The rapid advancement of three-dimensional printed concrete(3DPC)requires intelligent and interpretable frameworks to optimize mixture design for strength,printability,and sustainability.While machine learning(ML)mode...The rapid advancement of three-dimensional printed concrete(3DPC)requires intelligent and interpretable frameworks to optimize mixture design for strength,printability,and sustainability.While machine learning(ML)models have improved predictive accuracy,their limited transparency has hindered their widespread adoption in materials engineering.To overcome this barrier,this study introduces a Random Forests ensemble learning model integrated with SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)and Partial Dependence Plots(PDPs)to model and explain the compressive strength behavior of 3DPC mixtures.Unlike conventional“black-box”models,SHAP quantifies each variable’s contribution to predictions based on cooperative game theory,which enables causal interpretability,whereas PDP visualizes nonlinear and interactive effects between features that offer practical mix design insights.A systematically optimized random forest model achieved strong generalization(R2=0.978 for training,0.834 for validation,and 0.868 for testing).The analysis identified curing age,Portland cement,silica fume,and the water-tobinder ratio as dominant predictors,with curing age exerting the highest positive influence on strength development.The integrated SHAP-PDP framework revealed synergistic interactions among binder constituents and curing parameters,which established transparent,data-driven guidelines for performance optimization.Theoretically,the study advances explainable artificial intelligence in cementitious material science by linking microstructural mechanisms to model-based reasoning,thereby enhancing both the interpretability and applicability of ML-driven mix design for next-generation 3DPC systems.展开更多
Concrete is one of the most consumable construction materials on the earth.The concrete constitutes cement,sand,gravel,water and/or additives in definite proportions.The proportions of raw materials of concrete are de...Concrete is one of the most consumable construction materials on the earth.The concrete constitutes cement,sand,gravel,water and/or additives in definite proportions.The proportions of raw materials of concrete are decided by the concrete mix design.The mix design depends on the various factors.For mix design,most of the countries have their own specifications.In the present study,standard guidelines of India,Britain and America for the concrete mix design have been discussed.The concrete grades of M25,M35 and M45 were designed and compared.Indian Standards were also compared.It was concluded that a new revised version of Indian Standard code has the lowest value of water/cement ratio and highest quantity of cement as compared to other standards.展开更多
Sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is proved to be one of the most effective ways to prevent concrete cracking too soon. Mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite completely depend...Sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is proved to be one of the most effective ways to prevent concrete cracking too soon. Mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite completely depends on experience and experiments at present. This method ignores the influence of expansion behavior which hinders the application of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite. The workability,free expansion property,flexural strength and compressive strength of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite have been investigated by tests. The relationship between expansion ratio and mix design parameters such as curing age,water-cement ratio and cement abundance coefficient is deduced according to the experimental statistics. A new simplified approach to mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is proposed as a reference for construction application,which avoids experiments and experience.展开更多
A high-performance concrete （HPC） is required to have superior performance in various aspects such as workability,strength, durability, dimensional stability, segregation stability, and passing ability. The mix desi...A high-performance concrete （HPC） is required to have superior performance in various aspects such as workability,strength, durability, dimensional stability, segregation stability, and passing ability. The mix design of HPC is rather complicatedbecause the number of ingredients in HPC is usually more than those in conventional concrete and some of the required propertiesare conflicting with each other in the sense that improvement in one property would at the same time cause impairment of anotherproperty. However, there is still lack of understanding regarding how the various mix parameters should be optimised forachieving best overall performance. Most practitioners are still conducting mix design primarily through trial concrete mixing,which is laborious, ineffective, and often unable to timely respond to fluctuations in the properties of raw materials. To addressthese issues, the authors have been developing the packing and film thickness theories of concrete materials, in order to revamp themix design philosophy of HPC in terms of the water film thickness （WFT）, paste film thickness （PFT）, and mortar film thickness（MFT） in the concrete. Based on the findings from an extensive experimental programme, suitable ranges ofWFT, PFT, and MFThave been recommended.展开更多
Pavement and mix design represent one of the key components within the life cycle of a road infrastructure, with links to political, economic, technical, societal and environmental issues. Recent researches related to...Pavement and mix design represent one of the key components within the life cycle of a road infrastructure, with links to political, economic, technical, societal and environmental issues. Recent researches related to the characteristics of materials and associated behavior models both for materials and pavement, made it appropriate to consider updating current pavement design methods, and especially in the USA this has already been in process while in Europe uses of the methods developed in the early 1970s. Thus, this paper firstly presents a brief historical overview of pavement design methods, high- lighting early limitations of old empirical methods. Afterwards, French, UK and Shell methods currently in use in Europe will be presented, undeHining their main components in terms of methodology, traffic, climatic conditions and subgrade. The asphalt mix design and modeling in Europe are presented with their inclusion in the pavement design methods. Finally, the main challenges for the development of a European pavement design method are presented as well as the recent research developments that can be used for that method.展开更多
