Cancer pain is one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced malignancies,arising from multifactorial mechanisms involving peripheral,central,and systemic pathways.Conventional analgesi...Cancer pain is one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced malignancies,arising from multifactorial mechanisms involving peripheral,central,and systemic pathways.Conventional analgesics,including opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,are often limited by their insufficient efficacy,tolerance,and risk of dependence.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),characterized by its multi-component,multi-target,and systemic regulatory properties,has shown promising potential in cancer pain management.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical classification and underlying mechanisms of cancer pain(including nerve infiltration,dysregulation of inflammatory mediators and ion channels,central sensitization,neuro-immune crosstalk,metabolic reprogramming,and gut-brain axis impairment),as well as the analgesic effects of representative TCM agents in cancer pain management.For example,bioactive components such as tetrahydroberberine,levo-tetrahydropalmatine,and piperine exert analgesic effects,thereby improving the quality of life of patients by inhibiting inflammatory cascades,regulating neurotransmitter systems,and preserving neural integrity.Commonly used preclinical models,including bone cancer pain,pancreatic cancer pain,and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy models,are summarized for their utility in mechanistic studies and efficacy evaluations.This review also discusses the current limitations of clinical evidence,such as small sample sizes,short follow-up periods,and limited translation from animal models,alongside major challenges in standardization,mechanistic elucidation,and clinical trial design.Future directions should focus on precise pain phenotyping,integrated multi-target interventions,rigorous efficacy safety validation,and innovations in drug delivery to facilitate the standardization and global adoption of TCM in cancer pain management.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury can be categorized into primary and secondary injuries.Secondary injuries are the main cause of disability following traumatic brain injury,which involves a complex multicellular cascade.Microgl...Traumatic brain injury can be categorized into primary and secondary injuries.Secondary injuries are the main cause of disability following traumatic brain injury,which involves a complex multicellular cascade.Microglia play an important role in secondary injury and can be activated in response to traumatic brain injury.In this article,we review the origin and classification of microglia as well as the dynamic changes of microglia in traumatic brain injury.We also clarify the microglial polarization pathways and the therapeutic drugs targeting activated microglia.We found that regulating the signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microglia,such as the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B,mitogen-activated protein kinase,Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription,phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B,Notch,and high mobility group box 1 pathways,can alleviate the inflammatory response triggered by microglia in traumatic brain injury,thereby exerting neuroprotective effects.We also reviewed the strategies developed on the basis of these pathways,such as drug and cell replacement therapies.Drugs that modulate inflammatory factors,such as rosuvastatin,have been shown to promote the polarization of antiinflammatory microglia and reduce the inflammatory response caused by traumatic brain injury.Mesenchymal stem cells possess anti-inflammatory properties,and clinical studies have confirmed their significant efficacy and safety in patients with traumatic brain injury.Additionally,advancements in mesenchymal stem cell-delivery methods—such as combinations of novel biomaterials,genetic engineering,and mesenchymal stem cell exosome therapy—have greatly enhanced the efficiency and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in animal models.However,numerous challenges in the application of drug and mesenchymal stem cell treatment strategies remain to be addressed.In the future,new technologies,such as single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis,can facilitate further experimental studies.Moreover,research involving non-human primates can help translate these treatment strategies to clinical practice.展开更多
The evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades relay extracellular signals into cells,triggering a variety of cellular responses.We previously revealed NtMPK4 as a positive regulator of ni...The evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades relay extracellular signals into cells,triggering a variety of cellular responses.We previously revealed NtMPK4 as a positive regulator of nicotine biosynthesis;however,its upstream regulation remains unclear.Here,we characterized a MAPK cascade,comprising NtMEKK1b,NtMPKK2a,and NtMPK4,that promotes nicotine biosynthesis.This signaling module transduces external cues,including jasmonate and pathogen elicitors such as flg22,into post-translational modifications that enhance transcriptional activity and pathway gene expression.NtMPKK2a physically interacts with and phosphorylates NtMPK4 in vivo,confirming its role as an upstream kinase.RNAi-mediated silencing of NtMPKK2a significantly reduced the expression of nicotine pathway genes and decreased nicotine accumulation,whereas induced-overexpression of NtMPKK2a upregulated nicotine pathway genes and increased nicotine contents in tobacco hairy roots.Overexpression of NtMPKK2a in tobacco cells enhanced the transactivation activity of a NIC2-locus Ethylene Response Factor NtERF221 on Putrescine N-methyltransferase(NtPMT)promotor,further supporting its role in promoting nicotine biosynthesis.Furthermore,we identified NtMEKK1b,a tobacco MEKK that interacts with NtMAPKK2a in yeast cells.Knock-down of NtMEKK1b in transgenic tobacco plants attenuated the expression of nicotine pathway genes and reduced nicotine contents,whereas induced-overexpression of NtMEKK1b upregulated gene expression and nicotine accumulation.Our findings uncover a previously uncharacterized MAPK cascade module,NtMEKK1b-NtMPKK2a-NtMPK4,that regulates nicotine biosynthesis,highlighting the importance of posttranslational regulation in nicotine biosynthesis.展开更多
