The Suzhou granitic pluton is the first identified Nb-Ta-rich granite in China.To reveal the genetic link between the sequence of magmatic and hydrothermal evolution and Nb-Ta mineralization in different intrusive pha...The Suzhou granitic pluton is the first identified Nb-Ta-rich granite in China.To reveal the genetic link between the sequence of magmatic and hydrothermal evolution and Nb-Ta mineralization in different intrusive phases of the Suzhou granite,whole-rock geochemistry,geochemistry and U-Th-Pb dating of monazite was analyzed.The unique geochemical characteristics show that the Suzhou pluton can be discriminated as an A-type granite.LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb dating of monazite in both the medium-and coarse-grained biotite granite(MBG)and the fine-grained biotite granite(FBG)indicates that the granite formed between 124 and 127 Ma.Based on geochemical characteristics and mineral textures,the MBG(Mnz-Ia)and FBG(Mnz-Ib)monazites are classified as magmatic monazites;another monazite(Mnz-II)from the MBG formed during a magmatic-hydrothermal transitional stage.Nb-Ta in the Suzhou pluton gradually concentrated during fractional crystallization and alteration of Ti-rich minerals and biotite.Ultimately,with the involvement of F-Li-rich fluid,Nb-Ta mineralization occurred during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition.The Suzhou pluton is considered part of a 600-km-and NE-SW-trending Nb-rich A-type granite belt together with other Early Cretaceous A-type granites in the Jiangnan Orogen that offers prospects of a new target for Nb-Ta prospecting.展开更多
To completely recover valuable elements and reduce the amount of waste,the impact of phosphoric acid on the decomposition of rare earth,fluorine and phosphorus during cyclic leaching was studied based on the character...To completely recover valuable elements and reduce the amount of waste,the impact of phosphoric acid on the decomposition of rare earth,fluorine and phosphorus during cyclic leaching was studied based on the characteristics of low-tempe rature sulfuric acid deco mposition.When a single monazite was leached using 75 wt% H_(2)SO_(4) solution with phosphoric acid,the size and number of monazite particles in the washing slag gradually decrease with the increase in phosphoric acid content in the leaching solution.The monazite phase can hardly be found in the slag when the phosphoric acid content reaches 70 g/L,which indicates that phosphoric acid is favorable for monazite decomposition.The mixed rare earth concentrate was leached by 75 wt% H_(2)SO_(4) containing 70 g/L phosphoric acid,the mineral compositions of the washing slag are only gypsum and unwashed rare earth sulfuric acid.After cyclic leaching of75 wt% H_(2)SO_(4),the mineral compositions of the primary leaching washing slag are mainly undecomposed monazite,rare earth sulfate and calcium sulfate.However,monazite is not found in the mineral phase of the second and third leaching washing slag.The leaching rates of rare earth and phosphorus gradually increase with the increase in cyclic leaching times.In addition,the phosphoric acid content in the leaching solution increases with the increase in the number of cyclic leaching time.However,the rising trend decreases when the phosphoric acid content reaches 50 g/L by adsorption and crystallization of phosphoric acid.A small amount of water can be used to clean the leaching residue before washing to recover the more soluble phosphorus acid according to the difference of dissolution between phosphoric acid and rare earth sulfuric acid.展开更多
The Tong’an-Baishuidong mining district(TBMD),located in the eastern section of the Jiangnan Orogen,is a newly discovered granite-type lithium mining district.Thisstudy presents new monazite U-Pb chronological,whole-...The Tong’an-Baishuidong mining district(TBMD),located in the eastern section of the Jiangnan Orogen,is a newly discovered granite-type lithium mining district.Thisstudy presents new monazite U-Pb chronological,whole-rock geochemical,and Nd-Pb isotopic data to reveal the petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the Wutang granites in the TBMD.The monazite U-Pb age of 145.8±1.0 Ma indicates that the granites were emplaced at the end of the Late Jurassic.Whole-rock geochemical results demonstrate that the Wutang granites are enriched in SiO_(2)(72.80-73.40 wt%)but depleted in CaO(0.44-0.90 wt%)and MgO+TiO_(2)+TFeO(1.79-2.05 wt%).These granites exhibit negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.3−0.4)and high aluminum saturation indexes(A/CNK=1.2−1.6),differentiation indexes(DI=90-92),and Rb/Sr ratios(4.7-8.1).They also have moderate Ba contents(239-278 ppm)and low Sr contents(52.7-82.0 ppm)as well as low Nb/Ta(2.2-5.3)and Zr/Hf(21.3-31.5)ratios.All these indicate that they are highly fractionated granites.Additionally,these granites contain 5-10 wt%muscovite but no hornblende,with calculated corundum contents of 2.3-5.5 wt%.They have low high-field strength element(HFSE)contents(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=182-202 ppm)and zircon saturation temperatures(700-770℃),with Th and Y negatively linked with Rb.These petrographic and geochemi-cal features further reveal that the Wutang granites belong to highly fractionated S-type granites.TheεNd(t)values of these granites range from−9.03 to−8.23,corresponding to two-stage model ages(T DM2)of 1488-1553 Ma.The initial Pb isotope ratios are:(206 Pb/^(204)Pb)i=18.38-18.55,(^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb)i=15.67-15.68,and(^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb)i=38.62-38.67.These Nd-Pb isotopic results demonstrate that the parental magma originated from the partial melting of ancient crustal materials.In the meantime,the TBMD in the eastern section of the Jiangnan Orogen was in a compression-extension transitional setting associated with the episodic subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.展开更多
Himalayan leucogranites are important for understanding the tectonic evolution of collision zones in general and the causes of crustal melting in the Himalayan orogen in particular.This paper aims to understand the me...Himalayan leucogranites are important for understanding the tectonic evolution of collision zones in general and the causes of crustal melting in the Himalayan orogen in particular.This paper aims to understand the melt source and emplacement age of the leucogranites from Sikkim in order to decipher the deep geodynamic processes of the eastern Himalayas.Zircon U-Pb analysis of the Higher Himalayan Sequence(HHS)metamorphic core reveals a prolonged period of crustal melting between>33 Ma and ca.14 Ma.Major and trace element abundances are presented for 27 leucogranites from North Sikkim that are classified into two-mica and tourmaline leucogranite types.They are peraluminous in composition,characterized by high SiO2(70.91-74.9 wt.%),Al2O3(13.69-15.82 wt.%),and low MgO(0.13-0.74 wt.%).Elemental abundances suggest that Sikkim Himalayan leucogranites are derived from crustal melts.The two-mica leucogranites are derived from a metagreywacke source,whereas the tourmaline leucogranites are sourced from metapelitic sources,with inherited zircons indicating an HHS origin for both types.U-Pb zircon geochronology of the two mica leucogranites indicates ages of ca.19-15 Ma,consistent with crustal melting recorded in HHS gneisses from Darjeeling.Monazites from both the two-mica and tourmaline leucogranites yield a crystallization age of ca.15-14 Ma,coeval with movement on the Main Central Thrust and South Tibetan Detachment System which further provides constraints on the timing and mechanism of petrogenesis of leucogranites in the Sikkim Himalayas.展开更多
