Common beans are affected by many insect pests such as bean leaf beetle, aphids, legume pod borer and bean beetles. Traditional and cultural practices such as site selection, crop rotation, intercropping and seed sele...Common beans are affected by many insect pests such as bean leaf beetle, aphids, legume pod borer and bean beetles. Traditional and cultural practices such as site selection, crop rotation, intercropping and seed selection, sowing date are used to reduce the infestation of insect pests of common beans in the field and in storage rooms. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens can control the insect pests. Synthetic pesticides such as cypermethion, carbaryl, and lambda-cyhalothrin have reported to be effective, but are toxic to people, destroy natural enemies and contaminate the environment. Botanical pesticides are the promising alternatives. This review paper explains toxicity, persistence and mode of actions of active ingredients of botanical pesticides. Rotenone from T. vogelii has the oral lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of 132 - 1500 mg/kg to mammals. It delays the electron transport chain in mitochondria of the insects and limits the cellular energy production. Azadirachtin is antifeedant and growth disruptor of insects. It has low toxicity to mammals. The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in mammals is greater than 3540 mg/kg. Azadirachtin displays strong effects on chemoreceptors of the insects. Pyrethrins are axonic poisons and have repellent effects to insects. It is less toxic to mammals with the LD<sub>50</sub> of about 1500 mg/Kg. It attacks the nervous systems of insects. Sesquiterpene lactones from T. diversifolia, Pentacyclic triterpenoids from Lantana camara, Vernodalin, Vernodalol and Epivernodalol from V. amygdalina have repellent and feeding deterrents chemicals which discourage the insects from feeding the crop. Most active ingredients of botanical pesticides have short life span in the environment.展开更多
Iminosugars,a class of polyhydroxylated cyclic alkaloids with intriguing properties,hold promising therapeutic potentials against a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses,including DENV,HCV,HIV,and influenza viruses.Mech...Iminosugars,a class of polyhydroxylated cyclic alkaloids with intriguing properties,hold promising therapeutic potentials against a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses,including DENV,HCV,HIV,and influenza viruses.Mechanistically,iminosugars act as the competitive inhibitors of host endoplasmic reticularα-glucosidases I and II to disrupt the proper folding of viral nascent glycoproteins,which thereby exerts antiviral effects.Remarkably,the glycoproteins of many enveloped viruses are significantly more dependent on the calnexin pathway of the protein folding than most host glycoproteins.Therefore,extensive interests and efforts have been devoted to exploit iminosugars as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.This review provides the summary and insights into the recent advancements in the development of novel iminosugars as effective and selective antiviral agents against a variety of enveloped viruses,as well as the understandings of their antiviral mechanisms.展开更多
文摘Common beans are affected by many insect pests such as bean leaf beetle, aphids, legume pod borer and bean beetles. Traditional and cultural practices such as site selection, crop rotation, intercropping and seed selection, sowing date are used to reduce the infestation of insect pests of common beans in the field and in storage rooms. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens can control the insect pests. Synthetic pesticides such as cypermethion, carbaryl, and lambda-cyhalothrin have reported to be effective, but are toxic to people, destroy natural enemies and contaminate the environment. Botanical pesticides are the promising alternatives. This review paper explains toxicity, persistence and mode of actions of active ingredients of botanical pesticides. Rotenone from T. vogelii has the oral lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of 132 - 1500 mg/kg to mammals. It delays the electron transport chain in mitochondria of the insects and limits the cellular energy production. Azadirachtin is antifeedant and growth disruptor of insects. It has low toxicity to mammals. The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in mammals is greater than 3540 mg/kg. Azadirachtin displays strong effects on chemoreceptors of the insects. Pyrethrins are axonic poisons and have repellent effects to insects. It is less toxic to mammals with the LD<sub>50</sub> of about 1500 mg/Kg. It attacks the nervous systems of insects. Sesquiterpene lactones from T. diversifolia, Pentacyclic triterpenoids from Lantana camara, Vernodalin, Vernodalol and Epivernodalol from V. amygdalina have repellent and feeding deterrents chemicals which discourage the insects from feeding the crop. Most active ingredients of botanical pesticides have short life span in the environment.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFC2606500 to X.Deng)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22377151 to X.Deng)+2 种基金the Hunan Provincial Key Research and Development Project(Nos.2021WK2005 to X.Deng)the Hunan Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Nos.2023JJ10083 to X.Deng)Huxiang High-Level Talent Gathering Project(Nos.2022RC4029)from the Science and Technology Department of Hunan province for the financial supports.
文摘Iminosugars,a class of polyhydroxylated cyclic alkaloids with intriguing properties,hold promising therapeutic potentials against a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses,including DENV,HCV,HIV,and influenza viruses.Mechanistically,iminosugars act as the competitive inhibitors of host endoplasmic reticularα-glucosidases I and II to disrupt the proper folding of viral nascent glycoproteins,which thereby exerts antiviral effects.Remarkably,the glycoproteins of many enveloped viruses are significantly more dependent on the calnexin pathway of the protein folding than most host glycoproteins.Therefore,extensive interests and efforts have been devoted to exploit iminosugars as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.This review provides the summary and insights into the recent advancements in the development of novel iminosugars as effective and selective antiviral agents against a variety of enveloped viruses,as well as the understandings of their antiviral mechanisms.