Rural domestic sewage treatment is critical for environmental protection.This study defines the spatial pattern of villages from the perspective of rural sewage treatment and develops an integrated decision-making sys...Rural domestic sewage treatment is critical for environmental protection.This study defines the spatial pattern of villages from the perspective of rural sewage treatment and develops an integrated decision-making system to propose a sewage treatment mode and scheme suitable for local conditions.By considering the village spatial layout and terrain factors,a decision tree model of residential density and terrain type was constructed with accuracies of 76.47%and 96.00%,respectively.Combined with binary classification probability unit regression,an appropriate sewage treatment mode for the village was determined with 87.00%accuracy.The Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),combined with the Technique for Order Preference(TOPSIS)by Similarity to an Ideal Solution model,formed the basis for optimal treatment process selection under different emission standards.Verification was conducted in 542 villages across three counties of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,focusing on the standard effluent effect(0.3773),low investment cost(0.3196),and high standard effluent effect(0.5115)to determine the best treatment process for the same emission standard under different needs.The annual environmental and carbon emission benefits of sewage treatment in these villages were estimated.This model matches village density,geographic feature,and social development level,and provides scientific support and a theoretical basis for rural sewage treatment decision-making.展开更多
We present a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the global–regional chemical transport model called the Emission and Atmospheric Processes Integrated and Coupled Community(EPICC)model.The framework...We present a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the global–regional chemical transport model called the Emission and Atmospheric Processes Integrated and Coupled Community(EPICC)model.The framework incorporates(1)grid configuration,(2)transport dynamics,(3)chemical mechanisms,(4)aerosol processes,(5)wet/dry deposition parameterizations,and(6)heterogeneous chemistry treatments associated with sulfate,nitrous acid(HONO)chemistry,and aerosol/cloud–photolysis interactions(APIs/CPIs).Openly shared with the atmospheric research community,the model facilitates integration of advanced physicochemical schemes to enhance simulation accuracy.Globally,the model demonstrates realistic representations of ozone(O_(3))and aerosol optical depth.The EPICC model generally demonstrates robust performance in simulating regional concentrations of O_(3) and PM_(2.5)(and its components)in China.It successfully captures vertical profiles of both global and regional O_(3).Notably,the model mitigates frequently reported sulfate underestimations in highly industrialized regions of China.The model accurately captures two regional severe pollution episodes observed in eastern China(January/June 2021).Sensitivity experiments highlight the critical roles of heterogeneous chemical mechanisms associated with sulfate,HONO chemistry,APIs,and CPIs in capturing PM_(2.5) and O_(3) concentrations in China.Improved sulfate mechanisms result in an increase of approximately 32.4%(2.8μg m^(−3))in simulated winter sulfate concentrations when observations exceed 10μg m^(−3).Enhanced HONO elevates winter O_(3) and PM_(2.5) by≤20 and≤10μg m^(−3),respectively.Overall,CPIs dominate over APIs in improving O_(3) and PM_(2.5) simulations across China.Locally,APIs mitigate PM_(2.5) and O_(3) discrepancies in the Sichuan Basin.Seasonal cloud–chemistry coupling explains the weaker impact of PM_(2.5) in summer.展开更多
Traumatic optic neuropathy is a form of optic neuropathy resulting from trauma.Its pathophysiological mechanisms involve primary and secondary injury phases,leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and axonal...Traumatic optic neuropathy is a form of optic neuropathy resulting from trauma.Its pathophysiological mechanisms involve primary and secondary injury phases,leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and axonal degeneration.Contributing factors such as physical trauma,oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and glial scar formation exacerbate disease progression and retinal ganglion cell death.Multiple forms of cell death—including apoptosis,pyroptosis,necroptosis,and ferroptosis—are involved at different disease stages.Although current treatments,such as corticosteroid therapy and surgical interventions,have limited efficacy,cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising approach that simultaneously promotes neuroprotection and retinal ganglion cell regeneration.This review summarizes recent advances in cell-based therapies for traumatic optic neuropathy.In the context of cell replacement therapy,retinal ganglion cell-like cells derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells—via chemical induction or direct reprogramming—have demonstrated the ability to integrate into the host retina and survive for weeks to months,potentially improving visual function.Mesenchymal stem cells derived from various sources,including bone marrow,umbilical cord,placenta,and adipose tissue,have been shown to enhance retinal ganglion cell survival,stimulate axonal regeneration,and support partial functional recovery.Additionally,neural stem/progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells offer neuroprotective effects and function as“neuronal relays,”facilitating reconnection between damaged regions of the optic nerve and the visual pathway.Beyond direct cell transplantation,cell-derived products,such as extracellular vesicles and cell-extracted solutions,have demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects in traumatic optic neuropathy.Despite significant progress,several challenges remain,including limited integration of transplanted cells,suboptimal functional vision recovery,the need for precise timing and delivery methods,and an incomplete understanding of the role of the retinal microenvironment and glial cell activation in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration.Furthermore,studies with longer observation periods and deeper mechanistic insights into the therapeutic effects of cell-based therapies remain scarce.Two Phase I clinical trials have confirmed the safety and potential benefits of cell-based therapy for traumatic optic neuropathy,with reported improvements in visual acuity.However,further studies are needed to validate these findings and establish significant therapeutic outcomes.In conclusion,cell-based therapies hold great promise for treating traumatic optic neuropathy,but critical obstacles must be overcome to achieve functional optic nerve regeneration.Emerging bioengineering strategies,such as scaffold-based transplantation,may improve cell survival and axonal guidance.Successful clinical translation will require rigorous preclinical validation,standardized protocols,and the integration of advanced imaging techniques to optimize therapeutic efficacy.展开更多
