) of acute pancre- atitis compared to the same syndrome in sepsis. METHODS: Twenty-five patients were enrolled, 12 with sepsis and 13 acute pancreatitis. After diagnosis 20 ml blood was sampled. Half were assayed for isolation of monocytes and 10 ml was centrifuged for serum test of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Half of monocytes were incubated in the presence of patients’ serum and supernatants were collected. The other half was treated for estimation of optical photom- etry under caspase-3 inhibition. TNFα and IL-6 were es- timated by an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: median ± SE of serum IL-6 in septic patients and acute pancreatitis patients was 192.30 ± 35.40 ng/L and 21.00 ± 16.05 ng/L, respectively (P < 0.01). Re- spective values of caspase-3 were 0.94 ± 0.17 pmol/min 104 cells and 0.34 ± 0.09 pmol/min 104 cells (P < 0.05). IL-6 of monocyte supernatants of patients with sepsis was significantly increased after addition of patients’ serum, while that of patients with acute pancreatitis did not show significant difference. CONCLUSION: The data have shown that monocyte activity is different between acute pancreatitis and sepsis. This phenomenon might be explained as a different pathway to the pro-inflammatory cytokines release or could be a novel anti-inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis.展开更多
Macrophages exist in most tissues and play a variety of functions in vertebrates.Teleost fish species are found in most aquatic environments throughout the world and are quite diverse for a group of vertebrate animals...Macrophages exist in most tissues and play a variety of functions in vertebrates.Teleost fish species are found in most aquatic environments throughout the world and are quite diverse for a group of vertebrate animals.Due to whole genome duplication and en vironme ntal adaptati on,teleost monocytes/macrophages possess a variety of different functions and modulations compared with those of mammals.A deeper understanding of teleost monocytes/macrophages in the immune system will not only help develop teleost-specific methods of disease prevention but will also help improve our understanding of the various immune mechanisms in mammals.In this review,we summarize the differences in polarizati on and phagocytosis of teleost and mammalian macrophages to improve our understanding of the various immune mechanisms in vertebrates.展开更多
AIM:Cytokine release by macrophages critically determines the type of immune response to an antigen.Therefore,we studied hepatitis C virus(HCV)-specific induction of interleukins-1β,-10,-12(IL-1β,IL-10,IL-12),and tu...AIM:Cytokine release by macrophages critically determines the type of immune response to an antigen.Therefore,we studied hepatitis C virus(HCV)-specific induction of interleukins-1β,-10,-12(IL-1β,IL-10,IL-12),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in monocytes. METHODS:Intracallular cytokine expression was studied by flow cytometry in 23 patients with chronic hepatitis C,14 anti-HCV seropositives without viremia and 11 controls after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear calls with recombinant core,NS3,NS4,NSSa and NSSb proteins. RESULTS:Patients with HCV viremia revealed greater spontaneous expression of IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-10. Furthermore,greater than twofold higher IL-10 expression was induced by the HCV antigens in chronic hepatitis C than in the other two groups(P<0.05).In contrast,neither IL- 12 nor TNF-α was induced preferentially. CONCLUSION:In chronic hepatitis C antigen-specific cytokine induction in monocytes is apparently shifted towards predominant IL-10 induction-not counterbalanced by antiviral type 1 cytokines.This may contribute to persistent viral replication.展开更多
Objective To investigate the relationship between human cytomegalovirus(HCMV)infection and peripheral blood CD14+CD16+monocytes in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease(CHD),and to elucidate the mechanism of path...Objective To investigate the relationship between human cytomegalovirus(HCMV)infection and peripheral blood CD14+CD16+monocytes in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease(CHD),and to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenesis in CHD by analyzing the correlation between infection,inflammation,and CHD,to provide a basis for the prevention,evaluation,and treatment of the disease.Methods In total,192 patients with CHD were divided into three groups:latent CHD,angina pectoris,and myocardial infarction.HCMV-IgM and-IgG antibodies were assessed using ELISA;CD14+CD16+monocytes were counted using a five-type automated hematology analyzer;mononuclear cells were assessed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting;and an automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure the levels of triglyceride,cholesterol,high-and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols,lipoprotein,hs-CRp and Hcy.Results The positive rates of HCMV-IgM and-IgG were significantly higher in the CHD groups than in the control group.HCMV infection affects lipid metabolism to promote immune and inflammatory responses.Conclusion HCMV infection has a specific correlation with the occurrence and development of CHD.The expression of CD14+CD16+mononuclear cells in the CHD group was increased accordingly and correlated with acute HCMV infection.Thus,HCMV antibody as well as peripheral blood CD14+CD16+mononuclear cells can be used to monitor the occurrence and development of CHD.展开更多