The clay mineral composition is one of the major factors that governs the physical properties of silty sand subgrade. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of mineral composition is essential to predict the optimum engineer...The clay mineral composition is one of the major factors that governs the physical properties of silty sand subgrade. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of mineral composition is essential to predict the optimum engineering properties of the soil, which is generally characterized by different indices like maximum dry density （MDD）, California bearing ratio （CBR）, unconfined compressive strength （UCS） and free swelling index （FSI）. In this article, a novel multi- attribute decision making （MADM） based approach of mix design has been proposed for silty sand- artificial clay mix to improve the characteristic strength of a soil subgrade. Experimental investigation has been carried out in this study to illustrate the proposed approach of selecting appropriate proportion for the soil mix to optimize all the above mentioned engineering properties simultaneously. The results show that a mix proportion containing approximately 90% silty sand plus 10% bentonite soil is the optimal combination in context to the present study. The proposed methodology for optimal decision making to choose appropriate combination of bentonite and silty sand is general in nature and therefore, it can be extended to other problems of selecting mineral compositions.展开更多
The present study proposes the mix design method of Fly Ash(FA)based geopolymer concrete using Response Surface Methodology(RSM).In this method,different factors,including binder content,alkali/binder ratio,NS/NH rati...The present study proposes the mix design method of Fly Ash(FA)based geopolymer concrete using Response Surface Methodology(RSM).In this method,different factors,including binder content,alkali/binder ratio,NS/NH ratio(sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide),NH molarity,and water/solids ratio were considered for the mix design of geopolymer concrete.The 2D contour plots were used to setup the mix design method to achieve the target compressive strength.The proposed mix design method of geopolymer concrete is divided into three categories based on curing regime,specifically one ambient curing(25°C)and two heat curing(60 and 90°C).The proposed mix design method of geopolymer concrete was validated through experimentation of M30,M50,and M70 concrete mixes at all curing regimes.The observed experimental compressive strength results validate the mix design method by more than 90%of their target strength.Furthermore,the current study concluded that the required compressive strength can be achieved by varying any factor in the mix design.In addition,the factor analysis revealed that the NS/NH ratio significantly affects the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete.展开更多
The increasing impact of the greenhouse effect on ecosystems is prompting transportation agencies to seek methods for reducing CO_(2)emissions during pavement construction and maintenance.Additionally,the laboratory m...The increasing impact of the greenhouse effect on ecosystems is prompting transportation agencies to seek methods for reducing CO_(2)emissions during pavement construction and maintenance.Additionally,the laboratory mix design process,which involves selecting aggregate gradation and binder content,is time-consuming and labor-intensive.To accelerate the traditional mix design procedure,this study presented a mix design procedure that can automatically determine gradation and binder content based on machine learning(ML)and a meta-heuristic algorithm.Specifically,ML approaches were employed to model the relationship between volumetric properties(mixture bulk specific gravity(Gmb)and air void(VV))and both mixture component properties and mixture proportion,based on a dataset collected from literature with 660 mixture designs.Integrated with the prediction of ML models and the modified multi-objective grey wolf optimization(MOGWO)algorithm,an automatic asphalt mix design was proposed to pursue three goals,including VV,cost,and CO_(2)emission.The results indicated that least squares support vector regression(LSSVR)and e Xtreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)achieved the highest prediction accuracies(correlation coefficient:0.92 for VV and 0.96 for Gmb).The MOGWO algorithm successfully found the 26 optimal mix designs for the case of VV vs.cost vs.CO_(2)emission.Compared to the traditional laboratory design,the optimal mixture with VV of4%achieves a cost saving of 2.46%and a reduction of 4.03%in carbon emission.The volumetric properties of the mixtures output by the approach also align closely with values measured in a laboratory.展开更多
An optimal dimension-down iterative algorithm （DDIA） is proposed for solving a mixed （continuous/ discrete） transportation network design problem （MNDP）, which is generally expressed as a mathematical programmin...An optimal dimension-down iterative algorithm （DDIA） is proposed for solving a mixed （continuous/ discrete） transportation network design problem （MNDP）, which is generally expressed as a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints （MPEC）. The upper level of the MNDP aims to optimize the network performance via both the expansion of existing links and the addition of new candidate links, whereas the lower level is a traditional Wardrop user equilibrium （UE） model. The idea of the proposed DDIA is to reduce the dimensions of the problem. A group of variables （discrete/continuous） are fixed to altemately optimize another group of variables （continuous/discrete）. Some continuous network design problems （CNDPs） and discrete network design problems （DNDPs） are solved repeatedly until the optimal solution is obtained. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.展开更多