Commercial phosphor-converted white LEDs(pc-WLEDs)face two inherent limitations,namely blue light hazard and low color rendering index,due to the use of blue LEDs as excitation source.To address these challenges,viole...Commercial phosphor-converted white LEDs(pc-WLEDs)face two inherent limitations,namely blue light hazard and low color rendering index,due to the use of blue LEDs as excitation source.To address these challenges,violet LEDs are proposed as an alternative solution.Currently,phosphors that can be efficiently excited by violet light(with wavelengths from 400 to 420 nm)remain under development still.In this study,we utilize large language models to construct a comprehensive database of Eu^(2+)and Ce^(3+)doped phosphors for discovering novel violet-excited phosphors.A total of 822 phosphor data entries,including elemental compositions,crystal structures and excitation/emission wavelengths,have been extracted and validated from 9551 research papers.Compared with Ce^(3+)doped phosphors,the Eu^(2+)are in general more suited for violet-excited phosphors,as well as red-emitting phosphors.In particular,Eu^(2+)doped nitrides and sulfides are worth of exploration for violet-excited phosphors.This database is expected to be useful in the future development of phosphors for pc-WLEDs based on artificial intelligence methods.The datasets in this article are listed in Science Data Bank at http://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.34314.展开更多
To investigate the influence of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with as-homogenized and as-rolled initial microstructures on the tensile flow behavior,isothermal tensile tests were conducted on a GLEEBLE-3500 isothermal simulator a...To investigate the influence of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with as-homogenized and as-rolled initial microstructures on the tensile flow behavior,isothermal tensile tests were conducted on a GLEEBLE-3500 isothermal simulator at temperatures of 380-440℃and strain rates of 0.05-1 s^(−1).The Johnson-Cook model,Hensel-Spittel model,strain-compensated Arrhenius model,and critical fracture strain model were established.Results show that through the evaluation of the models using the correlation coefficient(R)and the average absolute relative error,the strain-compensated Arrhenius model can represent the flow behavior of the alloy more accurately.Shear bands are more pronounced in the as-homogenized specimens,whereas dynamic recrystallization is predominantly observed in as-rolled specimens.Fracture morphology analysis reveals that a mixed fracture mechanism is prevalent in the as-homogenized specimen,whereas a ductile fracture mechanism is predominant in the as-rolled specimen.The processing maps indicate that the unstable region is reduced in the as-rolled specimens compared with that in the as-homogenized specimens.The optimal hot working windows for the as-homogenized and as-rolled specimens are determined as 410-440℃/0.14-1 s^(−1)and 380-400℃/0.05-0.29 s^(−1),respectively.展开更多
Under the backdrop of“Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”(dual carbon)goal in China,the methane-carbon dioxide reforming reaction has attracted considerable attention due to its environmental benefits of converting t...Under the backdrop of“Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”(dual carbon)goal in China,the methane-carbon dioxide reforming reaction has attracted considerable attention due to its environmental benefits of converting two greenhouse gases(methane and carbon dioxide)into syngas and its promising industrial applications.Nickel(Ni)-based catalysts,with high catalytic activity,low cost,and abundant resources,are considered ideal candidates for industrial applications.In this article,three reaction kinetic models were briefly introduced,namely the Power-Law(PL)model,the Eley-Rideal(ER)model,and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson(LHHW)model.Based on the LHHW model,the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of different catalytic systems were systematically discussed,including the properties of supports,the doping of noble metals and transition metals,the role of promoters,and the influence of the geometric and electronic structures of Ni on the reaction mechanism.Furthermore,the kinetics of carbon deposition and elimination on various catalysts were analyzed.Based on the reaction rate expressions for carbon elimination,the reasons for the high activity of transition metal iron(Fe)-doped catalysts and core-shell structured catalysts in carbon elimination were explained.Based on the detailed collation and comparative analysis of the reaction mechanisms and kinetic characteristics across diverse Ni-based catalytic systems,a theoretical guidance for the designing of high-performance catalysts was provided in this work.展开更多
In this paper,we present a circuit model of single-quantum-well InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes based on the standard rate equations.Two rate equations describe carrier transport processes occurring in sep-arate confi...In this paper,we present a circuit model of single-quantum-well InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes based on the standard rate equations.Two rate equations describe carrier transport processes occurring in sep-arate confinement heterostructure and quantum well respectively,and the third equation describes the varied photons in quantum well.By using the presented model,impacts of quantum well thickness on the static and dynamic performances are investigated.Simulated results show that LED with 4 nm well exhibits better lightcurrent(L-I)performance,but LED with 3 nm well presents wider 3 dB modulation bandwidth.It reveals that high carrier density in quantum well is detrimental to the static performance,but beneficial to the dynamic performance.展开更多