Menopause is one of the key physiological events in the female life and can increase the risk for a number of complex autoimmune, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. Circulating monocytes can d...Menopause is one of the key physiological events in the female life and can increase the risk for a number of complex autoimmune, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. Circulating monocytes can differentiate into various cell types and play an important role in tissue morphogenesis and immune response. We studied gene expression profiles of peripheral blood monocytes in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women using Affymetrix Human U133A GeneChip array that contains probes for -14,500 genes. Comparative analyses between the samples showed that 20 genes were up- and 20 were down-regulated. Of these genes, 28 were classified into six major GO categories relevant to such biological processes as the cell proliferation, immune response, cellular metabolism, and the others. The remaining 12 genes have yet unidentified biological functions. Our results support the hypothesis that functional state of circulating monocytes is indeed affected by menopause, and resulting changes may be determined through the genomewide gene expression profiling. Several differentially expressed genes identified in this study may be candidates for further studies of menopause-associated systemic autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disorders. Our study is only the first attempt in this direction, but it lays a basis for further research.展开更多
AIM： Hepatitis C virus often establishes chronic infections. Recent studies suggest that viral and bacterial infections are more common in HCV-infected patients compared to controls. Pathogens are recognized by Toll-...AIM： Hepatitis C virus often establishes chronic infections. Recent studies suggest that viral and bacterial infections are more common in HCV-infected patients compared to controls. Pathogens are recognized by Toll-like receptors （TLRs） to shape adaptive and innate immune responses. METHODS： In this study, to infected host to recognize assess the ability of HCV-infected host to recognize invading pathogens, we investigated Toll-like receptor expression in innate （monocytes） and adaptive （T cells） immune cells by realtime PCR. RESULTS： We determined that RNA levels for TLRs 2, 6. 7, 8, 9 and 10 mRNA levels were upregulated in both monocytes and T cells in HCV-infected patients compared to controls. TLR4 was only upregulated in T lymphocytes, while TLR5 was selectively increased in monocytes of HCV-infected patients. MD-2, a TLR4 coreceptor, was increased in patients＇ monocytes and T cells while CD14 and MyD88 were increased only in monocytes. CONCLUSION： Our data reveal novel details on TLR expression that likely relates to innate recognition of pathogens and immune defense in HCV-infected individuals.展开更多
BACKGROUND In malignant tumors,inflammation plays a vital role in the development,invasion,and metastasis of cancer cells.Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL),the most common malignant proliferative disease of the lym...BACKGROUND In malignant tumors,inflammation plays a vital role in the development,invasion,and metastasis of cancer cells.Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL),the most common malignant proliferative disease of the lymphatic system,is commonly associated with inflammation.The international prognostic index(IPI),which includes age,lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),number of extranodal lesions,Ann Arbor score,and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)score,can evaluate the prognosis of DLBCL.However,its use in accurately identifying highrisk patients and guiding treatment is poor.Therefore,it is important to find novel immune markers in predicting the prognosis of DLBCL patients.AIM To determine the association between the systemic immune inflammation index(SII),ratio of lymphocytes to monocytes(LMR),ratio of LMR to LDH(LMR/LDH),and prognosis of patients with DLBCL.METHODS A total of 68 patients diagnosed with DLBCL,treated in our hospital between January 2016 and January 2020,were included.χ2 test,Pearson’s R correlation,Kaplan Meier curves,and Cox proportional risk regression analysis were used.The differences in the SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH among patients with different clinicopathological features were analyzed.The differences in progression-free survival time among patients with different SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH expressions and influencing factors affecting the prognosis of DLBCL patients,were also analyzed.RESULTS The LMR and LMR/LDH in patients with Ann Arbor stage III–IV,ECOG score≥2,and SII,IPI score 2–5 were significantly higher than those of patients with Ann Arbor stage I-II and ECOG score<2(P<0.05).Patients with high SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH had progression-free survival times of 34 mo(95%CI:32.52–38.50),35 mo(95%CI:33.42–36.58)and 35 mo(95%CI:33.49–36.51),respectively,which were significantly lower than those with low SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH(P<0.05);the SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH were positively correlated(P<0.05).Cox proportional risk regression analysis showed that the SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH were influencing factors for the prognosis of DLBCL patients(hazard ratio=1.143,1.665,and 1.704,respectively;P<0.05).CONCLUSION The SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH are related to the clinicopathological features of DLCBL,and they also influence the prognosis of patients with the disease.展开更多
AIM: To investigate if the presence of relevant genetic polymorphisms has effect on the effectual clearance of bacteria by monocytes and granulocytes in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD).
