According to the second law of thermodynamics,spontaneous chemical processes will ultimately reach the equilibrium state with the lowest energy.However,in biological systems,there are numerous highenergy states far fr...According to the second law of thermodynamics,spontaneous chemical processes will ultimately reach the equilibrium state with the lowest energy.However,in biological systems,there are numerous highenergy states far from equilibrium.One typical example is the transmembrane ion-concentration gradient,which plays crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis,regulating cell volume,and enabling cell signaling.Transmembrane ion-concentration gradient is achieved by an active transport process that requires the input of energy and the action of pump proteins.Replicating this process with synthetic supramolecular systems is particularly challenging,requiring both the input of energy and very specific,spatiotemporal control over ion uptake and release.In nature,pump proteins,such as protein-based ion channels,have evolved highly intricate architectures to perform this function.In contrast,Aprahamian and coworkers recently developed a much simpler smallmolecule system that functions as a molecular ion pump,utilizing light energy to pump chloride ions across a hydrophobic barrier against the concentration gradient[1].展开更多
Current and displacement stiffness are important parameters of axial magnetic bearing(AMB)and are usually considered as constants for the control system.However,in actual dynamic work situations,time-varying force lea...Current and displacement stiffness are important parameters of axial magnetic bearing(AMB)and are usually considered as constants for the control system.However,in actual dynamic work situations,time-varying force leads to time-varying currents and air gap with a specific frequency,which makes the stiffness of appear decrease and even worsens control performance for the whole system.In this paper,an AMB dynamic stiffness model considering the flux variation across the air gap due to frequency is established to obtain the accurate dynamic stiffness.The dynamic stiffness characteristics are analyzed by means of the dynamic equivalent magnetic circuit method.The analytical results show that the amplitude of current and displacement stiffness decreases with frequency increasing.Moreover,compared with the stiffness model without considering the variation of flux density across the air gap,the improved dynamic stiffness results are closer to the actual results.Through the dynamic stiffness measurement method of AMB,experiments of AMB in magnetically suspended molecular pump(MSMP)are carried out and the experimental results are consistent with theoretical analysis results.This paper proposes the dynamic stiffness model of axial magnetic bearing considering the variation of flux density across the air gap,which improves the accuracy of the AMB stiffness analysis.展开更多
The ascent of water in tall trees has fascinated scien-tists for over 130 years.However,the microscopic state and dynamic behavior of water within natural and undisturbed trees remain unknown.Here,we employed low-fiel...The ascent of water in tall trees has fascinated scien-tists for over 130 years.However,the microscopic state and dynamic behavior of water within natural and undisturbed trees remain unknown.Here,we employed low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)to monitor in situ the distribution and move-ment of water within a living tree,uncovering a counterintuitive water transport process.The hierar-chical walls of xylem vessels served as the primary channels for continuous ascent of water,while the xylem vessels functioned more like a temporary wa-ter reservoir.The helical nanofibers within the vessel walls,which consisted of series-wound crystalline and amorphous regions,created a helical Venturi molecular pump structure that could efficiently draw water from the xylem vessel reservoir.Importantly,these helical nanofibers possessed a semi-disor-dered surface embedded with a layer of solid-state water akin to a layer of ice.This self-lubricating layer of ice-like monolayer water,combined with the new“ground level”created by the helical arrange-ment of nanofibers,enabled virtually frictionless long-distance transport of water under low negative pressure.Our findings challenge existing theories and offer valuable insights for developing biomimet-ic fiber pumps,characterized by high efficiency and low energy consumption in fluid transportation.展开更多