The electrocatalytic reduction of nitric oxide for ammonia synthesis(NORR)is a key green energy conversion technology.Its efficiency relies on high-performance electrocatalysts to enhance both ammonia yield(Y_(NH3))an...The electrocatalytic reduction of nitric oxide for ammonia synthesis(NORR)is a key green energy conversion technology.Its efficiency relies on high-performance electrocatalysts to enhance both ammonia yield(Y_(NH3))and Faradaic efficiency(F_(NH3)).However,conventional experimental methods for screening high-activity NORR catalysts often entail high resource consumption and time costs.Machine learning combined with SHAP feature analysis was employed to establish a stacked ensemble model that integrates multiple algorithms,to allow for a systematic investigation of the key descriptors governing NORR performance based on an experimental dataset.Evaluation of eight model algorithms revealed that the Stacked-SVR model achieved an R^(2)of 0.9223 and an RMSE of 0.0608 for predicting on the test set,whereas the Stacked-RF model achieved an R^(2)of 0.9042 and an RMSE of 0.0900 for predicting.The stacked ensemble model integrates the strengths of individual algorithms and demonstrates strong NORR prediction performance while avoiding overfitting.SHAP feature analysis results revealed that the Cu content in the catalyst composition has the most significant impact on catalytic performance.Moreover,the combination of the wet chemical reduction synthesis,a carbon fiber(CF)conductive substrate,and HCl electrolyte is more favorable for enhancing catalytic activity.Additionally,moderately lowering the working potential,controlling the electrolyte volume at low to medium levels,reducing catalyst loading,and increasing electrolyte concentration were found to synergistically enhance both and.展开更多
Model evaluation using benchmark datasets is an important method to measure the capability of large language models(LLMs)in specific domains,and it is mainly used to assess the knowledge and reasoning abilities of LLM...Model evaluation using benchmark datasets is an important method to measure the capability of large language models(LLMs)in specific domains,and it is mainly used to assess the knowledge and reasoning abilities of LLMs.Therefore,in order to better assess the capability of LLMs in the agricultural domain,Agri-Eval was proposed as a benchmark for assessing the knowledge and reasoning ability of LLMs in agriculture.The assessment dataset used in Agri-Eval covered seven major disciplines in the agricultural domain:crop science,horticulture,plant protection,animal husbandry,forest science,aquaculture science,and grass science,and contained a total of 2283 questions.Among domestic general-purpose LLMs,DeepSeek R1 performed best with an accuracy rate of 75.49%.In the realm of international general-purpose LLMs,Gemini 2.0 pro exp 0205 standed out as the top performer,achieving an accuracy rate of 74.28%.As an LLMs in agriculture vertical,Shennong V2.0 outperformed all the LLMs in China,and the answer accuracy rate of agricultural knowledge exceeded that of all the existing general-purpose LLMs.The launch of Agri-Eval helped the LLM developers to comprehensively evaluate the model's capability in the field of agriculture through a variety of tasks and tests to promote the development of the LLMs in the field of agriculture.展开更多
In this paper,we establish and study a single-species logistic model with impulsive age-selective harvesting.First,we prove the ultimate boundedness of the solutions of the system.Then,we obtain conditions for the asy...In this paper,we establish and study a single-species logistic model with impulsive age-selective harvesting.First,we prove the ultimate boundedness of the solutions of the system.Then,we obtain conditions for the asymptotic stability of the trivial solution and the positive periodic solution.Finally,numerical simulations are presented to validate our results.Our results show that age-selective harvesting is more conducive to sustainable population survival than non-age-selective harvesting.展开更多
This paper presents an efficient model reduction technique for linear time-varying systems based on shifted Legendre polynomials.The approach constructs approximate low-rank decomposition factors of finite-time Gramia...This paper presents an efficient model reduction technique for linear time-varying systems based on shifted Legendre polynomials.The approach constructs approximate low-rank decomposition factors of finite-time Gramians directly from the expansion coefficients of impulse responses.Leveraging these factors,we develop two model reduction algorithms that integrate the low-rank square root method with dominant subspace projection.Our method is computationally efficient and flexible,requiring only a few matrix-vector operations and a singular value decomposition of a low-dimensional matrix,thereby avoiding the need to solve differential Lyapunov equations.Numerical experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.展开更多
This article investigates the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter under external disturbance by a dynamic state feedback control method.First,this paper cons...This article investigates the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter under external disturbance by a dynamic state feedback control method.First,this paper constructs an internal model to learn the information of the states and input of the grid-connected inverter under steady state.Second,by utilizing the internal model principle,the paper turns the tracking control problem into the robust stabilization control problem based on some appropriate coordinate transformations.Then,The paper designs a dynamics state feedback control law to deal with this robust stabilization problem,and thus the solution of the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters can be obtained.This control method can ensure the asymptotic stability of the closedloop system.Finally,the paper illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed control approach through several groups of simulations,and compares it with the feedforward control method to verify the robustness of the proposed control method to uncertain parameters.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82360238,82071245)。