A number of studies conducted over many years have shown that hepatitis C virus(HCV)can infect a variety of cell types.In vivo infection of monocytes,macrophages,and dendritic cells by HCV has been frequently shown by...A number of studies conducted over many years have shown that hepatitis C virus(HCV)can infect a variety of cell types.In vivo infection of monocytes,macrophages,and dendritic cells by HCV has been frequently shown by a number of researchers.These studies have demonstrated replication of HCV by detecting the presence of both negative genomic strands and a variety of non-structural HCV proteins in infected cells.In addition,analyses of genome sequences have also shown that different cell types can harbor different HCV variants.Investigators have also done preliminary studies of which cellular genes are affected by HCV infection,but there have not yet been a sufficient number of these studies to understand the effects of infection on these cells.Analyses of in vitro HCV replication have shown that monocytes,macrophages and dendritic cells can be infected by HCV from patient sera or plasma.These studies suggest that entry and cellular locations may vary between different cell types.Some studies suggest that macrophages may preferentially allow HCV genotype 1 to replicate,but macrophages do not appear to select particular hypervariable regions.Overall,these studies agree with a model where monocytes and macrophages act as an amplification system,in which these cells are infected and show few cytopathic effects,but continuously produce HCV.This allows them to produce virus over an extended time and allows its spread to other cell types.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived monocytes transfected with RNA of CT-26 (a cell line of mouse colon carcinoma) on antitumor immunity. METHODS: Mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes were incubated w...AIM: To investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived monocytes transfected with RNA of CT-26 (a cell line of mouse colon carcinoma) on antitumor immunity. METHODS: Mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes were incubated with mouse granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) in vitro, and the purity of monocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Total RNA of CT-26 was obtained by TRIzol's process, and monocytes were transfected by TransMessenger in vitro. The activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vivo was estimated by the modified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Changes of tumor size in mice and animal's survival time were observed in different groups. RESULTS: Monocytes from mouse bone marrow were successfully incubated, and the positive rate of CDllb was over 95%. Vaccination of the monocytes transfected with total RNA induced a high level of specific CTL activity in vivo, and made mice resistant to the subsequent challenge of parental tumor cells. In vivo effects induced by monocytes transfected with total RNA were stronger than those induced by monocytes pulsed with tumor cell lysates. CONCLUSION: Antigen presenting cells transfected with total RNA of CT-26 can present endogenous? tumor antigens, activate CTL, and effectively induce specific antitumor immunity.展开更多
AIM： To generate dendritic cells （DCs） from human peripheral blood and to detect the expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 grabbing nonintegrin （DC-SIGN; CD209） for the further s...AIM： To generate dendritic cells （DCs） from human peripheral blood and to detect the expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 grabbing nonintegrin （DC-SIGN; CD209） for the further study of DC-SIGN in hepatitis C virus （HCV） transmission. METHODS： Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from blood of healthy individuals by Ficoll--Hypaque sedimentation and cultured in complete medium containing rhGM-CSF and rhIL-4. Cells were cultured for seven days, with cytokine addition every two days to obtain immature DCs. Characteristics of the cultured cells were observed under light and scanning microscope, and the expression of DC-SIGN was detected by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS： After seven-day culture, a large number of cells with typical characteristics of DCs appeared. Their characteristics were observed under light and scanning electron microscope. These cells had a variety of cell shapes such as those of bipolar elongate cells, elaborate stellate cells and DCs. DC-SIGN was detected by immunofluorescence staining and its expression level on cultivated dendritic cells was high. CONCLUSION： DCs with a high expression of DC-SIGN can be generated from human peripheral blood monocytes in complete medium containing rhGM-CSF and rhIL-4.展开更多
AIM:To investigate whether caspase-1 activation/intracellular processing of pro-interleukin-1β(pro-IL-1β) and extracellular release of mature IL-1β from activated monocytes are separable events.METHODS:All experime...AIM:To investigate whether caspase-1 activation/intracellular processing of pro-interleukin-1β(pro-IL-1β) and extracellular release of mature IL-1β from activated monocytes are separable events.METHODS:All experiments were performed on fresh or overnight cultured human peripheral blood monocytes(PBMCs) that were isolated from healthy donors.PBMCs were activated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) stimulation before being treated with Adenosine triphosphate(ATP,1 mmol/L),human α-defensin-5(HD-5,50 μg/mL),and/or nigericin(Nig,30 μmol/L).For each experiment,the culture supernatants were collected separately from the cells.Cell lysates and supernatants were both subject to immunoprecipitation with anti-IL1β antibodies followed by western blot analysis with anti-caspase-1 and anti-IL-1β antibodies.RESULTS:We found that pro-IL-1β was processed to mature IL-1β in LPS-activated fresh and overnight cultured human monocytes in response to ATP stimulation.In the presence of HD-5,this release of IL-1β,but not the processing of pro-IL-1β to IL-1β,was completely inhibited.Similarly,in the presence of HD-5,the release of IL-1β,but not the processing of IL-1β,was significantly inhibited from LPS-activated monocytes stimulated with Nig.Finally,we treated LPS-activated monocytes with ATP and Nig and collected the supernatants.We found that both ATP and Nig stimulation could activate and release cleaved caspase-1 from the monocytes.Interestingly,and contrary to IL-1β processing and release,caspase-1 cleavage and release was not blocked by HD-5.All images are representative of three independent experiments.CONCLUSION:These data suggest that caspase-1 activation/processing of pro-IL-1β by caspase-1 and the release of mature IL-1β from human monocytes are distinct and separable events.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82060219,82271234the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,Nos.20212ACB216009,20212BAB216048+1 种基金Jiangxi Province Thousands of Plans,No.jxsq2019201023Youth Team Project of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,No.2019YNTD12003(all to FH)。