海洋生物碳泵(BCP)与古气候的关系是碳循环研究的一个核心科学问题。本文利用罗斯海沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和一些重要的类脂化合物所隐含的生态学特性,即那些可引起海底沉积碳库组成和海洋BCP(包括生物泵BP和微型生物碳泵MCP)效率改变的...海洋生物碳泵(BCP)与古气候的关系是碳循环研究的一个核心科学问题。本文利用罗斯海沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和一些重要的类脂化合物所隐含的生态学特性,即那些可引起海底沉积碳库组成和海洋BCP(包括生物泵BP和微型生物碳泵MCP)效率改变的分子生物标志物,从罗斯海现代海洋出发,追溯到末次冰期以来(27~0.6 ka BP)古海洋生物碳泵演化(重点讨论BP和MCP)及其与一些重大地质事件的联系。研究结果表明:(1)罗斯海表层沉积物中相对高的TOC和较低C/N比值、以及正构烷烃色谱峰型、主峰碳、分子组合特征低碳数和高碳数比值(L/H)和(nC_(21)+nC_(22))/(nC_(28)+nC_(29))比值、低碳烃(nC_(15)+nC_(17)+nC_(19))、中碳烃(nC_(21)+nC_(23)+nC_(25))和高碳烃(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31))、细菌(BrGDGT)和较低的陆源土壤指标(BIT)一致性表征海源有机质贡献占主导地位,通过海洋BP和MCP效应将内源有机碳输送到海底进行长期储存;Pr/Ph比值结合Ph/nC_(18)和Pr/C_(17)比值均表明表层沉积物为还原-强还原性的缺氧环境,有利于海底储存有机碳,同时还与海冰消融关系密切。(2)利用低温校正公式TEXL_(86)^(L)-SST[式(2)]反演现代的海洋表层温度(SST),并与WOA-SST(3月)表层水体温度较接近(R^(2)=0.78,p<0.01,n=15);同时利用TEXL_(86)^(L)-SST-2重建罗斯海JB03岩芯末次冰期以来的古海洋温度在-0.74~2.86℃范围(平均为1.03℃),接近现代南极罗斯海夏季温度。(3)JB03岩芯记录年代为27.27~0.6 ka BP,分为末次冰盛期(27.3~21 ka BP)、末次冰消期(21~11.7 ka BP)和全新世(11.7~0.6 ka BP)3个地质历史时期。末次冰期古海洋受冰盖和海冰限制作用的影响,初级生产力低下、沉积速率仅为0.45 cm/ka、Pr/Ph比值、Ph/nC_(18)和Pr/nC_(17)反映沉积环境氧化性较强、不利于MCP和BP储碳,在寒冷气候时段碳储量潜力降低;进入全新世暖期,冰架退缩解体,温暖的气候条件有利于浮游植物生产力和硅藻增加、浮游动物增加及影响粪便物质组成和提高沉降速率,促进有机碳向深海的输送加快,海底沉积为弱还原-弱氧化环境,有利于碳保存;硅藻生物量提高就意味着硅质泵加强,进而微生物活性增强、促进古菌和细菌生长,因而微生物总量-GDGTs、产甲烷古菌或广古菌-GDGT-0、奇古菌-Crenarchaeol生物量大大提高,显示罗斯海全新世以来古海洋BP和MCP作用大大加强,且古海洋BP与现代海洋均以硅藻/硅质泵为绝对主导。研究还发现,罗斯海末次冰期和全新世以来的古海洋BP和MCP储碳效率变化均与古海洋地质事件,即全球性大尺度的气候变化有关,这个碳库的大小与气候冷暖之间存在对应关系,罗斯海古海洋调节大气CO_(2)的能力,尤其在全新世暖期最强,这对于认识全球气候变化的海洋调控机制具有重要的科学意义。展开更多
基金financial supports of National Natural Science Foundation of China(22171226)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2022JC-06).
文摘According to the second law of thermodynamics,spontaneous chemical processes will ultimately reach the equilibrium state with the lowest energy.However,in biological systems,there are numerous highenergy states far from equilibrium.One typical example is the transmembrane ion-concentration gradient,which plays crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis,regulating cell volume,and enabling cell signaling.Transmembrane ion-concentration gradient is achieved by an active transport process that requires the input of energy and the action of pump proteins.Replicating this process with synthetic supramolecular systems is particularly challenging,requiring both the input of energy and very specific,spatiotemporal control over ion uptake and release.In nature,pump proteins,such as protein-based ion channels,have evolved highly intricate architectures to perform this function.In contrast,Aprahamian and coworkers recently developed a much simpler smallmolecule system that functions as a molecular ion pump,utilizing light energy to pump chloride ions across a hydrophobic barrier against the concentration gradient[1].
基金Excellent Youth Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51722501)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51575025)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China-Youth Science Foundation(Grant No.61603052)Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining(Grant No.AWJ-20-R02).
文摘Current and displacement stiffness are important parameters of axial magnetic bearing(AMB)and are usually considered as constants for the control system.However,in actual dynamic work situations,time-varying force leads to time-varying currents and air gap with a specific frequency,which makes the stiffness of appear decrease and even worsens control performance for the whole system.In this paper,an AMB dynamic stiffness model considering the flux variation across the air gap due to frequency is established to obtain the accurate dynamic stiffness.The dynamic stiffness characteristics are analyzed by means of the dynamic equivalent magnetic circuit method.The analytical results show that the amplitude of current and displacement stiffness decreases with frequency increasing.Moreover,compared with the stiffness model without considering the variation of flux density across the air gap,the improved dynamic stiffness results are closer to the actual results.Through the dynamic stiffness measurement method of AMB,experiments of AMB in magnetically suspended molecular pump(MSMP)are carried out and the experimental results are consistent with theoretical analysis results.This paper proposes the dynamic stiffness model of axial magnetic bearing considering the variation of flux density across the air gap,which improves the accuracy of the AMB stiffness analysis.
