Background Iranian traditional medicine,originating from Greek medicine,is based on the four elements theory,which defines the origin of life as the composition of the four elements of air,soil,fire,and water[1,2].Acc...Background Iranian traditional medicine,originating from Greek medicine,is based on the four elements theory,which defines the origin of life as the composition of the four elements of air,soil,fire,and water[1,2].According to Iranian traditional medicine,actions and reactions of opposite qualities of these four elements and interaction among“themselves by virtue of their respective powers(qualities)”in varying amounts of these combinations form the unique Mizaj(temperament)of each human being[3].Each human being has a unique Mizaj based on the combination of the warmness of fire,the coldness of soil,the wetness of water,and the dryness of air[4,5].The combinations of these elements are generally categorized as Sanguine Mizaj(warm and wet),Choleric(warm and dry),Phlegmatic(cold and wet),Sanguine Mizaj,and Melancholic Mizaj(cold and dry)[4–9].Mizaj is also categorized as innate and acquired.Each individual is born with the innate Mizaj,and the acquired type commonly results from living conditions and lifestyle[4,5].展开更多
Objectives:The whole concept of diagnosis and treatment of diseases in Persian medicine is based on Mizaj;accurate identification of Mizaj is crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in this medicine.The obj...Objectives:The whole concept of diagnosis and treatment of diseases in Persian medicine is based on Mizaj;accurate identification of Mizaj is crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in this medicine.The objective of this study was to assess the association between anthropometric measures and individuals’Mizaj.Methods:The study design was cross-sectional.The data collection tool included the Innate Nature Assessment Tool and Body analyzer(inbody model 570)for measuring anthropometric indices.The anthropometric indices included height,body mass index,total body protein,minerals,fat mass,intracellular water,extracellular water,bone mineral,cell mass level and mid-arm circumference.Statistical package for social sciences version 19.0 for windows(IBM Corporation,New York,NY,United States)was used for analysis.Settings:The setting of the study was Tehran,Iran.The study was conducted among 240 young individuals without any history of chronic or acute and congenital diseases working in an IT company during the year 2014–2015 in Tehran,Iran.Results:39.2%(n=94)of participants had sanguine Mizaj and a similar proportion had phlegmatic Mizaj.5%(n=12)had melancholic Mizaj and 12.9%(n=31)had choleric Mizaj.The rest has a combined Mizaj of sanguine-choleric.There was a significant association between all the anthropometric indices(Height,body mass index,total body protein,total body minerals,bone minerals,extracellular water and intracellular water and body cell mass)(P=0.000 for all the indices),except mid-arm circumference measure(P=0.461).Conclusions:The study results showed that there was a significant association between almost all anthropometric measures and Mizaj of individuals,and the pattern of association was consistence with the literature of Persian medicine about characteristics of Mizaj of individuals.展开更多
Pain is a state in which an individual experiences and reports severe discomfort or an uncomfortable sensation.It may be caused by many reasons such as thermal,chemical and mechanical stimuli.A physician can diagnose ...Pain is a state in which an individual experiences and reports severe discomfort or an uncomfortable sensation.It may be caused by many reasons such as thermal,chemical and mechanical stimuli.A physician can diagnose a disease to a very great extent on the different qualities of pain.Pain is a protective mechanism having signals in our nervous system.There are two types of pain,one is fast pain which is felt about 0.1 sec after stimuli and includes pricking pain,acute pain and electric pain,second is slow pain which is felt about 1 sec after the stimuli and includes burning pain,aching pain,throbbing pain,nauseous pain and chronic pain.Both type of pain has different conduction pathways.For pain the term Waja or Alam is used in Unani system of medicine,another ancient herbal medical system of India beside Ayurveda.Alam is a sensation against Tabiyat(Physis).Pain stops organs from their specific functions.According to Ibn Rushed in his book Kitabul Kulliyat,bad feeling of sensory system is called pain.Ibn Sina(Avecenna)has described two causes of pain as Sue-Mizaj Mukhtalif and Tafarruk-e-ittesal.Mizaj is base of Unani system of medicine which reflects body’s physiological condition by four kaifiyat which depends on humours.According to Unani philosophy safravi Mizaj individual will be hypersensitive and balghami and saudavi Mizaj individual will be hyposensitive to pain stimuli.展开更多