文摘Mononuclear macrophage infiltration in the central nervous system is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation. Recent studies on the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis have highlighted the multiple roles of mononuclear macrophages in the neuroinflammatory process. Monocytes play a significant role in neuroinflammation, and managing neuroinflammation by manipulating peripheral monocytes stands out as an effective strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, leading to improved patient outcomes. This review outlines the steps involved in the entry of myeloid monocytes into the central nervous system that are targets for effective intervention: the activation of bone marrow hematopoiesis, migration of monocytes in the blood, and penetration of the blood–brain barrier by monocytes. Finally, we summarize the different monocyte subpopulations and their effects on the central nervous system based on phenotypic differences. As activated microglia resemble monocyte-derived macrophages, it is important to accurately identify the role of monocyte-derived macrophages in disease. Depending on the roles played by monocyte-derived macrophages at different stages of the disease, several of these processes can be interrupted to limit neuroinflammation and improve patient prognosis. Here, we discuss possible strategies to target monocytes in neurological diseases, focusing on three key aspects of monocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, to provide new ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
文摘Polytrauma with significant bone and volumetric muscle loss presents substantial clinical challenges.Although immune responses significantly influence fracture healing post-polytrauma,the cellular and molecular underpinnings of polytrauma-induced immune dysregulation require further investigation.While previous studies examined either injury site tissue or systemic tissue(peripheral blood),our study uniquely investigated both systemic and local immune cells at the same time to better understand polytrauma-induced immune dysregulation and associated impaired bone healing.Using single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)in a rat polytrauma model,we analyzed blood,bone marrow,and the local defect soft tissue to identify potential cellular and molecular targets involved in immune dysregulation.We identified a trauma-associated immunosuppressive myeloid(TIM)cell population that drives systemic immune dysregulation,immunosuppression,and potentially impaired bone healing.We found CD1d as a global marker for TIM cells in polytrauma.
基金Supported by the Medical Discipline Construction Project of Pudong Health Committee of Shanghai,No.PWZzb2022-09Nanning City Science Research and Technology Development Program,No.ZC20233017and Guangxi Medical and Health Appropriate Technology Development and Promotion Project,No.S2021061.
文摘BACKGROUND Depression is a significant psychiatric disorder with particularly high prevalence among adolescents.This mental health condition can have severe consequences,including academic failure,social withdrawal,and suicidal behavior.Given the increasing rate of depression in this age group,understanding the underlying biological mechanisms is essential for early detection and intervention.Recent studies have suggested that immune markers play a role in the pathophysiology of depression,prompting further investigation of their potential association with depressive symptoms in adolescents.AIM To investigate the relationship between immune markers(monocytes,lymphocytes,and direct bilirubin)and the incidence and severity of depression among adolescents.METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 145 adolescent patients with depression[male(M)/female(F)=38/107]from Jiangbin Hospital in Guangxi,Zhuang and 163 healthy controls(M/F=77/86)from routine health check-ups.Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast.Depression severity was measured using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.The inclusion criteria were age 12-24 years,diagnosis of depressive disorder(ICD-10),and no recent antidepressant use.The exclusion criteria included psychiatric comorbidities and serious somatic diseases.Key statistical methods included group comparisons and correlation analyses.RESULTS There was a higher prevalence of females in the depression group(P<0.001).Significant age differences were observed between the groups(Z=9.43,P<0.001).The depression group had higher monocyte(Z=3.43,P<0.001)and lymphocyte(t=2.29,P<0.05)counts,and higher serum direct bilirubin levels(Z=4.72,P<0.001).Monocyte count varied significantly according to depression severity,with lower counts in the mild group(Z=-2.90,P<0.05).A negative correlation between age and lymphocyte counts was observed(ρ=-0.22,P<0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that serum direct bilirubin levels significantly predicted depression.CONCLUSION The potential role of elevated levels of immune markers in the early detection of depression in adolescents has been highlighted.Therefore,it is necessary to explore further the relationships between these immune markers and depression.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81970669,No.82170835,and No.82100848Shanghai Municipal Health Commission,No.202240107,and No.20234Y0040China Endocrine Metabolism Research Program of Excellence,No.2023-N-03-05。
