Exercise has long been known for its active role in improving physical fitness and sustaining health.Regular moderate-intensity exercise improves all aspects of human health and is widely accepted as a preventative an...Exercise has long been known for its active role in improving physical fitness and sustaining health.Regular moderate-intensity exercise improves all aspects of human health and is widely accepted as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for various diseases.It is well-documented that exercise maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal,tissue,cellular,and molecular levels to stimulate positive physiological adaptations that consequently protect against various pathological conditions.Here we mainly summarize how moderate-intensity exercise affects the major hallmarks of health,including the integrity of barriers,containment of local perturbations,recycling and turnover,integration of circuitries,rhythmic oscillations,homeostatic resilience,hormetic regulation,as well as repair and regeneration.Furthermore,we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for beneficial adaptations in response to exercise.This review aimed at providing a comprehensive summary of the vital biological mechanisms through which moderate-intensity exercise maintains health and opens a window for its application in other health interventions.We hope that continuing investigation in this field will further increase our understanding of the processes involved in the positive role of moderate-intensity exercise and thus get us closer to the identification of new therapeutics that improve quality of life.展开更多
Background:It remains unclear whether studies comparing _(max)imal oxygen uptake(VO_(2max))response to sprint interval training(SIT)vs.moderate-intensity continuous training(MICT)are associated with a high risk of bia...Background:It remains unclear whether studies comparing _(max)imal oxygen uptake(VO_(2max))response to sprint interval training(SIT)vs.moderate-intensity continuous training(MICT)are associated with a high risk of bias and poor reporting quality.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of bias and quality of reporting in studies comparing changes in VO_(2max) between SIT and MICT.Methods:We conducted a comprehensive literature search of 4 major databases:AMED,CINAHL,EMBASE,and MEDLINE.Studies were excluded if participants were not healthy adult humans or if training protocols were unsupervised,lasted less than 2 weeks,or utilized mixed exercise modalities.We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the CONSORT checklist for non-pharmacological trials to evaluate the risk of bias and reporting quality,respectively.Results:Twenty-eight studies with 30 comparisons(3 studies included 2 SIT groups)were included in our meta-analysis(n=360 SIT participants:body mass index(BMI)=25.9±3.7 kg/m^(2),baseline VO_(2max)=37.9±8.0 mL/kg/min;n=359 MICT participants:BMI=25.5±3.8 kg/m^(2),baseline VO_(2max)=38.3±8.0 mL/kg/min;all mean±SD).All studies had an unclear risk of bias and poor reporting quality.Conclusion:Although we observed a lack of superiority between SIT and MICT for improving VO_(2max)(weighted Hedge’s g=0.004,95%con-fidence interval(95%CI):-0.08 to 0.07),the overall unclear risk of bias calls the validity of this conclusion into question.Future studies using robust study designs are needed to interrogate the possibility that SIT and MICT result in similar changes in VO_(2max).展开更多
Objectives:To determine whether providing a choice between high-intensity interval training(HIIT)and moderateintensity continuous training(MICT)within a 4-week diabetes prevention program may lead to greater perceived...Objectives:To determine whether providing a choice between high-intensity interval training(HIIT)and moderateintensity continuous training(MICT)within a 4-week diabetes prevention program may lead to greater perceived autonomy support,motivation regulation,free-living physical activity,and cardiorespiratory fitness 6 months postintervention when compared to imposed exercise.Methods:In a preliminary pragmatic randomized trial,77 individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes(Mage=61.5(±9.8)years;Nfemales=58)were randomized to one of three exercise conditions:HIIT,MICT,or the choice thereof(CHOICE).Perceived autonomy supportwas assessed post-intervention.Changes in motivation,physical activity,and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed 6 months post-intervention.Linear mixed models and Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons on estimated marginal means were used to derive effect estimates after adjusting for stratified allocation factors.Results:Perceived autonomy support was not different among conditions[F(2,47)=0.068,p=0.934].No effects were detected for motivation regulation,physical activity,or cardiorespiratory fitness(ps>0.05).Participants in the CHOICE condition self-reported significantly more physical activity 6 months post-intervention compared to preintervention[t(31)=2.922,p=0.019].Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness were seen in CHOICE[t(65)=2.509,p=0.044]and MICT[t(65)=3.492,p=0.003].Conclusions:Providing choice between HIIT and MICT did not significantly affect individuals’perceived autonomy support or motivation regulation compared to imposed exercise.However,physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness improved over time for the CHOICE condition.Providing choice between HIIT and MICT may be a feasible exercise strategy among this population.展开更多
Purpose High-intensity exercise reduces renal artery blood flow(RBF)compared to other forms of exercise.However,it is unclear whether moderate-intensity exercise,including those at the ventilation threshold(VT),decrea...Purpose High-intensity exercise reduces renal artery blood flow(RBF)compared to other forms of exercise.However,it is unclear whether moderate-intensity exercise,including those at the ventilation threshold(VT),decreases RBF.Addition-ally,attenuated renal autoregulation and associated blood flow can cause renal injury in patients with underlying disease.Therefore,this study aimed to confirm the changes in RBF after moderate-level exercise in healthy subjects,which will have implications for the study of renal arterial blood flow in patients with renal failure.Methods Cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed by 10 healthy male participants(mean age,31±8 years):3 min constant work-rate exercise tests,varying in exercise intensity 1 min before VT(pre-VT),after VT(post-VT),and after the respiratory compensation point(RCP).The RBF was measured using ultrasonic inspection equipment following each exer-cise.The VT was determined using the ventilatory equivalent method(VEQ method),while the RBF was calculated from the time-averaged flow velocity(TAV)and cross-sectional area(CSA).Results At baseline(resting phase),RBF was 461±142 mL/min.While RBFs at pre-VT were not significantly different from those at baseline(482±142 mL/min;P=0.82),significant differences were observed at post-VT(289±111 mL/min;P<0.01 vs.baseline).RBFs at the RCP were also different from those at the baseline(212±56 mL/min;P<0.01 vs.baseline).Conclusions In healthy individuals,exercises varying in intensity up to the vicinity of the VT can be performed without any significant decrease in RBF.Trial Registration Number and Registration Date The trial was approved by an independent ethics committee at the Asahi University Hospital(approval No.1/May/2018)and was registered(Name of the registry:Changes of renal blood flow with exercise load.Consideration using ultrasonic inspection equipment.UMIN000035598,https://cente r6.umin.ac.jp/cgi open bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recpt no=R000040561,24/January/2019).展开更多
基金Among these,patents were licensed to Bayer(WO2014020041-A1 and WO2014020043-A1)Bristol-Myers Squibb(WO2008057863-A1)+4 种基金Osasuna Therapeutics(WO2019057742A1)Pharmamar(WO2022049270A1 and WO2022048775-A1)Raptor Pharmaceuticals(EP2664326-A1)Samsara Therapeutics(GB202017553D0)Therafast Bio(EP3684471A1).The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
文摘Exercise has long been known for its active role in improving physical fitness and sustaining health.Regular moderate-intensity exercise improves all aspects of human health and is widely accepted as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for various diseases.It is well-documented that exercise maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal,tissue,cellular,and molecular levels to stimulate positive physiological adaptations that consequently protect against various pathological conditions.Here we mainly summarize how moderate-intensity exercise affects the major hallmarks of health,including the integrity of barriers,containment of local perturbations,recycling and turnover,integration of circuitries,rhythmic oscillations,homeostatic resilience,hormetic regulation,as well as repair and regeneration.Furthermore,we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for beneficial adaptations in response to exercise.This review aimed at providing a comprehensive summary of the vital biological mechanisms through which moderate-intensity exercise maintains health and opens a window for its application in other health interventions.We hope that continuing investigation in this field will further increase our understanding of the processes involved in the positive role of moderate-intensity exercise and thus get us closer to the identification of new therapeutics that improve quality of life.
