The molecular cascade underlying tendon formation starts when progenitor cells begin to express the Scleraxis(Scx)gene.Scx knockout mice develop some but not all tendons,suggesting that additional factors are necessar...The molecular cascade underlying tendon formation starts when progenitor cells begin to express the Scleraxis(Scx)gene.Scx knockout mice develop some but not all tendons,suggesting that additional factors are necessary for tendon commitment,maintenance,and differentiation.Other transcription factors,such as Mohawk(Mkx)or early growth response(Egr),maintain Scx expression and extracellular matrix formation during fibrillogenesis.The inhibition of wingless and int-related protein signaling is necessary and sufficient to induce the expression of Scx.Once the commitment of tenogenic lineage occurs,transforming growth factor-beta(TGFβ)induces the Scx gene expression,becoming involved in the maintenance of tendon cell fate.From this point of view,we discussed two phases of the tenogenic process during limb development:dependent and independent of mechanical forces.Finally,we highlight the importance of understanding embryonic tendon development to improve therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicines for tendons.展开更多
Introduction:Fish advisories are issued in an effort to protect human health from exposure to contaminants,but Native American communities may suffer unintended health,social,and cultural consequences as a result of w...Introduction:Fish advisories are issued in an effort to protect human health from exposure to contaminants,but Native American communities may suffer unintended health,social,and cultural consequences as a result of warnings against eating local fish.This paper focuses on the Mohawk community of Akwesasne,which lies downstream from a Superfund site,and explores how fish advisories have impacted fish consumption and health.Methods:65 Akwesasne community members were interviewed between March 2008 and April 2009.Interviews were semi-structured,lasted from 30–90 minutes and consisted of open-ended questions about the impacts of environmental contamination on the community.Detailed field notes were also maintained during extensive visits between 2007–2011.Interviews were transcribed,and these transcripts as well as the field notes were analyzed in NVivo 8.0.This research received approval from the Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment Research Advisory Committee,as well as the Brown University Institutional Review Board.Results:Three-quarters of the 50 Akwesasne Mohawks interviewed have ceased or significantly curtailed their local fish consumption due to the issuance of fish advisories or witnessing or hearing about deformities on fish.Many of these respondents have turned to outside sources of fish,from other communities or from grocery stores.This change in fish consumption concerns many residents because cultural and social connections developed around fishing are being lost and because fish has been replaced with high-fat high-carb processed foods,which has led to other health complications.One-quarter of the 50 interviewees still eat local fish,but these are generally middle-aged or older residents;fish consumption no longer occurs in the multi-generational social context it once did.Conclusions:Human health in Native American communities such as Akwesasne is intimately tied to the health of the environment.Fish advisories should not be used as an institutional control to protect humans from exposure to contaminants;if Akwesasne are to achieve optimal health,the contaminated environment has to be remediated to a level that supports clean,edible fish.展开更多
基金supported by the Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico(DGAPA)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México[Grant No.IN213314]Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología(CONACyT)[Grant No.1887 CONACyTFronteras de la Ciencia]awarded to JC-M.
文摘The molecular cascade underlying tendon formation starts when progenitor cells begin to express the Scleraxis(Scx)gene.Scx knockout mice develop some but not all tendons,suggesting that additional factors are necessary for tendon commitment,maintenance,and differentiation.Other transcription factors,such as Mohawk(Mkx)or early growth response(Egr),maintain Scx expression and extracellular matrix formation during fibrillogenesis.The inhibition of wingless and int-related protein signaling is necessary and sufficient to induce the expression of Scx.Once the commitment of tenogenic lineage occurs,transforming growth factor-beta(TGFβ)induces the Scx gene expression,becoming involved in the maintenance of tendon cell fate.From this point of view,we discussed two phases of the tenogenic process during limb development:dependent and independent of mechanical forces.Finally,we highlight the importance of understanding embryonic tendon development to improve therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicines for tendons.
文摘Introduction:Fish advisories are issued in an effort to protect human health from exposure to contaminants,but Native American communities may suffer unintended health,social,and cultural consequences as a result of warnings against eating local fish.This paper focuses on the Mohawk community of Akwesasne,which lies downstream from a Superfund site,and explores how fish advisories have impacted fish consumption and health.Methods:65 Akwesasne community members were interviewed between March 2008 and April 2009.Interviews were semi-structured,lasted from 30–90 minutes and consisted of open-ended questions about the impacts of environmental contamination on the community.Detailed field notes were also maintained during extensive visits between 2007–2011.Interviews were transcribed,and these transcripts as well as the field notes were analyzed in NVivo 8.0.This research received approval from the Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment Research Advisory Committee,as well as the Brown University Institutional Review Board.Results:Three-quarters of the 50 Akwesasne Mohawks interviewed have ceased or significantly curtailed their local fish consumption due to the issuance of fish advisories or witnessing or hearing about deformities on fish.Many of these respondents have turned to outside sources of fish,from other communities or from grocery stores.This change in fish consumption concerns many residents because cultural and social connections developed around fishing are being lost and because fish has been replaced with high-fat high-carb processed foods,which has led to other health complications.One-quarter of the 50 interviewees still eat local fish,but these are generally middle-aged or older residents;fish consumption no longer occurs in the multi-generational social context it once did.Conclusions:Human health in Native American communities such as Akwesasne is intimately tied to the health of the environment.Fish advisories should not be used as an institutional control to protect humans from exposure to contaminants;if Akwesasne are to achieve optimal health,the contaminated environment has to be remediated to a level that supports clean,edible fish.