文摘BACKGROUND Deficient efferocytosis(i.e.,phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells)by macrophages has been frequently reported in experimental models of type 2 diabetes(T2D).AIM To translate these findings to humans by testing whether the efferocytosis capacity of blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages is impaired in T2D patients.METHODS Overall,30 patients with poorly controlled T2D[glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)≥8.0%]and 30 age-and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study.The efferocytosis capacities of peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages were assessed by flow cytometry and immunostaining.Macrophage membrane CD14 expression was examined by flow cytometry.Metabolic factors such as 25(OH)D and immune factors such as interleukin-1βwere also measured.RESULTS The mean monocyte efferocytosis index in the diabetes group was significantly lower than that in the control group.Notably,efferocytosis remained impaired after monocytes differentiated into macrophages.Additionally,the percentages of classical monocytes(CD14^(++)CD16-monocytes)and CD14^(+)macrophages were significantly lower in the diabetes group.Multivariate linear regression analysis in diabetes patients demonstrated that the monocyte efferocytosis index was independently associated with the HbA1c level,and that the macrophage efferocytosis index was significantly associated with the percentage of CD14^(+)macrophages.CONCLUSION Impaired efferocytosis was observed in T2D patients,with poor glycemic control affecting both blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages.The efferocytosis index was negatively associated with metrics of glycemic control,and glucotoxicity may impact efferocytosis through reducing CD14 expression on both monocytes and macrophages.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30170368)
文摘Aim This study was to evaluate the effect of arsenic trioxide （As2O3） on the transgenic TNF-α promoter activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs） and THP-1 monocytes. Methods Human TNF-α promoter was constructed by reporter gene system and was transiently transfected into VSMCs and THP-1 in vitro. The promoter activity was tested by luciferase activity with or without LPS and Ang Ⅱ stimulation, before and after different dosage of As2O3 treatment. Results 1. TNF-α promoter effectively expressed in VSMCs and THP-1 compared with CMV promoter （58.3% and 80.9%, respectively）. Both LPS and Ang Ⅱ significantly up-regulated TNF-α promoter activity （P〈0.05）. 2. As2O3 significantly inhibited, both intact and LPS/Ang Ⅱ stimulated promoter activity, in a dose dependent manner （P〈0.05）, and in both cell type. Conclusion These results manifested that, the inhibition effect of As2O3 on the activity of human TNF-α promoter indicated its potential inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine genes expression at transcriptional level and its potential anti-inflammatory property in the cardiovascular system.
文摘Objective: In order to detect the role of monocytes inHSV-2 infection, we studied the effect of herpes sim-plex Virus-2 infection on the production of tumor ne-crosis factor (TNF-σ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretedby monocytes. Methods: Monocytes were infected by HSV-2 (333Strain). Culture supernatants were collected at 1, 3,5, 7 days post-infection. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent as-say (ELISA). Results: The levels of TNF-α secretion by mono-cytes significantly decreased on first day post-infection. The levels of IL-6 significantly decreasedon first and third days post-infection, and then gradu-ally increased to the control on seventh day post-infection. Conclusions: TNF-α and IL-6 production by mono-cytes was inhibited during HSV-2 infection. The pro-duction of cytokines may play an important role inherpes simplex viurs-2 pathogenicity and immunity.
文摘Acute pancreatitis(AP) is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas caused by an imbalance in factors involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Earliest events in AP occur within acinar cells accompanied by other principal contributors to the inflammatory response i.e.the endothelial cells,immunocytes(granulocytes,monocytes/macrophages,lymphocytes) and neutrophils.Monocytes/macrophages are important inflammatory mediators,involved in the pathophysiology of AP,known to reside in the peritoneal cavity(in the vicinity of the pancreas) and in peripancreatic tissue.Recent studies suggested that impaired clearance of injured acini by macrophages is associated with an altered cytokine reaction which may constitute a basis for progression of AP.This review focuses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in progression of AP and discusses f indings on the inflammatory process involved.
基金supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(82130062,82241062 and 81930057)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1104604)+1 种基金the Key Project of Military Medical Innovation Program of Chinese PLA(18CXZ026 and BLJ18J006)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-I2M-5-076)。
文摘Background Sustained yet intractable immunosuppression is commonly observed in septic patients,resulting in aggravated clinical outcomes.However,due to the substantial heterogeneity within septic patients,precise indicators in deciphering clinical trajectories and immunological alterations for septic patients remain largely lacking.Methods We adopted cross-species,single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)analysis based on two published datasets containing circulating immune cell profile of septic patients as well as immune cell atlas of murine model of sepsis.Flow cytometry,laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM)imaging and Western blotting were applied to identify the presence of S100A9^(+)monocytes at protein level.To interrogate the immunosuppressive function of this subset,splenic monocytes isolated from septic wild-type or S100a9^(–/–)mice were co-cultured with naive CD4^(+)T cells,followed by proliferative assay.Pharmacological inhibition of S100A9 was implemented using Paquinimod via oral gavage.Results scRNA-seq analysis of human sepsis revealed substantial heterogeneity in monocyte compartments following the onset of sepsis,for which distinct monocyte subsets were enriched in disparate subclusters of septic patients.We identified a unique monocyte subset characterized by high expression of S100A family genes and low expression of human leukocyte antigen DR(HLA-DR),which were prominently enriched in septic patients and might exert immunosuppressive function.By combining single-cell transcriptomics of murine model of sepsis with in vivo experiments,we uncovered a similar subtype of monocyte significantly associated with late sepsis and immunocompromised status of septic mice,corresponding to HLA-DR^(low)S100A^(high)monocytes in human sepsis.Moreover,we found that S100A9^(+)monocytes exhibited profound immunosuppressive function on CD4^(+)T cell immune response and blockade of S100A9 using Paquinimod could partially reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression.Conclusions This study identifies HLA-DR^(low)S100A^(high)monocytes correlated with immunosuppressive state upon septic challenge,inhibition of which can markedly mitigate sepsis-induced immune depression,thereby providing a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of sepsis.