文摘Cancer pain is one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced malignancies,arising from multifactorial mechanisms involving peripheral,central,and systemic pathways.Conventional analgesics,including opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,are often limited by their insufficient efficacy,tolerance,and risk of dependence.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),characterized by its multi-component,multi-target,and systemic regulatory properties,has shown promising potential in cancer pain management.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical classification and underlying mechanisms of cancer pain(including nerve infiltration,dysregulation of inflammatory mediators and ion channels,central sensitization,neuro-immune crosstalk,metabolic reprogramming,and gut-brain axis impairment),as well as the analgesic effects of representative TCM agents in cancer pain management.For example,bioactive components such as tetrahydroberberine,levo-tetrahydropalmatine,and piperine exert analgesic effects,thereby improving the quality of life of patients by inhibiting inflammatory cascades,regulating neurotransmitter systems,and preserving neural integrity.Commonly used preclinical models,including bone cancer pain,pancreatic cancer pain,and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy models,are summarized for their utility in mechanistic studies and efficacy evaluations.This review also discusses the current limitations of clinical evidence,such as small sample sizes,short follow-up periods,and limited translation from animal models,alongside major challenges in standardization,mechanistic elucidation,and clinical trial design.Future directions should focus on precise pain phenotyping,integrated multi-target interventions,rigorous efficacy safety validation,and innovations in drug delivery to facilitate the standardization and global adoption of TCM in cancer pain management.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province,No.202401AS070086(to ZW)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2018YFA0801403(to ZW)+1 种基金Yunnan Science and Technology Talent and Platform Plan,No.202105AC160041(to ZW)the Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31960120(to ZW)。
文摘Traumatic brain injury can be categorized into primary and secondary injuries.Secondary injuries are the main cause of disability following traumatic brain injury,which involves a complex multicellular cascade.Microglia play an important role in secondary injury and can be activated in response to traumatic brain injury.In this article,we review the origin and classification of microglia as well as the dynamic changes of microglia in traumatic brain injury.We also clarify the microglial polarization pathways and the therapeutic drugs targeting activated microglia.We found that regulating the signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microglia,such as the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B,mitogen-activated protein kinase,Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription,phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B,Notch,and high mobility group box 1 pathways,can alleviate the inflammatory response triggered by microglia in traumatic brain injury,thereby exerting neuroprotective effects.We also reviewed the strategies developed on the basis of these pathways,such as drug and cell replacement therapies.Drugs that modulate inflammatory factors,such as rosuvastatin,have been shown to promote the polarization of antiinflammatory microglia and reduce the inflammatory response caused by traumatic brain injury.Mesenchymal stem cells possess anti-inflammatory properties,and clinical studies have confirmed their significant efficacy and safety in patients with traumatic brain injury.Additionally,advancements in mesenchymal stem cell-delivery methods—such as combinations of novel biomaterials,genetic engineering,and mesenchymal stem cell exosome therapy—have greatly enhanced the efficiency and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in animal models.However,numerous challenges in the application of drug and mesenchymal stem cell treatment strategies remain to be addressed.In the future,new technologies,such as single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis,can facilitate further experimental studies.Moreover,research involving non-human primates can help translate these treatment strategies to clinical practice.
基金supported partially by the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center(KTRDC),University of Kentucky.
文摘The evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades relay extracellular signals into cells,triggering a variety of cellular responses.We previously revealed NtMPK4 as a positive regulator of nicotine biosynthesis;however,its upstream regulation remains unclear.Here,we characterized a MAPK cascade,comprising NtMEKK1b,NtMPKK2a,and NtMPK4,that promotes nicotine biosynthesis.This signaling module transduces external cues,including jasmonate and pathogen elicitors such as flg22,into post-translational modifications that enhance transcriptional activity and pathway gene expression.NtMPKK2a physically interacts with and phosphorylates NtMPK4 in vivo,confirming its role as an upstream kinase.RNAi-mediated silencing of NtMPKK2a significantly reduced the expression of nicotine pathway genes and decreased nicotine accumulation,whereas induced-overexpression of NtMPKK2a upregulated nicotine pathway genes and increased nicotine contents in tobacco hairy roots.Overexpression of NtMPKK2a in tobacco cells enhanced the transactivation activity of a NIC2-locus Ethylene Response Factor NtERF221 on Putrescine N-methyltransferase(NtPMT)promotor,further supporting its role in promoting nicotine biosynthesis.Furthermore,we identified NtMEKK1b,a tobacco MEKK that interacts with NtMAPKK2a in yeast cells.Knock-down of NtMEKK1b in transgenic tobacco plants attenuated the expression of nicotine pathway genes and reduced nicotine contents,whereas induced-overexpression of NtMEKK1b upregulated gene expression and nicotine accumulation.Our findings uncover a previously uncharacterized MAPK cascade module,NtMEKK1b-NtMPKK2a-NtMPK4,that regulates nicotine biosynthesis,highlighting the importance of posttranslational regulation in nicotine biosynthesis.