Current mix design practices typically assume total blending and use the white curve of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)to determine the gradation and optimum asphalt content(OAC)of recycled hot mix asphalt(HMA),often ...Current mix design practices typically assume total blending and use the white curve of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)to determine the gradation and optimum asphalt content(OAC)of recycled hot mix asphalt(HMA),often overlooking the effects of RAP agglomeration and partial blending.This oversight can result in unsatisfactory performance,particularly when higher RAP content is used.Therefore,this paper reviews and discusses strategies for adjusting the mix design of recycled HMA to enhance its in-service performance.The discussion begins with RAP particle agglomeration,a significant phenomenon that significantly impacts the aggregate gradation of recycled HMA.Subsequently,detection methods to clarify the blending between virgin and RAP binders are described.Partial blending between RAP and virgin binders is common,and various indexes have been proposed to quantify the blending degree.Finally,the adjusted mix design method of recycled HMA is presented,emphasizing gradation optimization and corrected OAC.Gradation optimization should account for RAP agglomeration,while the corrected OAC should consider particle blending.Recycled HMA using the adjusted mix design exhibits improved crack resistance and fatigue life without substantially impairing rutting performance.This review aims to help both academics and highway agencies maximize the utilization of RAP materials within sustainable pavement frameworks.展开更多
With the resource shortage in coastal areas,the construction of concrete structures using freshwater and river sand has brought great economic and environmental costs.The use of seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregates ...With the resource shortage in coastal areas,the construction of concrete structures using freshwater and river sand has brought great economic and environmental costs.The use of seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregates in concrete mixes has become an alternative solution for coastal and marine structures,especially for offshore structures and artificial islands.In this study,378 seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregate concrete(Coral-SWSSC)specimens were prepared,and their mechanical properties were investigated comprehensively through compressive tests to explore the optimized mix design at different grades.Results showed that the mechanical properties of Coral-SWSSC were strongly correlated with the water-to-binder ratios,coastal particle gradings,and pretreatment method of coastal particles.Based on the experimental results,mix proportion designs of CoralSWSSC were proposed for concrete from C20 to C50 grades,and the failure mechanism of Coral-SWSSC at different grades was discussed according to their respective failure modes.The findings of the current study provide knowledge on the optimized design of Coral-SWSSC,which can be used to promote the application of Coral-SWSSC in offshore,marine,and ocean engineering.展开更多
Durability design of recycled high performance concrete（RHPC） is fundamental for improving the use rate and level of concrete waste as coarse recycled aggregate（CRA）. We discussed a frostdurability-based mix propo...Durability design of recycled high performance concrete（RHPC） is fundamental for improving the use rate and level of concrete waste as coarse recycled aggregate（CRA）. We discussed a frostdurability-based mix proportion design method for RHPC using 100 % CRA and natural sand. Five groups of RHPC mixes with five strength grades（40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 MPa） were produced using CRA with four quality classes, and their workability, 28 d compressive strengths and frost resistances（measured by the compressive strength loss ratio and the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity） were tested. Relationships between the 28 d compressive strength, the frost resistance and the CRA quality characteristic parameter, water absorption, were then developed. The criterion of a CRA maximum water absorption limit value for RHPC was suggested, independent of its source and quality class. The results show that all RHPC mixes achieve the expected target workability, strength, and frost durability. The research results demonstrate that the application of the proposed method does not require trial testing prior to use.展开更多
Excitation parameter preferences are key factors a ecting the performance of magnetic frequency mixing detection.A uniform experimental design method was used to analyze this influence.Using fuzzy theory,a comprehensi...Excitation parameter preferences are key factors a ecting the performance of magnetic frequency mixing detection.A uniform experimental design method was used to analyze this influence.Using fuzzy theory,a comprehensive model is established for evaluating the e ect of magnetic frequency mixing.A polynomial is selected as the regression function to express explicitly the correlation between the excitation parameters and the frequency-mixing e ect.The excitation parameters were then optimized using genetic algorithm.Magnetic frequency mixing experiments were conducted to measure the surface hardness of some ferromagnetic materials.Frequency mixing is further enhanced under the optimal settings,resulting in an improvement in the measurement sensitivity.The results of this study support the application of the magnetic frequency mixing technique in non-destructive testing.展开更多