基金support from the Project funded by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.52161135102)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2021TQ0063).
文摘The ascent of water in tall trees has fascinated scien-tists for over 130 years.However,the microscopic state and dynamic behavior of water within natural and undisturbed trees remain unknown.Here,we employed low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)to monitor in situ the distribution and move-ment of water within a living tree,uncovering a counterintuitive water transport process.The hierar-chical walls of xylem vessels served as the primary channels for continuous ascent of water,while the xylem vessels functioned more like a temporary wa-ter reservoir.The helical nanofibers within the vessel walls,which consisted of series-wound crystalline and amorphous regions,created a helical Venturi molecular pump structure that could efficiently draw water from the xylem vessel reservoir.Importantly,these helical nanofibers possessed a semi-disor-dered surface embedded with a layer of solid-state water akin to a layer of ice.This self-lubricating layer of ice-like monolayer water,combined with the new“ground level”created by the helical arrange-ment of nanofibers,enabled virtually frictionless long-distance transport of water under low negative pressure.Our findings challenge existing theories and offer valuable insights for developing biomimet-ic fiber pumps,characterized by high efficiency and low energy consumption in fluid transportation.
文摘海洋生物碳泵(BCP)与古气候的关系是碳循环研究的一个核心科学问题。本文利用罗斯海沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和一些重要的类脂化合物所隐含的生态学特性,即那些可引起海底沉积碳库组成和海洋BCP(包括生物泵BP和微型生物碳泵MCP)效率改变的分子生物标志物,从罗斯海现代海洋出发,追溯到末次冰期以来(27~0.6 ka BP)古海洋生物碳泵演化(重点讨论BP和MCP)及其与一些重大地质事件的联系。研究结果表明:(1)罗斯海表层沉积物中相对高的TOC和较低C/N比值、以及正构烷烃色谱峰型、主峰碳、分子组合特征低碳数和高碳数比值(L/H)和(nC_(21)+nC_(22))/(nC_(28)+nC_(29))比值、低碳烃(nC_(15)+nC_(17)+nC_(19))、中碳烃(nC_(21)+nC_(23)+nC_(25))和高碳烃(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31))、细菌(BrGDGT)和较低的陆源土壤指标(BIT)一致性表征海源有机质贡献占主导地位,通过海洋BP和MCP效应将内源有机碳输送到海底进行长期储存;Pr/Ph比值结合Ph/nC_(18)和Pr/C_(17)比值均表明表层沉积物为还原-强还原性的缺氧环境,有利于海底储存有机碳,同时还与海冰消融关系密切。(2)利用低温校正公式TEXL_(86)^(L)-SST[式(2)]反演现代的海洋表层温度(SST),并与WOA-SST(3月)表层水体温度较接近(R^(2)=0.78,p<0.01,n=15);同时利用TEXL_(86)^(L)-SST-2重建罗斯海JB03岩芯末次冰期以来的古海洋温度在-0.74~2.86℃范围(平均为1.03℃),接近现代南极罗斯海夏季温度。(3)JB03岩芯记录年代为27.27~0.6 ka BP,分为末次冰盛期(27.3~21 ka BP)、末次冰消期(21~11.7 ka BP)和全新世(11.7~0.6 ka BP)3个地质历史时期。末次冰期古海洋受冰盖和海冰限制作用的影响,初级生产力低下、沉积速率仅为0.45 cm/ka、Pr/Ph比值、Ph/nC_(18)和Pr/nC_(17)反映沉积环境氧化性较强、不利于MCP和BP储碳,在寒冷气候时段碳储量潜力降低;进入全新世暖期,冰架退缩解体,温暖的气候条件有利于浮游植物生产力和硅藻增加、浮游动物增加及影响粪便物质组成和提高沉降速率,促进有机碳向深海的输送加快,海底沉积为弱还原-弱氧化环境,有利于碳保存;硅藻生物量提高就意味着硅质泵加强,进而微生物活性增强、促进古菌和细菌生长,因而微生物总量-GDGTs、产甲烷古菌或广古菌-GDGT-0、奇古菌-Crenarchaeol生物量大大提高,显示罗斯海全新世以来古海洋BP和MCP作用大大加强,且古海洋BP与现代海洋均以硅藻/硅质泵为绝对主导。研究还发现,罗斯海末次冰期和全新世以来的古海洋BP和MCP储碳效率变化均与古海洋地质事件,即全球性大尺度的气候变化有关,这个碳库的大小与气候冷暖之间存在对应关系,罗斯海古海洋调节大气CO_(2)的能力,尤其在全新世暖期最强,这对于认识全球气候变化的海洋调控机制具有重要的科学意义。