文摘AIM: To unravel the differences between systematic in- flammatory response syndrome (SIRS) of acute pancre- atitis compared to the same syndrome in sepsis. METHODS: Twenty-five patients were enrolled, 12 with sepsis and 13 acute pancreatitis. After diagnosis 20 ml blood was sampled. Half were assayed for isolation of monocytes and 10 ml was centrifuged for serum test of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Half of monocytes were incubated in the presence of patients’ serum and supernatants were collected. The other half was treated for estimation of optical photom- etry under caspase-3 inhibition. TNFα and IL-6 were es- timated by an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: median ± SE of serum IL-6 in septic patients and acute pancreatitis patients was 192.30 ± 35.40 ng/L and 21.00 ± 16.05 ng/L, respectively (P < 0.01). Re- spective values of caspase-3 were 0.94 ± 0.17 pmol/min 104 cells and 0.34 ± 0.09 pmol/min 104 cells (P < 0.05). IL-6 of monocyte supernatants of patients with sepsis was significantly increased after addition of patients’ serum, while that of patients with acute pancreatitis did not show significant difference. CONCLUSION: The data have shown that monocyte activity is different between acute pancreatitis and sepsis. This phenomenon might be explained as a different pathway to the pro-inflammatory cytokines release or could be a novel anti-inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772876,41776151)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ18C190001,LR18C040001)+1 种基金Scientific Innovation Team Project of Ningbo(2015C110018)K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University
文摘Macrophages exist in most tissues and play a variety of functions in vertebrates.Teleost fish species are found in most aquatic environments throughout the world and are quite diverse for a group of vertebrate animals.Due to whole genome duplication and en vironme ntal adaptati on,teleost monocytes/macrophages possess a variety of different functions and modulations compared with those of mammals.A deeper understanding of teleost monocytes/macrophages in the immune system will not only help develop teleost-specific methods of disease prevention but will also help improve our understanding of the various immune mechanisms in mammals.In this review,we summarize the differences in polarizati on and phagocytosis of teleost and mammalian macrophages to improve our understanding of the various immune mechanisms in vertebrates.
基金a generous grant of the Joachim Kuhlinann AIDS-Stiftung
文摘AIM:Cytokine release by macrophages critically determines the type of immune response to an antigen.Therefore,we studied hepatitis C virus(HCV)-specific induction of interleukins-1β,-10,-12(IL-1β,IL-10,IL-12),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in monocytes. METHODS:Intracallular cytokine expression was studied by flow cytometry in 23 patients with chronic hepatitis C,14 anti-HCV seropositives without viremia and 11 controls after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear calls with recombinant core,NS3,NS4,NSSa and NSSb proteins. RESULTS:Patients with HCV viremia revealed greater spontaneous expression of IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-10. Furthermore,greater than twofold higher IL-10 expression was induced by the HCV antigens in chronic hepatitis C than in the other two groups(P<0.05).In contrast,neither IL- 12 nor TNF-α was induced preferentially. CONCLUSION:In chronic hepatitis C antigen-specific cytokine induction in monocytes is apparently shifted towards predominant IL-10 induction-not counterbalanced by antiviral type 1 cytokines.This may contribute to persistent viral replication.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[81471048]the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province[ZR2019MC059]Shandong Province Government-Sponsored Overseas Study Project.&These authors contributed equally to this work.
文摘Objective To investigate the relationship between human cytomegalovirus(HCMV)infection and peripheral blood CD14+CD16+monocytes in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease(CHD),and to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenesis in CHD by analyzing the correlation between infection,inflammation,and CHD,to provide a basis for the prevention,evaluation,and treatment of the disease.Methods In total,192 patients with CHD were divided into three groups:latent CHD,angina pectoris,and myocardial infarction.HCMV-IgM and-IgG antibodies were assessed using ELISA;CD14+CD16+monocytes were counted using a five-type automated hematology analyzer;mononuclear cells were assessed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting;and an automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure the levels of triglyceride,cholesterol,high-and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols,lipoprotein,hs-CRp and Hcy.Results The positive rates of HCMV-IgM and-IgG were significantly higher in the CHD groups than in the control group.HCMV infection affects lipid metabolism to promote immune and inflammatory responses.Conclusion HCMV infection has a specific correlation with the occurrence and development of CHD.The expression of CD14+CD16+mononuclear cells in the CHD group was increased accordingly and correlated with acute HCMV infection.Thus,HCMV antibody as well as peripheral blood CD14+CD16+mononuclear cells can be used to monitor the occurrence and development of CHD.