基金supported by the Central Government Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(No.2024SZY0343)the Joint Research Program for Ecological Conservation and High Quality Development of the Yellow River Basin(No.2022-YRUC-01-050205)+2 种基金the Higher Education Scientific Research Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.NJZZ23078)the project of Inner Mongolia"Prairie Talents"Engineering Innovation Entrepreneurship Talent Team,the Major Projects of Erdos Science and Technology(No.2022EEDSKJZDZX015)the Innovation Team of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Science and Technology(No.CXTD2023-01-016).
文摘Rural domestic sewage treatment is critical for environmental protection.This study defines the spatial pattern of villages from the perspective of rural sewage treatment and develops an integrated decision-making system to propose a sewage treatment mode and scheme suitable for local conditions.By considering the village spatial layout and terrain factors,a decision tree model of residential density and terrain type was constructed with accuracies of 76.47%and 96.00%,respectively.Combined with binary classification probability unit regression,an appropriate sewage treatment mode for the village was determined with 87.00%accuracy.The Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),combined with the Technique for Order Preference(TOPSIS)by Similarity to an Ideal Solution model,formed the basis for optimal treatment process selection under different emission standards.Verification was conducted in 542 villages across three counties of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,focusing on the standard effluent effect(0.3773),low investment cost(0.3196),and high standard effluent effect(0.5115)to determine the best treatment process for the same emission standard under different needs.The annual environmental and carbon emission benefits of sewage treatment in these villages were estimated.This model matches village density,geographic feature,and social development level,and provides scientific support and a theoretical basis for rural sewage treatment decision-making.
基金National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility” (EarthLab)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 92044302)the National Key Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFC3700703)
文摘We present a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the global–regional chemical transport model called the Emission and Atmospheric Processes Integrated and Coupled Community(EPICC)model.The framework incorporates(1)grid configuration,(2)transport dynamics,(3)chemical mechanisms,(4)aerosol processes,(5)wet/dry deposition parameterizations,and(6)heterogeneous chemistry treatments associated with sulfate,nitrous acid(HONO)chemistry,and aerosol/cloud–photolysis interactions(APIs/CPIs).Openly shared with the atmospheric research community,the model facilitates integration of advanced physicochemical schemes to enhance simulation accuracy.Globally,the model demonstrates realistic representations of ozone(O_(3))and aerosol optical depth.The EPICC model generally demonstrates robust performance in simulating regional concentrations of O_(3) and PM_(2.5)(and its components)in China.It successfully captures vertical profiles of both global and regional O_(3).Notably,the model mitigates frequently reported sulfate underestimations in highly industrialized regions of China.The model accurately captures two regional severe pollution episodes observed in eastern China(January/June 2021).Sensitivity experiments highlight the critical roles of heterogeneous chemical mechanisms associated with sulfate,HONO chemistry,APIs,and CPIs in capturing PM_(2.5) and O_(3) concentrations in China.Improved sulfate mechanisms result in an increase of approximately 32.4%(2.8μg m^(−3))in simulated winter sulfate concentrations when observations exceed 10μg m^(−3).Enhanced HONO elevates winter O_(3) and PM_(2.5) by≤20 and≤10μg m^(−3),respectively.Overall,CPIs dominate over APIs in improving O_(3) and PM_(2.5) simulations across China.Locally,APIs mitigate PM_(2.5) and O_(3) discrepancies in the Sichuan Basin.Seasonal cloud–chemistry coupling explains the weaker impact of PM_(2.5) in summer.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2022YFA1105502(to PG)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82271123(to PG),32200618(to ZT)。
文摘Traumatic optic neuropathy is a form of optic neuropathy resulting from trauma.Its pathophysiological mechanisms involve primary and secondary injury phases,leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and axonal degeneration.Contributing factors such as physical trauma,oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and glial scar formation exacerbate disease progression and retinal ganglion cell death.Multiple forms of cell death—including apoptosis,pyroptosis,necroptosis,and ferroptosis—are involved at different disease stages.Although current treatments,such as corticosteroid therapy and surgical interventions,have limited efficacy,cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising approach that simultaneously promotes neuroprotection and retinal ganglion cell regeneration.This review summarizes recent advances in cell-based therapies for traumatic optic neuropathy.In the context of cell replacement therapy,retinal ganglion cell-like cells derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells—via chemical induction or direct reprogramming—have demonstrated the ability to integrate into the host retina and survive for weeks to months,potentially improving visual function.Mesenchymal stem cells derived from various sources,including bone marrow,umbilical cord,placenta,and adipose tissue,have been shown to enhance retinal ganglion cell survival,stimulate axonal regeneration,and support partial functional recovery.Additionally,neural stem/progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells offer neuroprotective effects and function as“neuronal