In traditional Iranian medicine,accurate determination of Mizaj plays a very important role in the etiology and treatment of diseases.There are a lot of evidences and documents in original Iranian traditional medicine...In traditional Iranian medicine,accurate determination of Mizaj plays a very important role in the etiology and treatment of diseases.There are a lot of evidences and documents in original Iranian traditional medicine books and documents related to the relationship between Mizaj and the facial character and appearance.In this study,we investigated the validity of determining Mizaj based on facial dimensions and characteristics.For this purpose,a software was developed to determine Mizaj based on an algorithm of facial dimensions and appearance.This cross-sectional study investigated the validity of identifying Mizaj based on facial dimensions and appearance(using the facial-based Mizaj recognition software)by comparison with the Mizaj determined by a standardized questionnaire and by using the traditional method of experts’opinion on determining the Mizaj.The inclusion criteria of the study were being healthy,using no medication,and consent to participate in the study.The sample size of the study was 83 people.For analyzing the data,SPSS software version 19 was used.Also,for examining the level of internal agreement of the data,Kappa statistics were used.The results of the study showed that the level of agreement between determining Mizaj by facial characteristics with the experts’distinction of Mizaj is almost complete,and the level of agreement with the Mizaj questionnaire was moderate.The results showed that the facial-based Mizaj recognition software has a good validity to detect the Mizaj of individuals in the study sample.Although,studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm the results of this study.展开更多
Mizaj is derived from the Arabic word which means intermixing with each other.According to Ibn Nafees mizaj is an inter mixture of different components.The word mizaj is described as temperament which springs from the...Mizaj is derived from the Arabic word which means intermixing with each other.According to Ibn Nafees mizaj is an inter mixture of different components.The word mizaj is described as temperament which springs from the Latin word tempero,which suggests mix.In the Unani system of medicine mizaj is the most important and difficult concept as it describes the whole body and it should be in equilibrium and if there is any change in mizaj than the equilibrium gets disturbed and life is threatened.This study is conducted to relate the relationship between mizaj and COVID-19 patients basal metabolic rate.A cross sectional descriptive study to assess the mizaj in 78 mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients of different age groups and gender was carried out in COVID-19 ward,Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College and Hospital,Karol Bagh,New Delhi,India during period of 2020–2021.Based on the various observations it is found that COVID-19 patients,mean basal metabolic rate is highest in people having balghami mizaj and lowest in people having safravi mizaj group.展开更多
Unani medicine(also called as Greco-Arab medicine)is an ancient system of medicine that originated in Greece.The Mizaj(temperament)is one of the fundamental concepts of the Unani system of medicine,diagnosis,and manag...Unani medicine(also called as Greco-Arab medicine)is an ancient system of medicine that originated in Greece.The Mizaj(temperament)is one of the fundamental concepts of the Unani system of medicine,diagnosis,and management of a disease.Every human being has been furnished with a specific Mizaj through which the organs and systems of an individual perform their functions properly.This study assessed the relationship between Mizaj-dependent qualities and happiness symptomatology in college students before and after a lockdown.A cross-sectional descriptive study to assess the Mizaj and happiness index-with the help of the Mizaj assessment proforma based on classical literature and an Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-in 119 college students of different genders was performed.The findings of this study suggest that restrictions influence the happiness index of daily life.However,the impact of restrictions to go out and to follow a daily routine(on the happiness index)in the Damvi,Safravi,and the Balghami group appears to be more critical compared with that of the Saudavi group participants.展开更多
Background Chobchini,derived from the root and rhizome of Smilax china Linn.,has been traditionally used in tribal and folk medicine for centuries.It is administered either as a single drug or as a component in compou...Background Chobchini,derived from the root and rhizome of Smilax china Linn.,has been traditionally used in tribal and folk medicine for centuries.It is administered either as a single drug or as a component in compound formulations to address a variety of health conditions.Objective This review aims to highlight the therapeutic applications of chobchini and provide a comprehensive analysis of its pharmacological activities.Methods A thorough literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and SCOPUS,with search terms including“chobchini”,“Smilax china”,“phytochemical studies”,and“pharmacological studies”.Traditional perspectives were obtained