Rare earth elements have been widely applied in various sectors.Bastnaesite and monazite are crucial rare earth minerals,and flotation is a vital technique for recovering fine-grained rare earth minerals and separatin...Rare earth elements have been widely applied in various sectors.Bastnaesite and monazite are crucial rare earth minerals,and flotation is a vital technique for recovering fine-grained rare earth minerals and separating them from associated gangue minerals such as fluorite and apatite.Flotation collectors play a key role in selectively adsorbing valuable minerals,enhancing their surface hydrophobicity,which has prompted considerable research interest.However,the interaction between minerals and reagents relies on the reactivity and selectivity of the reagent groups,as well as the reactive properties of the surface atoms of the minerals.This study proposes the use of H_(2)O_(2)oxidation to enhance the flotation process of rare earth minerals.The flotation experiments demonstrated that pre-adding H_(2)O_(2)before introducing the flotation collector significantly improved the grade and recovery of rare earth concentrates.The adsorption mechanisms of 2-hydroxy-3-naphthyl hydroxamic acid collector on rare earth mineral surfaces before and after H_(2)O_(2)pre-oxidation were studied.The 2-hydroxy-3-naphthyl hydroxamic acid interacts with Ce^(3+)on the surface of unoxidized rare earth minerals,forming chelate compounds with five-membered ring structures.The H_(2)O_(2)exhibited potent oxidizing properties and oxidized the Ce^(3+)on the bastnaesite and monazite surfaces to more stable Ce^(4+),which demonstrated stronger binding capability with hydroxamic acid.展开更多
New monazite U\|Pb geochronological data from the Everest region suggest that 20～25Ma elapsed between the initial India—Asia collision and kyanite\|sillimanite grade metamorphism. Our results indicate a two\|phase m...New monazite U\|Pb geochronological data from the Everest region suggest that 20～25Ma elapsed between the initial India—Asia collision and kyanite\|sillimanite grade metamorphism. Our results indicate a two\|phase metamorphic history, with peak Barrovian metamorphism at (32 2±0 4)Ma and a later high\|temperature, low\|pressure event (620℃, 400MPa) at (22 7±0 2)Ma.. Emplacement and crystallization of the Everest granite subsequently occurred at 20 5～21 3Ma. The monazite crystallization ages that differ by 10Ma are recorded in two structurally adjacent rocks of different lithology, which have the same post collisional p—T history.. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the younger monazite is elaborately shaped and grew in close association with apatite at grain boundaries and triple junctions, suggesting that growth was stimulated by a change in the fluid regime. The older monazite is euhedral, is not associated with apatite, and is commonly armoured within silicate minerals. During the low\|pressure metamorphic event, the armouring protected the older monazites, and a lack of excess apatite in this sample prevented new growth. Textural relationships suggest that apatite is one of the necessary monazite\|producing reactants, and spots within monazite that are rich in Ca, Fe, Al and Si suggest that allanite acted as a preexisting rare earth element host. We propose a simplified reaction for monazite crystallization based on this evidence.展开更多
The West Kunlun orogenic belt(WKOB) along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding the evolution of the Proto-and Paleo-Tethys oceans. Previous investigations have focused on the igneo...The West Kunlun orogenic belt(WKOB) along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding the evolution of the Proto-and Paleo-Tethys oceans. Previous investigations have focused on the igneous rocks and ophiolites distributed mostly along the Xinjiang-Tibet road and the China-Pakistan road, and have constructed a preliminary tectonic model for this orogenic belt. However, few studies have focused on the so-called Precambrian basement in this area. As a result, the tectonic affinity of the individual terranes of the WKOB and their detailed evolution process are uncertain. Here we report new field observations, zircon and monazite U-Pb ages of the "Precambrian basement" of the South Kunlun terrane(SKT) and the Tianshuihai terrane(TSHT), two major terranes in the WKOB. Based on new zircon U-Pb age data, the amphibolite-facies metamorphosed volcanosedimentary sequence within SKT was deposited during the late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian(600-500 Ma), and the flysch-affinity Tianshuihai Group, as the basement of the TSHT, was deposited during the late Neoproterozoic rather than Mesoproterozoic. The rock association of the volcano-sedimentary sequence within SKT suggests a large early Paleozoic accretionary wedge formed by the long-term lowangle southward subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean between Tarim and TSHT. The amphibolitefacies metamorphism in SKT occurred at ca. 440 Ma. This ca. 440 Ma metamorphism is genetically related to the closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean between Tarim and the Tianshuihai terrane, which led to the assembly of Tarim to Eastern Gondwana and the final formation of the Gondwana. Since the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic, the northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean along the HongshihuQiaoertianshan belt produced the voluminous early Mesozoic arc-signature granites along the southern part of NKT-TSHT. The Paleo-Tethys ocean between TSHT and Karakorum closed at ca. 200 Ma, as demonstrated by the monazite age of the paragneiss in the Kangxiwa Group. Our study does not favor the existence of a Precambrian basement in SKT.展开更多
The process of decomposion of the bastnasite and monazite rare earth concentrates by alkali solutions was investigated. The mixed slurries of the rare earth concentrates and the alkali solutions were calcined at diffe...The process of decomposion of the bastnasite and monazite rare earth concentrates by alkali solutions was investigated. The mixed slurries of the rare earth concentrates and the alkali solutions were calcined at different temperatures in a rotary tubular electric furnace. The effects of calcination temperature on the decomposing ratio of rare earth, the oxidation ratio of cerium, the stripping of fluorine and phospho-rous after calcinations, and the adaptability of the process to the mixed rare earth concentrates of different grade were studied. The results showed that the decomposition ratio of rare earth and the oxidation ratio of cerium could reach 95.8% and 93.7%, respectively, while the cal-cinating temperature was above 300℃.展开更多
Electron probe microanalysis(EPMA) dating of monazite has been developed over decades. However, limited by the detectability and analytical sensitivity of dating-related elements(Th, Pb, U and Y), the EPMA dating has ...Electron probe microanalysis(EPMA) dating of monazite has been developed over decades. However, limited by the detectability and analytical sensitivity of dating-related elements(Th, Pb, U and Y), the EPMA dating has been restricted to geological research. In this study, various probe currents, beam diameters and counting times have been utilized on a JEOL JXA-8230 electron microprobe to determine the optimal experimental conditions for measuring Th, Pb, U and Y in monazite. The optimal conditions are:(1) accelerating voltage is 15 k V;(2) probe current is 100 n A;(3) beam diameter is 1 μm;(4) the peak and background counting time of U and Pb are 200 and 100 s;and(5) the peak and background counting time of Th and Y are 100 and 50 s. We apply this method to monazite from garnet-bearing biotite gneiss in the Zanhuang area of the Central Orogenic Belt of the North China Craton. The Pb O-Th O2* isochron age calculated by EPMA data is 1 812±17 Ma(MSWD=2.06), which is similar to the weighted mean 207 Pb/206 Pb age(1 805±12 Ma, MSWD=1.07) obtained by LA-ICP-MS. This study suggests that EPMA dating of monazite as a powerful dating technique can be widely used in geochronological study.展开更多
The properties of rare earth partitioning in Chinese industrial rare earth ores were analyzed. Rare earth ores can be divided into the single-mineral type ore with bastnaesite, the multi-mineral type ore with bastnaes...The properties of rare earth partitioning in Chinese industrial rare earth ores were analyzed. Rare earth ores can be divided into the single-mineral type ore with bastnaesite, the multi-mineral type ore with bastnaesite and monazite, and the weathering crust type. Both the Bayan Obo rate earth ore and the Zhushan rate earth ore are a kind of mixed ore, consisting of basmaesite and monazite. Their rate earth partifionings are strongly enriched in light rate earths, where CeO2 is 50% and the light rate earth partitioning is totally over 95%. The Mianning rate earth ore as well as the Weishan rate earth is a kind of rate earth ore only having basmaesite. Their rare earth partitionings are also strongly enriched in light rate earths, in which CeO2 is 47% and the light rare earth partitioning is totally over 94%. For the weathering crust type rate earth ore, there are the Longnan rare earth ore, the Xunwu rare earth ore, and the middle yttrium and rich europium ore. In the Longnan rate earth ore, which is strongly enriched in heavy rate earths, Y2O3 is 64.83%, and the heavy and light rate earth partitionings are 89.40% and 10.53%, respectively. In the Xunwu rate earth ore, which is strongly enriched in light rate earths, CeO2 is 47.16%, and the light rate earth partitioning is totally 93.25%. Y and Eu are enriched in the middle yttrium and rich europium ore. Its middle rare earth partitioning is totally over 10%, and Eu2O3 and Y2O3 are over 0.5% and 20%, respectively, which are mainly industrial resources of the middle and the heavy rare earths.展开更多