relays,”facilitating reconnection between damaged regions of the optic nerve and the visual pathway.Beyond direct cell transplantation,cell-derived products,such as extracellular vesicles and cell-extracted solutions,have demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects in traumatic optic neuropathy.Despite significant progress,several challenges remain,including limited integration of transplanted cells,suboptimal functional vision recovery,the need for precise timing and delivery methods,and an incomplete understanding of the role of the retinal microenvironment and glial cell activation in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration.Furthermore,studies with longer observation periods and deeper mechanistic insights into the therapeutic effects of cell-based therapies remain scarce.Two Phase I clinical trials have confirmed the safety and potential benefits of cell-based therapy for traumatic optic neuropathy,with reported improvements in visual acuity.However,further studies are needed to validate these findings and establish significant therapeutic outcomes.In conclusion,cell-based therapies hold great promise for treating traumatic optic neuropathy,but critical obstacles must be overcome to achieve functional optic nerve regeneration.Emerging bioengineering strategies,such as scaffold-based transplantation,may improve cell survival and axonal guidance.Successful clinical translation will require rigorous preclinical validation,standardized protocols,and the integration of advanced imaging techniques to optimize therapeutic efficacy.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3500501)。
文摘Commercial phosphor-converted white LEDs(pc-WLEDs)face two inherent limitations,namely blue light hazard and low color rendering index,due to the use of blue LEDs as excitation source.To address these challenges,violet LEDs are proposed as an alternative solution.Currently,phosphors that can be efficiently excited by violet light(with wavelengths from 400 to 420 nm)remain under development still.In this study,we utilize large language models to construct a comprehensive database of Eu^(2+)and Ce^(3+)doped phosphors for discovering novel violet-excited phosphors.A total of 822 phosphor data entries,including elemental compositions,crystal structures and excitation/emission wavelengths,have been extracted and validated from 9551 research papers.Compared with Ce^(3+)doped phosphors,the Eu^(2+)are in general more suited for violet-excited phosphors,as well as red-emitting phosphors.In particular,Eu^(2+)doped nitrides and sulfides are worth of exploration for violet-excited phosphors.This database is expected to be useful in the future development of phosphors for pc-WLEDs based on artificial intelligence methods.The datasets in this article are listed in Science Data Bank at http://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.34314.
文摘To investigate the influence of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with as-homogenized and as-rolled initial microstructures on the tensile flow behavior,isothermal tensile tests were conducted on a GLEEBLE-3500 isothermal simulator at temperatures of 380-440℃and strain rates of 0.05-1 s^(−1).The Johnson-Cook model,Hensel-Spittel model,strain-compensated Arrhenius model,and critical fracture strain model were established.Results show that through the evaluation of the models using the correlation coefficient(R)and the average absolute relative error,the strain-compensated Arrhenius model can represent the flow behavior of the alloy more accurately.Shear bands are more pronounced in the as-homogenized specimens,whereas dynamic recrystallization is predominantly observed in as-rolled specimens.Fracture morphology analysis reveals that a mixed fracture mechanism is prevalent in the as-homogenized specimen,whereas a ductile fracture mechanism is predominant in the as-rolled specimen.The processing maps indicate that the unstable region is reduced in the as-rolled specimens compared with that in the as-homogenized specimens.The optimal hot working windows for the as-homogenized and as-rolled specimens are determined as 410-440℃/0.14-1 s^(−1)and 380-400℃/0.05-0.29 s^(−1),respectively.
基金Supported by Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(2024RS-CXTD-53,2024ZC-KJXX-096)the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province(2022QCY-LL-69)Xi’an Science and Technology Project(24GXFW0089)。
文摘Under the backdrop of“Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”(dual carbon)goal in China,the methane-carbon dioxide reforming reaction has attracted considerable attention due to its environmental benefits of converting two greenhouse gases(methane and carbon dioxide)into syngas and its promising industrial applications.Nickel(Ni)-based catalysts,with high catalytic activity,low cost,and abundant resources,are considered ideal candidates for industrial applications.In this article,three reaction kinetic models were briefly introduced,namely the Power-Law(PL)model,the Eley-Rideal(ER)model,and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson(LHHW)model.Based on the LHHW model,the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of different catalytic systems were systematically discussed,including the properties of supports,the doping of noble metals and transition metals,the role of promoters,and the influence of the geometric and electronic structures of Ni on the reaction mechanism.Furthermore,the kinetics of carbon deposition and elimination on various catalysts were analyzed.Based on the reaction rate expressions for carbon elimination,the reasons for the high activity of transition metal iron(Fe)-doped catalysts and core-shell structured catalysts in carbon elimination were explained.Based on the detailed collation and comparative analysis of the reaction mechanisms and kinetic characteristics across diverse Ni-based catalytic systems,a theoretical guidance for the designing of high-performance catalysts was provided in this work.