from classical Unani texts,including Risala-i-Chobchini,Muheet Azam,Qarabadeen Ahsani,and Khazainul Advia.Ethnobotanical references were consulted from Indian Materia Medica and Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants,alongside Urdu and English research reports and original articles on Smilax china.Results The plant is recognized for its blood-purifying properties and effectiveness in treating phlegmatic and melancholic disorders.Pharmacological studies indicate its antimicrobial,antidiabetic,antioxidant,anticancer,and anti-inflammatory activities,among others.Conclusion Despite its versatility and significance in the Unani system of medicine,current scientific studies are inadequate to fully validate chobchini's pharmacological potential.Further research focusing on Unani mechanisms of action is necessary to substantiate its therapeutic claims with robust scientific evidence.展开更多
文摘Background Iranian traditional medicine,originating from Greek medicine,is based on the four elements theory,which defines the origin of life as the composition of the four elements of air,soil,fire,and water[1,2].According to Iranian traditional medicine,actions and reactions of opposite qualities of these four elements and interaction among“themselves by virtue of their respective powers(qualities)”in varying amounts of these combinations form the unique Mizaj(temperament)of each human being[3].Each human being has a unique Mizaj based on the combination of the warmness of fire,the coldness of soil,the wetness of water,and the dryness of air[4,5].The combinations of these elements are generally categorized as Sanguine Mizaj(warm and wet),Choleric(warm and dry),Phlegmatic(cold and wet),Sanguine Mizaj,and Melancholic Mizaj(cold and dry)[4–9].Mizaj is also categorized as innate and acquired.Each individual is born with the innate Mizaj,and the acquired type commonly results from living conditions and lifestyle[4,5].
文摘Objectives:The whole concept of diagnosis and treatment of diseases in Persian medicine is based on Mizaj;accurate identification of Mizaj is crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in this medicine.The objective of this study was to assess the association between anthropometric measures and individuals’Mizaj.Methods:The study design was cross-sectional.The data collection tool included the Innate Nature Assessment Tool and Body analyzer(inbody model 570)for measuring anthropometric indices.The anthropometric indices included height,body mass index,total body protein,minerals,fat mass,intracellular water,extracellular water,bone mineral,cell mass level and mid-arm circumference.Statistical package for social sciences version 19.0 for windows(IBM Corporation,New York,NY,United States)was used for analysis.Settings:The setting of the study was Tehran,Iran.The study was conducted among 240 young individuals without any history of chronic or acute and congenital diseases working in an IT company during the year 2014–2015 in Tehran,Iran.Results:39.2%(n=94)of participants had sanguine Mizaj and a similar proportion had phlegmatic Mizaj.5%(n=12)had melancholic Mizaj and 12.9%(n=31)had choleric Mizaj.The rest has a combined Mizaj of sanguine-choleric.There was a significant association between all the anthropometric indices(Height,body mass index,total body protein,total body minerals,bone minerals,extracellular water and intracellular water and body cell mass)(P=0.000 for all the indices),except mid-arm circumference measure(P=0.461).Conclusions:The study results showed that there was a significant association between almost all anthropometric measures and Mizaj of individuals,and the pattern of association was consistence with the literature of Persian medicine about characteristics of Mizaj of individuals.
文摘Pain is a state in which an individual experiences and reports severe discomfort or an uncomfortable sensation.It may be caused by many reasons such as thermal,chemical and mechanical stimuli.A physician can diagnose a disease to a very great extent on the different qualities of pain.Pain is a protective mechanism having signals in our nervous system.There are two types of pain,one is fast pain which is felt about 0.1 sec after stimuli and includes pricking pain,acute pain and electric pain,second is slow pain which is felt about 1 sec after the stimuli and includes burning pain,aching pain,throbbing pain,nauseous pain and chronic pain.Both type of pain has different conduction pathways.For pain the term Waja or Alam is used in Unani system of medicine,another ancient herbal medical system of India beside Ayurveda.Alam is a sensation against Tabiyat(Physis).Pain stops organs from their specific functions.According to Ibn Rushed in his book Kitabul Kulliyat,bad feeling of sensory system is called pain.Ibn Sina(Avecenna)has described two causes of pain as Sue-Mizaj Mukhtalif and Tafarruk-e-ittesal.Mizaj is base of Unani system of medicine which reflects body’s physiological condition by four kaifiyat which depends on humours.According to Unani philosophy safravi Mizaj individual will be hypersensitive and balghami and saudavi Mizaj individual will be hyposensitive to pain stimuli.