Common rare earth(RE) minerals, such as bastnasite and monazite, may be formed in deposits associated with carbonate gangue, such as calcite and dolomite. Sodium oleate is a widely used collector for the flotation of ...Common rare earth(RE) minerals, such as bastnasite and monazite, may be formed in deposits associated with carbonate gangue, such as calcite and dolomite. Sodium oleate is a widely used collector for the flotation of both RE and gangue minerals, which might, therefore, be an inefficient process due to the lack of selectivity of this collector. Since these minerals are also sparingly soluble in solution, they could release their constituent ions into the solution, which could affect the floatability of other minerals. In this study, the interactions of sodium oleate with bastnasite and monazite in the presence of dissolved dolomite species have been investigated. Microflotation tests were carried out to explore the effects of these dissolved species on the floatability of the RE minerals. Zeta potential measurements and XPS characterization were carried out to understand how the species affect the collector adsorption. To complement these characterizations, density functional theory(DFT) simulations were conducted to investigate the collector-mineral and collector-adsorbed species(on the mineral surface) interactions.The results show that collector-dolomite interaction energy is greater than that of collector-adsorbed species, but lower than collector-monazite interaction energy, explaining the decrease in the minerals' recovery upon exposure to the dissolved mineral species. It is also shown that oleate ions(OI^-) have the strongest interaction with the minerals compared to other oleate species such as acid soap(HOI_2^-) and oleate dimer(OI_2^(2-)). The behavior(strength and selectivity) of sodium oleate towards RE minerals and dolomite, as compared to other RE mineral collectors(such as aromatic hydroxamate), is attributed mainly to the collector's and the minerals' structure. The long hydrocarbon chain of sodium oleate which imparts hydrophobic characteristic to the minerals, makes it stronger collector than benzohydroxamate.Moreover, sodium oleate(with linear structure), unlike the aromatic hydroxamate, can approach the mineral easier due to lesser steric hindrance effect and higher reactivity of 0 involved in the interaction,making it less selective. In addition, it can interact easily with dolomite due to the presence of more exposed active sites than RE minerals.展开更多
The Longquanguan shear zone is an important structural belt in the North China Craton, separating the underlying Fuping complex from the overlying Wutai complex. This shear zone has experienced three episodes of defor...The Longquanguan shear zone is an important structural belt in the North China Craton, separating the underlying Fuping complex from the overlying Wutai complex. This shear zone has experienced three episodes of deformation: the first and main episode is a ductile top-to-ESE shear along the gently northwest-west dipping foliations, while the other two episodes are later collapse sliding. Prolonged granites parallel to the shear foliations make one of the main compositions of the Longquanguan shear zone. These granites experienced deformation to form mylonitic rocks when they emplaced during the first episode of deformation. Structural characters of the granites and their contacts to the country rocks indicate that these granites possibly resulted from in-situ partial remelting by shearing, i.e., they are syn-deformational granites. Monazites in these mylonitic granites are magmatic minerals and their crystallization ages may represent ages of the magmatic events, and also the ages for the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone. Monazite electronic microprobe dating were carried on two samples of granite, which gives multiple peak ages, among which 1,846 Ma and 1,877 Ma are the main peak ages for the two samples. These ages represent the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone, which is consistent with the main regional geological event at about 1,850 Ma caused by the collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks in North China. The good match between the monazite ages and the corresponding regional tectono-thermal events shows the feasibility and reliability of monazite electronic microprobe dating.展开更多
High-temperature magma generation process and granulite-facies metamorphism can provide important information about mantle-crustal interaction and tectonic evolution. The strongly peralu- minous monzonite pluton, the ...High-temperature magma generation process and granulite-facies metamorphism can provide important information about mantle-crustal interaction and tectonic evolution. The strongly peralu- minous monzonite pluton, the Jinshuikou cordierite granite on the southern margin of the Qaidam Block, can provide important information about the mantle-crustal interaction and constraints on tectonic tran- sition from Proto-Tethys to Paleo-Tethys. This pluton develops enclaves of mafic granulite, amphibolite and quartzofeldspathic rocks, and is cut by massive monzonitic leuco-granite veins. Zircon and monazite U-Pb dating for the cordierite granite, the granulite enclaves and a massive monzonitic leuco-granite vein reveal that the cordierite granitic magma was generated from Mesoproterozoic continental crust with protolith derived from a provenanee that was composed of 〉2.8 Ga old recycled crustal materials and re- corded a -1.7 Ga magmatic event. The continental crust underwent low-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism at -380 Ma ago, whereas the cordierite granite magmas was generated and emplaced during 380 Ma, followed by intrusion of the massive monzonitic leuco-granite vein at circa 370-330 Ma. These data suggest that after the final closure of Proto-Tethys Ocean spreading along the southern Qaidam Block at -420 Ma, break-off of the subducted slab or delamination of the lower crustal base and upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle beneath the southern Qaidam Block occurred before the Mid-Devonian, and that the initiation of the Paleo-Tethys tectonics might initiate near the end of Early-Carboniferous in the East Kunlun-Qaidam region, East Asia.展开更多
Understanding the mechanisms of parent-daughter isotopic mobility at the nanoscale is key to rigorous interpretation of Ue The Pb data and associated dating. Until now, all nanoscale geochronological studies on geolog...Understanding the mechanisms of parent-daughter isotopic mobility at the nanoscale is key to rigorous interpretation of Ue The Pb data and associated dating. Until now, all nanoscale geochronological studies on geological samples have relied on either Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM) or Atom Probe Microscopy(APM) characterizations alone, thus suffering from the respective weaknesses of each technique. Here we focus on monazite crystals from a ~1 Ga, ultrahigh temperature granulite from Rogaland(Norway). This sample has recorded concordant UeP b dates(measured by LA-ICP-MS) that range over 100 My, with the three domains yielding distinct isotopic Ue Pb ages of 1034 ± 6 Ma(D1; Srich core), 1005 ± 7 Ma(D2), and 935 ± 7 Ma(D3), respectively. Combined APM and TEM characterization of these monazite crystals reveal phase separation that led to the isolation of two different radiogenic Pb(Pb*) reservoirs at the nanoscale. The S-rich core of these monazite crystals contains Cae Srich clusters, 5 -10 nm in size, homogenously distributed within the monazite matrix with a mean interparticle distance of 40 -60 nm. The clusters acted as a sink for radiogenic Pb(Pb*) produced in the monazite matrix, which was reset at the nanoscale via Pb diffusion while the grain remained closed at the micro-scale. Compared to the concordant ages given by conventional micro-scale dating of the grain,the apparent nano-scale age of the monazite matrix in between clusters is about 100 Myr younger, which compares remarkably well to the duration of the metamorphic event. This study highlights the capabilities of combined APM-TEM nano-structural and nano-isotopic characterizations in dating and timing of geological events, allowing the detection of processes untraceable with conventional dating methods.展开更多