文摘In this paper,we present a circuit model of single-quantum-well InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes based on the standard rate equations.Two rate equations describe carrier transport processes occurring in sep-arate confinement heterostructure and quantum well respectively,and the third equation describes the varied photons in quantum well.By using the presented model,impacts of quantum well thickness on the static and dynamic performances are investigated.Simulated results show that LED with 4 nm well exhibits better lightcurrent(L-I)performance,but LED with 3 nm well presents wider 3 dB modulation bandwidth.It reveals that high carrier density in quantum well is detrimental to the static performance,but beneficial to the dynamic performance.
文摘The electrocatalytic reduction of nitric oxide for ammonia synthesis(NORR)is a key green energy conversion technology.Its efficiency relies on high-performance electrocatalysts to enhance both ammonia yield(Y_(NH3))and Faradaic efficiency(F_(NH3)).However,conventional experimental methods for screening high-activity NORR catalysts often entail high resource consumption and time costs.Machine learning combined with SHAP feature analysis was employed to establish a stacked ensemble model that integrates multiple algorithms,to allow for a systematic investigation of the key descriptors governing NORR performance based on an experimental dataset.Evaluation of eight model algorithms revealed that the Stacked-SVR model achieved an R^(2)of 0.9223 and an RMSE of 0.0608 for predicting on the test set,whereas the Stacked-RF model achieved an R^(2)of 0.9042 and an RMSE of 0.0900 for predicting.The stacked ensemble model integrates the strengths of individual algorithms and demonstrates strong NORR prediction performance while avoiding overfitting.SHAP feature analysis results revealed that the Cu content in the catalyst composition has the most significant impact on catalytic performance.Moreover,the combination of the wet chemical reduction synthesis,a carbon fiber(CF)conductive substrate,and HCl electrolyte is more favorable for enhancing catalytic activity.Additionally,moderately lowering the working potential,controlling the electrolyte volume at low to medium levels,reducing catalyst loading,and increasing electrolyte concentration were found to synergistically enhance both and.
文摘Model evaluation using benchmark datasets is an important method to measure the capability of large language models(LLMs)in specific domains,and it is mainly used to assess the knowledge and reasoning abilities of LLMs.Therefore,in order to better assess the capability of LLMs in the agricultural domain,Agri-Eval was proposed as a benchmark for assessing the knowledge and reasoning ability of LLMs in agriculture.The assessment dataset used in Agri-Eval covered seven major disciplines in the agricultural domain:crop science,horticulture,plant protection,animal husbandry,forest science,aquaculture science,and grass science,and contained a total of 2283 questions.Among domestic general-purpose LLMs,DeepSeek R1 performed best with an accuracy rate of 75.49%.In the realm of international general-purpose LLMs,Gemini 2.0 pro exp 0205 standed out as the top performer,achieving an accuracy rate of 74.28%.As an LLMs in agriculture vertical,Shennong V2.0 outperformed all the LLMs in China,and the answer accuracy rate of agricultural knowledge exceeded that of all the existing general-purpose LLMs.The launch of Agri-Eval helped the LLM developers to comprehensively evaluate the model's capability in the field of agriculture through a variety of tasks and tests to promote the development of the LLMs in the field of agriculture.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12261018)Universities Key Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling and Data Mining in Guizhou Province(2023013)。
文摘In this paper,we establish and study a single-species logistic model with impulsive age-selective harvesting.First,we prove the ultimate boundedness of the solutions of the system.Then,we obtain conditions for the asymptotic stability of the trivial solution and the positive periodic solution.Finally,numerical simulations are presented to validate our results.Our results show that age-selective harvesting is more conducive to sustainable population survival than non-age-selective harvesting.
文摘This paper presents an efficient model reduction technique for linear time-varying systems based on shifted Legendre polynomials.The approach constructs approximate low-rank decomposition factors of finite-time Gramians directly from the expansion coefficients of impulse responses.Leveraging these factors,we develop two model reduction algorithms that integrate the low-rank square root method with dominant subspace projection.Our method is computationally efficient and flexible,requiring only a few matrix-vector operations and a singular value decomposition of a low-dimensional matrix,thereby avoiding the need to solve differential Lyapunov equations.Numerical experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024ZYGXZR047)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373156)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515011736)。
文摘This article investigates the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter under external disturbance by a dynamic state feedback control method.First,this paper constructs an internal model to learn the information of the states and input of the grid-connected inverter under steady state.Second,by utilizing the internal model principle,the paper turns the tracking control problem into the robust stabilization control problem based on some appropriate coordinate transformations.Then,The paper designs a dynamics state feedback control law to deal with this robust stabilization problem,and thus the solution of the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters can be obtained.This control method can ensure the asymptotic stability of the closedloop system.Finally,the paper illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed control approach through several groups of simulations,and compares it with the feedforward control method to verify the robustness of the proposed control method to uncertain parameters.