基金supported by an operating grant from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERCgrant number:402635) to BJG+2 种基金JTB was supported by a NSERC Vanier Canada Graduate ScholarshipHI was supported by NSERC PGS-DNP was supported by NSERC CGS-M。
文摘Background:It remains unclear whether studies comparing _(max)imal oxygen uptake(VO_(2max))response to sprint interval training(SIT)vs.moderate-intensity continuous training(MICT)are associated with a high risk of bias and poor reporting quality.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of bias and quality of reporting in studies comparing changes in VO_(2max) between SIT and MICT.Methods:We conducted a comprehensive literature search of 4 major databases:AMED,CINAHL,EMBASE,and MEDLINE.Studies were excluded if participants were not healthy adult humans or if training protocols were unsupervised,lasted less than 2 weeks,or utilized mixed exercise modalities.We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the CONSORT checklist for non-pharmacological trials to evaluate the risk of bias and reporting quality,respectively.Results:Twenty-eight studies with 30 comparisons(3 studies included 2 SIT groups)were included in our meta-analysis(n=360 SIT participants:body mass index(BMI)=25.9±3.7 kg/m^(2),baseline VO_(2max)=37.9±8.0 mL/kg/min;n=359 MICT participants:BMI=25.5±3.8 kg/m^(2),baseline VO_(2max)=38.3±8.0 mL/kg/min;all mean±SD).All studies had an unclear risk of bias and poor reporting quality.Conclusion:Although we observed a lack of superiority between SIT and MICT for improving VO_(2max)(weighted Hedge’s g=0.004,95%con-fidence interval(95%CI):-0.08 to 0.07),the overall unclear risk of bias calls the validity of this conclusion into question.Future studies using robust study designs are needed to interrogate the possibility that SIT and MICT result in similar changes in VO_(2max).
基金funded by a Grant-in-Aid program provided to the corresponding author by the Heart&Stroke Foundation of Canada(G-18-0022225).
文摘Objectives:To determine whether providing a choice between high-intensity interval training(HIIT)and moderateintensity continuous training(MICT)within a 4-week diabetes prevention program may lead to greater perceived autonomy support,motivation regulation,free-living physical activity,and cardiorespiratory fitness 6 months postintervention when compared to imposed exercise.Methods:In a preliminary pragmatic randomized trial,77 individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes(Mage=61.5(±9.8)years;Nfemales=58)were randomized to one of three exercise conditions:HIIT,MICT,or the choice thereof(CHOICE).Perceived autonomy supportwas assessed post-intervention.Changes in motivation,physical activity,and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed 6 months post-intervention.Linear mixed models and Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons on estimated marginal means were used to derive effect estimates after adjusting for stratified allocation factors.Results:Perceived autonomy support was not different among conditions[F(2,47)=0.068,p=0.934].No effects were detected for motivation regulation,physical activity,or cardiorespiratory fitness(ps>0.05).Participants in the CHOICE condition self-reported significantly more physical activity 6 months post-intervention compared to preintervention[t(31)=2.922,p=0.019].Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness were seen in CHOICE[t(65)=2.509,p=0.044]and MICT[t(65)=3.492,p=0.003].Conclusions:Providing choice between HIIT and MICT did not significantly affect individuals’perceived autonomy support or motivation regulation compared to imposed exercise.However,physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness improved over time for the CHOICE condition.Providing choice between HIIT and MICT may be a feasible exercise strategy among this population.
文摘Purpose High-intensity exercise reduces renal artery blood flow(RBF)compared to other forms of exercise.However,it is unclear whether moderate-intensity exercise,including those at the ventilation threshold(VT),decreases RBF.Addition-ally,attenuated renal autoregulation and associated blood flow can cause renal injury in patients with underlying disease.Therefore,this study aimed to confirm the changes in RBF after moderate-level exercise in healthy subjects,which will have implications for the study of renal arterial blood flow in patients with renal failure.Methods Cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed by 10 healthy male participants(mean age,31±8 years):3 min constant work-rate exercise tests,varying in exercise intensity 1 min before VT(pre-VT),after VT(post-VT),and after the respiratory compensation point(RCP).The RBF was measured using ultrasonic inspection equipment following each exer-cise.The VT was determined using the ventilatory equivalent method(VEQ method),while the RBF was calculated from the time-averaged flow velocity(TAV)and cross-sectional area(CSA).Results At baseline(resting phase),RBF was 461±142 mL/min.While RBFs at pre-VT were not significantly different from those at baseline(482±142 mL/min;P=0.82),significant differences were observed at post-VT(289±111 mL/min;P<0.01 vs.baseline).RBFs at the RCP were also different from those at the baseline(212±56 mL/min;P<0.01 vs.baseline).Conclusions In healthy individuals,exercises varying in intensity up to the vicinity of the VT can be performed without any significant decrease in RBF.Trial Registration Number and Registration Date The trial was approved by an independent ethics committee at the Asahi University Hospital(approval No.1/May/2018)and was registered(Name of the registry:Changes of renal blood flow with exercise load.Consideration using ultrasonic inspection equipment.UMIN000035598,https://cente r6.umin.ac.jp/cgi open bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recpt no=R000040561,24/January/2019).