Five lengthy periods involving multiple phases of cordierite and andalusite growth were revealed by detailed studies of foliation inflection/intersection axes （FIA） preserved in porphyroblasts in schists from the Ar...Five lengthy periods involving multiple phases of cordierite and andalusite growth were revealed by detailed studies of foliation inflection/intersection axes （FIA） preserved in porphyroblasts in schists from the Arkansas River region in Colorado, USA. The regionally consistent character of the succession of five different FIA trends enabled the relative timing of each FIA with respect to the next to be determined. The FIA succession from first to last is： FIA 1 trending W-E, FIA 2 trending SSW- NNE, FIA 3 trending NNW-SSE, FIA 4 trending NW-SE and FIA 5 trending SW-NE. For four of the FIA sets, samples were found containing monazite grains preserved as inclusions. These were dated on an electron microprobe. The ages obtained concur exactly with the FIA succession, with FIA 1 at 1506±15 Ma, FIA 2 at 1467±23 Ma, FIA 3 at 1425±18 Ma, FIA 4 not dated and FIA 5 at 1366±20 Ma. These ages are directly reflected in a succession of plutons in the surrounding region dated by other isotopic approaches, suggesting that deformation, metamorphism and pluton emplacement occurred together episodically, but effectively continuously, for some 140 Ma.展开更多
Successions of FIAs（foliation inflection/intersection axes preserved within porphyroblasts） provide a relative time scale for deformation and metamorphism.In-situ dating of monazite grains preserved as inclusions wi...Successions of FIAs（foliation inflection/intersection axes preserved within porphyroblasts） provide a relative time scale for deformation and metamorphism.In-situ dating of monazite grains preserved as inclusions within garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts within the foliations defining each FIA from such successions provides a rigorous approach to grouping ages that formed over extended periods of deformation and metamorphism.Matching age and FIA progressions confirms the suitability of this approach plus provides access to lengthy histories that cannot otherwise be determined.Tectonism in the Big Thompson region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains,USA began about a SW-NE trending axis defined by FIA set 1 at around 1761±13 Ma.Subsequent periods of tectonism occurred around 1712±25 and 1672±21 Ma about W-E and NW-SE trending FIAs 2 and 3, respectively.Tectonism in the Balcooma Metamorphic Group NW of Greenvale in NE Queensland, Australia began around 470 Ma with the growth of garnet porphyroblasts about a W-E trending axis defined by FIA set 1.No monazite grains were preserved as inclusions in this mineral phase but they were in subsequently grown staurolite.Tectonism then occurred around 443.2±3.8,424±4 and 408.9±8.9 Ma about NNW-SSE,SSW-NNE and W-E trending FIAs 2,3 and 4,respectively.This test of a FIA based approach to monazite dating in tectonic regimes in different parts of the world and with dramatically different ages suggests it can be used in all orogens containing porphyroblasts preserving inclusion trails.展开更多
Tributyl phosphate （TBP） solvent was used for impregnation into Amberlite XAD-16 nonionic polymeric resin beads using the wet method to prepare solvent impregnated resin （SIR）. Undiluted TBP in a ratio to the resi...Tributyl phosphate （TBP） solvent was used for impregnation into Amberlite XAD-16 nonionic polymeric resin beads using the wet method to prepare solvent impregnated resin （SIR）. Undiluted TBP in a ratio to the resin support （volume to mass） of 6.0 at room temperature （RT） in 24 h was impregnated the resin with a mass ratio of 1.944, while the prepared gross sample of SIR at the ratio of solvent to resin of 3.0 was impregnated with a mass ratio of 1.88. Cerium（Ⅳ） oxide concentrate, prepared from crude Egyptian monazite sand, containing 37% cerium, 1.6% thorium and about 40% the other trivalent rare earth oxides, was used to prepare cerium（Ⅳ） nitrate solution for extraction using the prepared SIR. The impregnated resin was satisfactory for Ce（Ⅳ） extraction from nitric acid medium at room temperature. Cerium loading capacity of the impregnated resin reached 95.6% of the calculated theoretical capacity （173 g/kg （Ce/SIR）） under the conditions of 51.57 g/L cerium and 2.48 g/L thorium, 5.0 mol/L free nitric acid, solution to resin ratio of 10.0 and contacting the phases for 5.0 min. The loading capacity reached 98.75% when cerium concentration was increased to 91.43 g/L under the same conditions.展开更多
Low thermal conductivity, matched thermal expansion coefficient and good compatibility are general requirements for the environmental/thermal barrier coatings(EBCs/TBCs) and interphases for Al2O3 f/Al2O3 composites. I...Low thermal conductivity, matched thermal expansion coefficient and good compatibility are general requirements for the environmental/thermal barrier coatings(EBCs/TBCs) and interphases for Al2O3 f/Al2O3 composites. In this work, a novel high-entropy(HE) rare-earth phosphate monazite ceramic (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)PO4 is designed and successfully synthesized. This new type of HE rare-earth phosphate monazite exhibits good chemical compatibility with Al2O3, without reaction with Al2O3 as high as 1600℃ in air. Moreover, the thermal expansion coefficient(TEC) of HE (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)PO4(8.9 × 10^-6/℃ at 300–1000℃) is close to that of Al2O3. The thermal conductivity of HE (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)PO4 at room temperature is as low as 2.08 W·m^-1·K^-1, which is about 42% lower than that of La PO4. Good chemical compatibility, close TEC to that of Al2O3, and low thermal conductivity indicate that HE (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)PO4 is suitable as a candidate EBC/TBC material and an interphase for Al2O3 f/Al2O3 composites.展开更多
Monazite((Ce,La)PO_(4))is one of the major types of light rare earth minerals from which the light rare earth elements cerium(Ce)and lanthanum(La)are economically extracted.Flotation is extensively used to recover fin...Monazite((Ce,La)PO_(4))is one of the major types of light rare earth minerals from which the light rare earth elements cerium(Ce)and lanthanum(La)are economically extracted.Flotation is extensively used to recover fine-grained monazite.Sodium oleate(NaOL)is considered as the collector with strong collecting ability for monazite flotation.However,this study shows that its collecting ability is still limited.In this paper,a phosphonic acid,nonane-1,1-bisphosphonic acid(C9-BPA),was employed as the novel collector in place of NaOL.Flotation experiments show that even when the C9-BPA dosage is less than one-fifth of the NaOL dosage,the monazite recove ry using C9-BPA as the collector is approximately 22 wt%higher than that using NaOL.The mechanism by which C9-BPA adsorbs on monazite was investigated using zeta potential,infrared(IR)spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)measurements as well as first-principles calculations.Zeta potential measurements show a more significant decrease in the zeta potentials of monazite after the addition of C9-BPA compared to those after the addition of NaOL.For C9-BPA-treated monazite,the characteristic peaks of C9-BPA are observed in the IR and C 1 s XPS spectrum,whereas for monazite treated by NaOL,no characteristic peak of NaOL was observed.Experimental results show that C9-BPA has a stronger affinity towards the monazite surface than NaOL as confirmed by the higher adsorption energy of CP-BPA on the monazite surface(-204.22 kJ/mol)than NaOL(-48.48 kJ/mol).This study demonstrates an extensive application value and prospect of C9-BPA in monazite flotation and helps design novel collectors with strong collecting ability for monazite flotation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41903025 and 41803048)the National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of IGGE(Grant Nos.AS2024J03,JY202106 and AS2022P03)+2 种基金the Hebei Key Science and Technology Program(Grant No.19057411Z)the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2024ZD1002402)the China Geological Survey Project(Grant No.DD20221807).