文摘In traditional Iranian medicine,accurate determination of Mizaj plays a very important role in the etiology and treatment of diseases.There are a lot of evidences and documents in original Iranian traditional medicine books and documents related to the relationship between Mizaj and the facial character and appearance.In this study,we investigated the validity of determining Mizaj based on facial dimensions and characteristics.For this purpose,a software was developed to determine Mizaj based on an algorithm of facial dimensions and appearance.This cross-sectional study investigated the validity of identifying Mizaj based on facial dimensions and appearance(using the facial-based Mizaj recognition software)by comparison with the Mizaj determined by a standardized questionnaire and by using the traditional method of experts’opinion on determining the Mizaj.The inclusion criteria of the study were being healthy,using no medication,and consent to participate in the study.The sample size of the study was 83 people.For analyzing the data,SPSS software version 19 was used.Also,for examining the level of internal agreement of the data,Kappa statistics were used.The results of the study showed that the level of agreement between determining Mizaj by facial characteristics with the experts’distinction of Mizaj is almost complete,and the level of agreement with the Mizaj questionnaire was moderate.The results showed that the facial-based Mizaj recognition software has a good validity to detect the Mizaj of individuals in the study sample.Although,studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm the results of this study.
文摘Mizaj is derived from the Arabic word which means intermixing with each other.According to Ibn Nafees mizaj is an inter mixture of different components.The word mizaj is described as temperament which springs from the Latin word tempero,which suggests mix.In the Unani system of medicine mizaj is the most important and difficult concept as it describes the whole body and it should be in equilibrium and if there is any change in mizaj than the equilibrium gets disturbed and life is threatened.This study is conducted to relate the relationship between mizaj and COVID-19 patients basal metabolic rate.A cross sectional descriptive study to assess the mizaj in 78 mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients of different age groups and gender was carried out in COVID-19 ward,Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College and Hospital,Karol Bagh,New Delhi,India during period of 2020–2021.Based on the various observations it is found that COVID-19 patients,mean basal metabolic rate is highest in people having balghami mizaj and lowest in people having safravi mizaj group.
文摘Unani medicine(also called as Greco-Arab medicine)is an ancient system of medicine that originated in Greece.The Mizaj(temperament)is one of the fundamental concepts of the Unani system of medicine,diagnosis,and management of a disease.Every human being has been furnished with a specific Mizaj through which the organs and systems of an individual perform their functions properly.This study assessed the relationship between Mizaj-dependent qualities and happiness symptomatology in college students before and after a lockdown.A cross-sectional descriptive study to assess the Mizaj and happiness index-with the help of the Mizaj assessment proforma based on classical literature and an Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-in 119 college students of different genders was performed.The findings of this study suggest that restrictions influence the happiness index of daily life.However,the impact of restrictions to go out and to follow a daily routine(on the happiness index)in the Damvi,Safravi,and the Balghami group appears to be more critical compared with that of the Saudavi group participants.
文摘Background Chobchini,derived from the root and rhizome of Smilax china Linn.,has been traditionally used in tribal and folk medicine for centuries.It is administered either as a single drug or as a component in compound formulations to address a variety of health conditions.Objective This review aims to highlight the therapeutic applications of chobchini and provide a comprehensive analysis of its pharmacological activities.Methods A thorough literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and SCOPUS,with search terms including“chobchini”,“Smilax china”,“phytochemical studies”,and“pharmacological studies”.Traditional perspectives were obtained from classical Unani texts,including Risala-i-Chobchini,Muheet Azam,Qarabadeen Ahsani,and Khazainul Advia.Ethnobotanical references were consulted from Indian Materia Medica and Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants,alongside Urdu and English research reports and original articles on Smilax china.Results The plant is recognized for its blood-purifying properties and effectiveness in treating phlegmatic and melancholic disorders.Pharmacological studies indicate its antimicrobial,antidiabetic,antioxidant,anticancer,and anti-inflammatory activities,among others.Conclusion Despite its versatility and significance in the Unani system of medicine,current scientific studies are inadequate to fully validate chobchini's pharmacological potential.Further research focusing on Unani mechanisms of action is necessary to substantiate its therapeutic claims with robust scientific evidence.