文摘Menopause is one of the key physiological events in the female life and can increase the risk for a number of complex autoimmune, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. Circulating monocytes can differentiate into various cell types and play an important role in tissue morphogenesis and immune response. We studied gene expression profiles of peripheral blood monocytes in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women using Affymetrix Human U133A GeneChip array that contains probes for -14,500 genes. Comparative analyses between the samples showed that 20 genes were up- and 20 were down-regulated. Of these genes, 28 were classified into six major GO categories relevant to such biological processes as the cell proliferation, immune response, cellular metabolism, and the others. The remaining 12 genes have yet unidentified biological functions. Our results support the hypothesis that functional state of circulating monocytes is indeed affected by menopause, and resulting changes may be determined through the genomewide gene expression profiling. Several differentially expressed genes identified in this study may be candidates for further studies of menopause-associated systemic autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disorders. Our study is only the first attempt in this direction, but it lays a basis for further research.
基金Supported by PHS grant AA12862(to GS)UMMS Center for AIDS Research Core Facility CFAR(grant 5P30 AI42845)+1 种基金Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center(PHS grant DK32520)by NIH Summer Research Fellowship(to CG)
文摘AIM： Hepatitis C virus often establishes chronic infections. Recent studies suggest that viral and bacterial infections are more common in HCV-infected patients compared to controls. Pathogens are recognized by Toll-like receptors （TLRs） to shape adaptive and innate immune responses. METHODS： In this study, to infected host to recognize assess the ability of HCV-infected host to recognize invading pathogens, we investigated Toll-like receptor expression in innate （monocytes） and adaptive （T cells） immune cells by realtime PCR. RESULTS： We determined that RNA levels for TLRs 2, 6. 7, 8, 9 and 10 mRNA levels were upregulated in both monocytes and T cells in HCV-infected patients compared to controls. TLR4 was only upregulated in T lymphocytes, while TLR5 was selectively increased in monocytes of HCV-infected patients. MD-2, a TLR4 coreceptor, was increased in patients＇ monocytes and T cells while CD14 and MyD88 were increased only in monocytes. CONCLUSION： Our data reveal novel details on TLR expression that likely relates to innate recognition of pathogens and immune defense in HCV-infected individuals.
文摘BACKGROUND In malignant tumors,inflammation plays a vital role in the development,invasion,and metastasis of cancer cells.Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL),the most common malignant proliferative disease of the lymphatic system,is commonly associated with inflammation.The international prognostic index(IPI),which includes age,lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),number of extranodal lesions,Ann Arbor score,and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)score,can evaluate the prognosis of DLBCL.However,its use in accurately identifying highrisk patients and guiding treatment is poor.Therefore,it is important to find novel immune markers in predicting the prognosis of DLBCL patients.AIM To determine the association between the systemic immune inflammation index(SII),ratio of lymphocytes to monocytes(LMR),ratio of LMR to LDH(LMR/LDH),and prognosis of patients with DLBCL.METHODS A total of 68 patients diagnosed with DLBCL,treated in our hospital between January 2016 and January 2020,were included.χ2 test,Pearson’s R correlation,Kaplan Meier curves,and Cox proportional risk regression analysis were used.The differences in the SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH among patients with different clinicopathological features were analyzed.The differences in progression-free survival time among patients with different SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH expressions and influencing factors affecting the prognosis of DLBCL patients,were also analyzed.RESULTS The LMR and LMR/LDH in patients with Ann Arbor stage III–IV,ECOG score≥2,and SII,IPI score 2–5 were significantly higher than those of patients with Ann Arbor stage I-II and ECOG score<2(P<0.05).Patients with high SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH had progression-free survival times of 34 mo(95%CI:32.52–38.50),35 mo(95%CI:33.42–36.58)and 35 mo(95%CI:33.49–36.51),respectively,which were significantly lower than those with low SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH(P<0.05);the SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH were positively correlated(P<0.05).Cox proportional risk regression analysis showed that the SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH were influencing factors for the prognosis of DLBCL patients(hazard ratio=1.143,1.665,and 1.704,respectively;P<0.05).CONCLUSION The SII,LMR,and LMR/LDH are related to the clinicopathological features of DLCBL,and they also influence the prognosis of patients with the disease.
文摘AIM: To investigate if the presence of relevant genetic polymorphisms has effect on the effectual clearance of bacteria by monocytes and granulocytes in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD).