文摘The Suzhou granitic pluton is the first identified Nb-Ta-rich granite in China.To reveal the genetic link between the sequence of magmatic and hydrothermal evolution and Nb-Ta mineralization in different intrusive phases of the Suzhou granite,whole-rock geochemistry,geochemistry and U-Th-Pb dating of monazite was analyzed.The unique geochemical characteristics show that the Suzhou pluton can be discriminated as an A-type granite.LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb dating of monazite in both the medium-and coarse-grained biotite granite(MBG)and the fine-grained biotite granite(FBG)indicates that the granite formed between 124 and 127 Ma.Based on geochemical characteristics and mineral textures,the MBG(Mnz-Ia)and FBG(Mnz-Ib)monazites are classified as magmatic monazites;another monazite(Mnz-II)from the MBG formed during a magmatic-hydrothermal transitional stage.Nb-Ta in the Suzhou pluton gradually concentrated during fractional crystallization and alteration of Ti-rich minerals and biotite.Ultimately,with the involvement of F-Li-rich fluid,Nb-Ta mineralization occurred during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition.The Suzhou pluton is considered part of a 600-km-and NE-SW-trending Nb-rich A-type granite belt together with other Early Cretaceous A-type granites in the Jiangnan Orogen that offers prospects of a new target for Nb-Ta prospecting.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (2022SHZR1885)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei province (E2022402101,E2022402105)。
文摘To completely recover valuable elements and reduce the amount of waste,the impact of phosphoric acid on the decomposition of rare earth,fluorine and phosphorus during cyclic leaching was studied based on the characteristics of low-tempe rature sulfuric acid deco mposition.When a single monazite was leached using 75 wt% H_(2)SO_(4) solution with phosphoric acid,the size and number of monazite particles in the washing slag gradually decrease with the increase in phosphoric acid content in the leaching solution.The monazite phase can hardly be found in the slag when the phosphoric acid content reaches 70 g/L,which indicates that phosphoric acid is favorable for monazite decomposition.The mixed rare earth concentrate was leached by 75 wt% H_(2)SO_(4) containing 70 g/L phosphoric acid,the mineral compositions of the washing slag are only gypsum and unwashed rare earth sulfuric acid.After cyclic leaching of75 wt% H_(2)SO_(4),the mineral compositions of the primary leaching washing slag are mainly undecomposed monazite,rare earth sulfate and calcium sulfate.However,monazite is not found in the mineral phase of the second and third leaching washing slag.The leaching rates of rare earth and phosphorus gradually increase with the increase in cyclic leaching times.In addition,the phosphoric acid content in the leaching solution increases with the increase in the number of cyclic leaching time.However,the rising trend decreases when the phosphoric acid content reaches 50 g/L by adsorption and crystallization of phosphoric acid.A small amount of water can be used to clean the leaching residue before washing to recover the more soluble phosphorus acid according to the difference of dissolution between phosphoric acid and rare earth sulfuric acid.
基金funded by the Program of Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province(2023KDG01002 and 2023KDG01003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42062006 and 41962007)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province(20223BBG71015)the Personnel Training Project of Jiangxi Bureau of Geology(2023JXDZKJRC02,2022JXDZKJRC04,and 2024JXDZKJRC05).
文摘The Tong’an-Baishuidong mining district(TBMD),located in the eastern section of the Jiangnan Orogen,is a newly discovered granite-type lithium mining district.Thisstudy presents new monazite U-Pb chronological,whole-rock geochemical,and Nd-Pb isotopic data to reveal the petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the Wutang granites in the TBMD.The monazite U-Pb age of 145.8±1.0 Ma indicates that the granites were emplaced at the end of the Late Jurassic.Whole-rock geochemical results demonstrate that the Wutang granites are enriched in SiO_(2)(72.80-73.40 wt%)but depleted in CaO(0.44-0.90 wt%)and MgO+TiO_(2)+TFeO(1.79-2.05 wt%).These granites exhibit negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.3−0.4)and high aluminum saturation indexes(A/CNK=1.2−1.6),differentiation indexes(DI=90-92),and Rb/Sr ratios(4.7-8.1).They also have moderate Ba contents(239-278 ppm)and low Sr contents(52.7-82.0 ppm)as well as low Nb/Ta(2.2-5.3)and Zr/Hf(21.3-31.5)ratios.All these indicate that they are highly fractionated granites.Additionally,these granites contain 5-10 wt%muscovite but no hornblende,with calculated corundum contents of 2.3-5.5 wt%.They have low high-field strength element(HFSE)contents(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=182-202 ppm)and zircon saturation temperatures(700-770℃),with Th and Y negatively linked with Rb.These petrographic and geochemi-cal features further reveal that the Wutang granites belong to highly fractionated S-type granites.TheεNd(t)values of these granites range from−9.03 to−8.23,corresponding to two-stage model ages(T DM2)of 1488-1553 Ma.The initial Pb isotope ratios are:(206 Pb/^(204)Pb)i=18.38-18.55,(^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb)i=15.67-15.68,and(^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb)i=38.62-38.67.These Nd-Pb isotopic results demonstrate that the parental magma originated from the partial melting of ancient crustal materials.In the meantime,the TBMD in the eastern section of the Jiangnan Orogen was in a compression-extension transitional setting associated with the episodic subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.
基金supported by Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research(INSPIRE)No.DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2016/IF160729,。
文摘Himalayan leucogranites are important for understanding the tectonic evolution of collision zones in general and the causes of crustal melting in the Himalayan orogen in particular.This paper aims to understand the melt source and emplacement age of the leucogranites from Sikkim in order to decipher the deep geodynamic processes of the eastern Himalayas.Zircon U-Pb analysis of the Higher Himalayan Sequence(HHS)metamorphic core reveals a prolonged period of crustal melting between>33 Ma and ca.14 Ma.Major and trace element abundances are presented for 27 leucogranites from North Sikkim that are classified into two-mica and tourmaline leucogranite types.They are peraluminous in composition,characterized by high SiO2(70.91-74.9 wt.%),Al2O3(13.69-15.82 wt.%),and low MgO(0.13-0.74 wt.%).Elemental abundances suggest that Sikkim Himalayan leucogranites are derived from crustal melts.The two-mica leucogranites are derived from a metagreywacke source,whereas the tourmaline leucogranites are sourced from metapelitic sources,with inherited zircons indicating an HHS origin for both types.U-Pb zircon geochronology of the two mica leucogranites indicates ages of ca.19-15 Ma,consistent with crustal melting recorded in HHS gneisses from Darjeeling.Monazites from both the two-mica and tourmaline leucogranites yield a crystallization age of ca.15-14 Ma,coeval with movement on the Main Central Thrust and South Tibetan Detachment System which further provides constraints on the timing and mechanism of petrogenesis of leucogranites in the Sikkim Himalayas.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174236)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-DF-23-001)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia of China(Nos.2024MS05061 and 2023LHMS05050)。
文摘Rare earth elements have been widely applied in various sectors.Bastnaesite and monazite are crucial rare earth minerals,and flotation is a vital technique for recovering fine-grained rare earth minerals and separating them from associated gangue minerals such as fluorite and apatite.Flotation collectors play a key role in selectively adsorbing valuable minerals,enhancing their surface hydrophobicity,which has prompted considerable research interest.However,the interaction between minerals and reagents relies on the reactivity and selectivity of the reagent groups,as well as the reactive properties of the surface atoms of the minerals.This study proposes the use of H_(2)O_(2)oxidation to enhance the flotation process of rare earth minerals.The flotation experiments demonstrated that pre-adding H_(2)O_(2)before introducing the flotation collector significantly improved the grade and recovery of rare earth concentrates.The adsorption mechanisms of 2-hydroxy-3-naphthyl hydroxamic acid collector on rare earth mineral surfaces before and after H_(2)O_(2)pre-oxidation were studied.The 2-hydroxy-3-naphthyl hydroxamic acid interacts with Ce^(3+)on the surface of unoxidized rare earth minerals,forming chelate compounds with five-membered ring structures.The H_(2)O_(2)exhibited potent oxidizing properties and oxidized the Ce^(3+)on the bastnaesite and monazite surfaces to more stable Ce^(4+),which demonstrated stronger binding capability with hydroxamic acid.
文摘New monazite U\|Pb geochronological data from the Everest region suggest that 20～25Ma elapsed between the initial India—Asia collision and kyanite\|sillimanite grade metamorphism. Our results indicate a two\|phase metamorphic history, with peak Barrovian metamorphism at (32 2±0 4)Ma and a later high\|temperature, low\|pressure event (620℃, 400MPa) at (22 7±0 2)Ma.. Emplacement and crystallization of the Everest granite subsequently occurred at 20 5～21 3Ma. The monazite crystallization ages that differ by 10Ma are recorded in two structurally adjacent rocks of different lithology, which have the same post collisional p—T history.. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the younger monazite is elaborately shaped and grew in close association with apatite at grain boundaries and triple junctions, suggesting that growth was stimulated by a change in the fluid regime. The older monazite is euhedral, is not associated with apatite, and is commonly armoured within silicate minerals. During the low\|pressure metamorphic event, the armouring protected the older monazites, and a lack of excess apatite in this sample prevented new growth. Textural relationships suggest that apatite is one of the necessary monazite\|producing reactants, and spots within monazite that are rich in Ca, Fe, Al and Si suggest that allanite acted as a preexisting rare earth element host. We propose a simplified reaction for monazite crystallization based on this evidence.
基金funded by the National 305 Project of China (2018A03004-1, 2015BAB05B01-02)the Fundamental Research Fund for Central Universities(B16020127)
文摘The West Kunlun orogenic belt(WKOB) along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding the evolution of the Proto-and Paleo-Tethys oceans. Previous investigations have focused on the igneous rocks and ophiolites distributed mostly along the Xinjiang-Tibet road and the China-Pakistan road, and have constructed a preliminary tectonic model for this orogenic belt. However, few studies have focused on the so-called Precambrian basement in this area. As a result, the tectonic affinity of the individual terranes of the WKOB and their detailed evolution process are uncertain. Here we report new field observations, zircon and monazite U-Pb ages of the "Precambrian basement" of the South Kunlun terrane(SKT) and the Tianshuihai terrane(TSHT), two major terranes in the WKOB. Based on new zircon U-Pb age data, the amphibolite-facies metamorphosed volcanosedimentary sequence within SKT was deposited during the late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian(600-500 Ma), and the flysch-affinity Tianshuihai Group, as the basement of the TSHT, was deposited during the late Neoproterozoic rather than Mesoproterozoic. The rock association of the volcano-sedimentary sequence within SKT suggests a large early Paleozoic accretionary wedge formed by the long-term lowangle southward subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean between Tarim and TSHT. The amphibolitefacies metamorphism in SKT occurred at ca. 440 Ma. This ca. 440 Ma metamorphism is genetically related to the closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean between Tarim and the Tianshuihai terrane, which led to the assembly of Tarim to Eastern Gondwana and the final formation of the Gondwana. Since the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic, the northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean along the HongshihuQiaoertianshan belt produced the voluminous early Mesozoic arc-signature granites along the southern part of NKT-TSHT. The Paleo-Tethys ocean between TSHT and Karakorum closed at ca. 200 Ma, as demonstrated by the monazite age of the paragneiss in the Kangxiwa Group. Our study does not favor the existence of a Precambrian basement in SKT.
基金Project supported by Key Scientific Projects of Baotou Science and Technology Bureau Intellectual Property (2010Z2003)
文摘The process of decomposion of the bastnasite and monazite rare earth concentrates by alkali solutions was investigated. The mixed slurries of the rare earth concentrates and the alkali solutions were calcined at different temperatures in a rotary tubular electric furnace. The effects of calcination temperature on the decomposing ratio of rare earth, the oxidation ratio of cerium, the stripping of fluorine and phospho-rous after calcinations, and the adaptability of the process to the mixed rare earth concentrates of different grade were studied. The results showed that the decomposition ratio of rare earth and the oxidation ratio of cerium could reach 95.8% and 93.7%, respectively, while the cal-cinating temperature was above 300℃.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41602234)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan,China(Nos.CUGL180406,CUGCJ1707)Open Fund(No.GRMR201901)from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan
文摘Electron probe microanalysis(EPMA) dating of monazite has been developed over decades. However, limited by the detectability and analytical sensitivity of dating-related elements(Th, Pb, U and Y), the EPMA dating has been restricted to geological research. In this study, various probe currents, beam diameters and counting times have been utilized on a JEOL JXA-8230 electron microprobe to determine the optimal experimental conditions for measuring Th, Pb, U and Y in monazite. The optimal conditions are:(1) accelerating voltage is 15 k V;(2) probe current is 100 n A;(3) beam diameter is 1 μm;(4) the peak and background counting time of U and Pb are 200 and 100 s;and(5) the peak and background counting time of Th and Y are 100 and 50 s. We apply this method to monazite from garnet-bearing biotite gneiss in the Zanhuang area of the Central Orogenic Belt of the North China Craton. The Pb O-Th O2* isochron age calculated by EPMA data is 1 812±17 Ma(MSWD=2.06), which is similar to the weighted mean 207 Pb/206 Pb age(1 805±12 Ma, MSWD=1.07) obtained by LA-ICP-MS. This study suggests that EPMA dating of monazite as a powerful dating technique can be widely used in geochronological study.
基金This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50474022).