文摘A number of studies conducted over many years have shown that hepatitis C virus(HCV)can infect a variety of cell types.In vivo infection of monocytes,macrophages,and dendritic cells by HCV has been frequently shown by a number of researchers.These studies have demonstrated replication of HCV by detecting the presence of both negative genomic strands and a variety of non-structural HCV proteins in infected cells.In addition,analyses of genome sequences have also shown that different cell types can harbor different HCV variants.Investigators have also done preliminary studies of which cellular genes are affected by HCV infection,but there have not yet been a sufficient number of these studies to understand the effects of infection on these cells.Analyses of in vitro HCV replication have shown that monocytes,macrophages and dendritic cells can be infected by HCV from patient sera or plasma.These studies suggest that entry and cellular locations may vary between different cell types.Some studies suggest that macrophages may preferentially allow HCV genotype 1 to replicate,but macrophages do not appear to select particular hypervariable regions.Overall,these studies agree with a model where monocytes and macrophages act as an amplification system,in which these cells are infected and show few cytopathic effects,but continuously produce HCV.This allows them to produce virus over an extended time and allows its spread to other cell types.
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived monocytes transfected with RNA of CT-26 (a cell line of mouse colon carcinoma) on antitumor immunity. METHODS: Mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes were incubated with mouse granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) in vitro, and the purity of monocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Total RNA of CT-26 was obtained by TRIzol's process, and monocytes were transfected by TransMessenger in vitro. The activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vivo was estimated by the modified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Changes of tumor size in mice and animal's survival time were observed in different groups. RESULTS: Monocytes from mouse bone marrow were successfully incubated, and the positive rate of CDllb was over 95%. Vaccination of the monocytes transfected with total RNA induced a high level of specific CTL activity in vivo, and made mice resistant to the subsequent challenge of parental tumor cells. In vivo effects induced by monocytes transfected with total RNA were stronger than those induced by monocytes pulsed with tumor cell lysates. CONCLUSION: Antigen presenting cells transfected with total RNA of CT-26 can present endogenous? tumor antigens, activate CTL, and effectively induce specific antitumor immunity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30170822
文摘AIM： To generate dendritic cells （DCs） from human peripheral blood and to detect the expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 grabbing nonintegrin （DC-SIGN; CD209） for the further study of DC-SIGN in hepatitis C virus （HCV） transmission. METHODS： Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from blood of healthy individuals by Ficoll--Hypaque sedimentation and cultured in complete medium containing rhGM-CSF and rhIL-4. Cells were cultured for seven days, with cytokine addition every two days to obtain immature DCs. Characteristics of the cultured cells were observed under light and scanning microscope, and the expression of DC-SIGN was detected by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS： After seven-day culture, a large number of cells with typical characteristics of DCs appeared. Their characteristics were observed under light and scanning electron microscope. These cells had a variety of cell shapes such as those of bipolar elongate cells, elaborate stellate cells and DCs. DC-SIGN was detected by immunofluorescence staining and its expression level on cultivated dendritic cells was high. CONCLUSION： DCs with a high expression of DC-SIGN can be generated from human peripheral blood monocytes in complete medium containing rhGM-CSF and rhIL-4.
基金Supported by NIH R21 AI085416 (to Shi J)NIH NCRR P20-RR017686 (to PI:Daniel MarcusShi J)
文摘AIM:To investigate whether caspase-1 activation/intracellular processing of pro-interleukin-1β(pro-IL-1β) and extracellular release of mature IL-1β from activated monocytes are separable events.METHODS:All experiments were performed on fresh or overnight cultured human peripheral blood monocytes(PBMCs) that were isolated from healthy donors.PBMCs were activated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) stimulation before being treated with Adenosine triphosphate(ATP,1 mmol/L),human α-defensin-5(HD-5,50 μg/mL),and/or nigericin(Nig,30 μmol/L).For each experiment,the culture supernatants were collected separately from the cells.Cell lysates and supernatants were both subject to immunoprecipitation with anti-IL1β antibodies followed by western blot analysis with anti-caspase-1 and anti-IL-1β antibodies.RESULTS:We found that pro-IL-1β was processed to mature IL-1β in LPS-activated fresh and overnight cultured human monocytes in response to ATP stimulation.In the presence of HD-5,this release of IL-1β,but not the processing of pro-IL-1β to IL-1β,was completely inhibited.Similarly,in the presence of HD-5,the release of IL-1β,but not the processing of IL-1β,was significantly inhibited from LPS-activated monocytes stimulated with Nig.Finally,we treated LPS-activated monocytes with ATP and Nig and collected the supernatants.We found that both ATP and Nig stimulation could activate and release cleaved caspase-1 from the monocytes.Interestingly,and contrary to IL-1β processing and release,caspase-1 cleavage and release was not blocked by HD-5.All images are representative of three independent experiments.CONCLUSION:These data suggest that caspase-1 activation/processing of pro-IL-1β by caspase-1 and the release of mature IL-1β from human monocytes are distinct and separable events.