文摘The properties of rare earth partitioning in Chinese industrial rare earth ores were analyzed. Rare earth ores can be divided into the single-mineral type ore with bastnaesite, the multi-mineral type ore with bastnaesite and monazite, and the weathering crust type. Both the Bayan Obo rate earth ore and the Zhushan rate earth ore are a kind of mixed ore, consisting of basmaesite and monazite. Their rate earth partifionings are strongly enriched in light rate earths, where CeO2 is 50% and the light rate earth partitioning is totally over 95%. The Mianning rate earth ore as well as the Weishan rate earth is a kind of rate earth ore only having basmaesite. Their rare earth partitionings are also strongly enriched in light rate earths, in which CeO2 is 47% and the light rare earth partitioning is totally over 94%. For the weathering crust type rate earth ore, there are the Longnan rare earth ore, the Xunwu rare earth ore, and the middle yttrium and rich europium ore. In the Longnan rate earth ore, which is strongly enriched in heavy rate earths, Y2O3 is 64.83%, and the heavy and light rate earth partitionings are 89.40% and 10.53%, respectively. In the Xunwu rate earth ore, which is strongly enriched in light rate earths, CeO2 is 47.16%, and the light rate earth partitioning is totally 93.25%. Y and Eu are enriched in the middle yttrium and rich europium ore. Its middle rare earth partitioning is totally over 10%, and Eu2O3 and Y2O3 are over 0.5% and 20%, respectively, which are mainly industrial resources of the middle and the heavy rare earths.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)and Niobec,a Magris Resources Company through the Collaborative Research and Development Program(CRDPJ 453164-13)
文摘Common rare earth(RE) minerals, such as bastnasite and monazite, may be formed in deposits associated with carbonate gangue, such as calcite and dolomite. Sodium oleate is a widely used collector for the flotation of both RE and gangue minerals, which might, therefore, be an inefficient process due to the lack of selectivity of this collector. Since these minerals are also sparingly soluble in solution, they could release their constituent ions into the solution, which could affect the floatability of other minerals. In this study, the interactions of sodium oleate with bastnasite and monazite in the presence of dissolved dolomite species have been investigated. Microflotation tests were carried out to explore the effects of these dissolved species on the floatability of the RE minerals. Zeta potential measurements and XPS characterization were carried out to understand how the species affect the collector adsorption. To complement these characterizations, density functional theory(DFT) simulations were conducted to investigate the collector-mineral and collector-adsorbed species(on the mineral surface) interactions.The results show that collector-dolomite interaction energy is greater than that of collector-adsorbed species, but lower than collector-monazite interaction energy, explaining the decrease in the minerals' recovery upon exposure to the dissolved mineral species. It is also shown that oleate ions(OI^-) have the strongest interaction with the minerals compared to other oleate species such as acid soap(HOI_2^-) and oleate dimer(OI_2^(2-)). The behavior(strength and selectivity) of sodium oleate towards RE minerals and dolomite, as compared to other RE mineral collectors(such as aromatic hydroxamate), is attributed mainly to the collector's and the minerals' structure. The long hydrocarbon chain of sodium oleate which imparts hydrophobic characteristic to the minerals, makes it stronger collector than benzohydroxamate.Moreover, sodium oleate(with linear structure), unlike the aromatic hydroxamate, can approach the mineral easier due to lesser steric hindrance effect and higher reactivity of 0 involved in the interaction,making it less selective. In addition, it can interact easily with dolomite due to the presence of more exposed active sites than RE minerals.
基金This work was financially supported by the key project for international collaboration, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 40420120135).
文摘The Longquanguan shear zone is an important structural belt in the North China Craton, separating the underlying Fuping complex from the overlying Wutai complex. This shear zone has experienced three episodes of deformation: the first and main episode is a ductile top-to-ESE shear along the gently northwest-west dipping foliations, while the other two episodes are later collapse sliding. Prolonged granites parallel to the shear foliations make one of the main compositions of the Longquanguan shear zone. These granites experienced deformation to form mylonitic rocks when they emplaced during the first episode of deformation. Structural characters of the granites and their contacts to the country rocks indicate that these granites possibly resulted from in-situ partial remelting by shearing, i.e., they are syn-deformational granites. Monazites in these mylonitic granites are magmatic minerals and their crystallization ages may represent ages of the magmatic events, and also the ages for the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone. Monazite electronic microprobe dating were carried on two samples of granite, which gives multiple peak ages, among which 1,846 Ma and 1,877 Ma are the main peak ages for the two samples. These ages represent the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone, which is consistent with the main regional geological event at about 1,850 Ma caused by the collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks in North China. The good match between the monazite ages and the corresponding regional tectono-thermal events shows the feasibility and reliability of monazite electronic microprobe dating.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.40972042,40772041,42072030)the Open Research Program of the Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics,Northwest University
文摘High-temperature magma generation process and granulite-facies metamorphism can provide important information about mantle-crustal interaction and tectonic evolution. The strongly peralu- minous monzonite pluton, the Jinshuikou cordierite granite on the southern margin of the Qaidam Block, can provide important information about the mantle-crustal interaction and constraints on tectonic tran- sition from Proto-Tethys to Paleo-Tethys. This pluton develops enclaves of mafic granulite, amphibolite and quartzofeldspathic rocks, and is cut by massive monzonitic leuco-granite veins. Zircon and monazite U-Pb dating for the cordierite granite, the granulite enclaves and a massive monzonitic leuco-granite vein reveal that the cordierite granitic magma was generated from Mesoproterozoic continental crust with protolith derived from a provenanee that was composed of 〉2.8 Ga old recycled crustal materials and re- corded a -1.7 Ga magmatic event. The continental crust underwent low-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism at -380 Ma ago, whereas the cordierite granite magmas was generated and emplaced during 380 Ma, followed by intrusion of the massive monzonitic leuco-granite vein at circa 370-330 Ma. These data suggest that after the final closure of Proto-Tethys Ocean spreading along the southern Qaidam Block at -420 Ma, break-off of the subducted slab or delamination of the lower crustal base and upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle beneath the southern Qaidam Block occurred before the Mid-Devonian, and that the initiation of the Paleo-Tethys tectonics might initiate near the end of Early-Carboniferous in the East Kunlun-Qaidam region, East Asia.
基金Both UJM and CNRS (INSU TelluS-SYSTER) are thanked for financial support for AMSG and ATL. The Australian Resource Characterisation Facility (ARCF), under the auspices of the National Resource Sciences Precinct (NRSP) - a collaboration between CSIRO, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia e is supported by the Science and Industry Endowment Fund (SIEF RI13-01)
文摘Understanding the mechanisms of parent-daughter isotopic mobility at the nanoscale is key to rigorous interpretation of Ue The Pb data and associated dating. Until now, all nanoscale geochronological studies on geological samples have relied on either Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM) or Atom Probe Microscopy(APM) characterizations alone, thus suffering from the respective weaknesses of each technique. Here we focus on monazite crystals from a ~1 Ga, ultrahigh temperature granulite from Rogaland(Norway). This sample has recorded concordant UeP b dates(measured by LA-ICP-MS) that range over 100 My, with the three domains yielding distinct isotopic Ue Pb ages of 1034 ± 6 Ma(D1; Srich core), 1005 ± 7 Ma(D2), and 935 ± 7 Ma(D3), respectively. Combined APM and TEM characterization of these monazite crystals reveal phase separation that led to the isolation of two different radiogenic Pb(Pb*) reservoirs at the nanoscale. The S-rich core of these monazite crystals contains Cae Srich clusters, 5 -10 nm in size, homogenously distributed within the monazite matrix with a mean interparticle distance of 40 -60 nm. The clusters acted as a sink for radiogenic Pb(Pb*) produced in the monazite matrix, which was reset at the nanoscale via Pb diffusion while the grain remained closed at the micro-scale. Compared to the concordant ages given by conventional micro-scale dating of the grain,the apparent nano-scale age of the monazite matrix in between clusters is about 100 Myr younger, which compares remarkably well to the duration of the metamorphic event. This study highlights the capabilities of combined APM-TEM nano-structural and nano-isotopic characterizations in dating and timing of geological events, allowing the detection of processes untraceable with conventional dating methods.
文摘Five lengthy periods involving multiple phases of cordierite and andalusite growth were revealed by detailed studies of foliation inflection/intersection axes （FIA） preserved in porphyroblasts in schists from the Arkansas River region in Colorado, USA. The regionally consistent character of the succession of five different FIA trends enabled the relative timing of each FIA with respect to the next to be determined. The FIA succession from first to last is： FIA 1 trending W-E, FIA 2 trending SSW- NNE, FIA 3 trending NNW-SSE, FIA 4 trending NW-SE and FIA 5 trending SW-NE. For four of the FIA sets, samples were found containing monazite grains preserved as inclusions. These were dated on an electron microprobe. The ages obtained concur exactly with the FIA succession, with FIA 1 at 1506±15 Ma, FIA 2 at 1467±23 Ma, FIA 3 at 1425±18 Ma, FIA 4 not dated and FIA 5 at 1366±20 Ma. These ages are directly reflected in a succession of plutons in the surrounding region dated by other isotopic approaches, suggesting that deformation, metamorphism and pluton emplacement occurred together episodically, but effectively continuously, for some 140 Ma.
文摘Successions of FIAs（foliation inflection/intersection axes preserved within porphyroblasts） provide a relative time scale for deformation and metamorphism.In-situ dating of monazite grains preserved as inclusions within garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts within the foliations defining each FIA from such successions provides a rigorous approach to grouping ages that formed over extended periods of deformation and metamorphism.Matching age and FIA progressions confirms the suitability of this approach plus provides access to lengthy histories that cannot otherwise be determined.Tectonism in the Big Thompson region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains,USA began about a SW-NE trending axis defined by FIA set 1 at around 1761±13 Ma.Subsequent periods of tectonism occurred around 1712±25 and 1672±21 Ma about W-E and NW-SE trending FIAs 2 and 3, respectively.Tectonism in the Balcooma Metamorphic Group NW of Greenvale in NE Queensland, Australia began around 470 Ma with the growth of garnet porphyroblasts about a W-E trending axis defined by FIA set 1.No monazite grains were preserved as inclusions in this mineral phase but they were in subsequently grown staurolite.Tectonism then occurred around 443.2±3.8,424±4 and 408.9±8.9 Ma about NNW-SSE,SSW-NNE and W-E trending FIAs 2,3 and 4,respectively.This test of a FIA based approach to monazite dating in tectonic regimes in different parts of the world and with dramatically different ages suggests it can be used in all orogens containing porphyroblasts preserving inclusion trails.
文摘Tributyl phosphate （TBP） solvent was used for impregnation into Amberlite XAD-16 nonionic polymeric resin beads using the wet method to prepare solvent impregnated resin （SIR）. Undiluted TBP in a ratio to the resin support （volume to mass） of 6.0 at room temperature （RT） in 24 h was impregnated the resin with a mass ratio of 1.944, while the prepared gross sample of SIR at the ratio of solvent to resin of 3.0 was impregnated with a mass ratio of 1.88. Cerium（Ⅳ） oxide concentrate, prepared from crude Egyptian monazite sand, containing 37% cerium, 1.6% thorium and about 40% the other trivalent rare earth oxides, was used to prepare cerium（Ⅳ） nitrate solution for extraction using the prepared SIR. The impregnated resin was satisfactory for Ce（Ⅳ） extraction from nitric acid medium at room temperature. Cerium loading capacity of the impregnated resin reached 95.6% of the calculated theoretical capacity （173 g/kg （Ce/SIR）） under the conditions of 51.57 g/L cerium and 2.48 g/L thorium, 5.0 mol/L free nitric acid, solution to resin ratio of 10.0 and contacting the phases for 5.0 min. The loading capacity reached 98.75% when cerium concentration was increased to 91.43 g/L under the same conditions.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51672064 and U1435206)
文摘Low thermal conductivity, matched thermal expansion coefficient and good compatibility are general requirements for the environmental/thermal barrier coatings(EBCs/TBCs) and interphases for Al2O3 f/Al2O3 composites. In this work, a novel high-entropy(HE) rare-earth phosphate monazite ceramic (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)PO4 is designed and successfully synthesized. This new type of HE rare-earth phosphate monazite exhibits good chemical compatibility with Al2O3, without reaction with Al2O3 as high as 1600℃ in air. Moreover, the thermal expansion coefficient(TEC) of HE (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)PO4(8.9 × 10^-6/℃ at 300–1000℃) is close to that of Al2O3. The thermal conductivity of HE (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)PO4 at room temperature is as low as 2.08 W·m^-1·K^-1, which is about 42% lower than that of La PO4. Good chemical compatibility, close TEC to that of Al2O3, and low thermal conductivity indicate that HE (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)PO4 is suitable as a candidate EBC/TBC material and an interphase for Al2O3 f/Al2O3 composites.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC0408300)the Excellent Youth Foundation of IMUST(2017YQL05)+7 种基金the Key Program for International S&T Cooperation Projects of China(2019YFE012999)the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan Province(2020JJ2044)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of Hunan Province,China(2018RS_(3) 011)Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resourcesthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2067201,51774328,51674045,51404300)the National 111Project of China(B14034)Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(2020LH05027,2019MS05039)。
文摘Monazite((Ce,La)PO_(4))is one of the major types of light rare earth minerals from which the light rare earth elements cerium(Ce)and lanthanum(La)are economically extracted.Flotation is extensively used to recover fine-grained monazite.Sodium oleate(NaOL)is considered as the collector with strong collecting ability for monazite flotation.However,this study shows that its collecting ability is still limited.In this paper,a phosphonic acid,nonane-1,1-bisphosphonic acid(C9-BPA),was employed as the novel collector in place of NaOL.Flotation experiments show that even when the C9-BPA dosage is less than one-fifth of the NaOL dosage,the monazite recove ry using C9-BPA as the collector is approximately 22 wt%higher than that using NaOL.The mechanism by which C9-BPA adsorbs on monazite was investigated using zeta potential,infrared(IR)spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)measurements as well as first-principles calculations.Zeta potential measurements show a more significant decrease in the zeta potentials of monazite after the addition of C9-BPA compared to those after the addition of NaOL.For C9-BPA-treated monazite,the characteristic peaks of C9-BPA are observed in the IR and C 1 s XPS spectrum,whereas for monazite treated by NaOL,no characteristic peak of NaOL was observed.Experimental results show that C9-BPA has a stronger affinity towards the monazite surface than NaOL as confirmed by the higher adsorption energy of CP-BPA on the monazite surface(-204.22 kJ/mol)than NaOL(-48.48 kJ/mol).This study demonstrates an extensive application value and prospect of C9-BPA in monazite flotation and helps design novel collectors with strong collecting ability for monazite flotation.