Ghanaian society and the world at large have shown a strong interest in the use of lampshades with evidence from hotels and residential dwellings. Table-top Lampshades direct the rays of light to make sight easier for...Ghanaian society and the world at large have shown a strong interest in the use of lampshades with evidence from hotels and residential dwellings. Table-top Lampshades direct the rays of light to make sight easier for reading whereas bedside lampshades provide romantic illumination and beautification in bedrooms. This art studio research sought to examine lampshades on Ghanaian market;their qualities, significance, shortcomings, etc. as the basis to design and produce inventive lampshades for private and public use. The study was conducted at an art studio condition using Practice-based research design method. Findings show that lampshades serve functional and aesthetic significance in public dwellings and the hospitality industry. Nonetheless, available lampshades on the Ghanaian market lack the multifunctional property as well as a local touch which arguably makes them misfit in Ghanaian context in terms of usage. The innovative results of the studio-produced lampshades revealed the possibility of creating symbolic and multifunctional lampshades which suit specific space and tradition. The study recommends the adoption of such innovative design approach in the creation of interior design and decoration artefacts for residential and public edifices.展开更多
The early asphalt pavement in our country severely reduced the road performance due to various external factors during the use process.According to incomplete statistics,there are more asphalt pavements that need to b...The early asphalt pavement in our country severely reduced the road performance due to various external factors during the use process.According to incomplete statistics,there are more asphalt pavements that need to be renovated and repaired every year in China,and the amount of construction waste such as asphalt concrete and other construction waste reaches 1,000.About ten thousand tons.If such a huge amount of construction waste is not used,it will inevitably cause great pollution to the environment.If it can be reused,not only will it be environmentally friendly and energy-saving,it will also save more than one billion yuan in costs.In view of the above problems,this article conducts related Research and Analysis on the Principle in Plant Cold Recycling for Foamed Bitumen and Mixture Performance to provide reference for future projects.展开更多
基金supported by the Ongoing Research Funding Program(Grant No.ORFFT-2025-025-4)at King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.The grant was awarded to Yassir M.Abbas。
文摘The rapid advancement of three-dimensional printed concrete(3DPC)requires intelligent and interpretable frameworks to optimize mixture design for strength,printability,and sustainability.While machine learning(ML)models have improved predictive accuracy,their limited transparency has hindered their widespread adoption in materials engineering.To overcome this barrier,this study introduces a Random Forests ensemble learning model integrated with SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)and Partial Dependence Plots(PDPs)to model and explain the compressive strength behavior of 3DPC mixtures.Unlike conventional“black-box”models,SHAP quantifies each variable’s contribution to predictions based on cooperative game theory,which enables causal interpretability,whereas PDP visualizes nonlinear and interactive effects between features that offer practical mix design insights.A systematically optimized random forest model achieved strong generalization(R2=0.978 for training,0.834 for validation,and 0.868 for testing).The analysis identified curing age,Portland cement,silica fume,and the water-tobinder ratio as dominant predictors,with curing age exerting the highest positive influence on strength development.The integrated SHAP-PDP framework revealed synergistic interactions among binder constituents and curing parameters,which established transparent,data-driven guidelines for performance optimization.Theoretically,the study advances explainable artificial intelligence in cementitious material science by linking microstructural mechanisms to model-based reasoning,thereby enhancing both the interpretability and applicability of ML-driven mix design for next-generation 3DPC systems.
文摘Concrete is one of the most consumable construction materials on the earth.The concrete constitutes cement,sand,gravel,water and/or additives in definite proportions.The proportions of raw materials of concrete are decided by the concrete mix design.The mix design depends on the various factors.For mix design,most of the countries have their own specifications.In the present study,standard guidelines of India,Britain and America for the concrete mix design have been discussed.The concrete grades of M25,M35 and M45 were designed and compared.Indian Standards were also compared.It was concluded that a new revised version of Indian Standard code has the lowest value of water/cement ratio and highest quantity of cement as compared to other standards.
基金Supported by Projects of NSFC(No.51108207)Science and Technology Development Planning of Jilin Province(No.201201057)
文摘Sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is proved to be one of the most effective ways to prevent concrete cracking too soon. Mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite completely depends on experience and experiments at present. This method ignores the influence of expansion behavior which hinders the application of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite. The workability,free expansion property,flexural strength and compressive strength of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite have been investigated by tests. The relationship between expansion ratio and mix design parameters such as curing age,water-cement ratio and cement abundance coefficient is deduced according to the experimental statistics. A new simplified approach to mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is proposed as a reference for construction application,which avoids experiments and experience.
基金supported by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(No.17203514)the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2015A030310282)the Guangzhou Science(Technology)Research Project of China(No.20160701329)
文摘A high-performance concrete （HPC） is required to have superior performance in various aspects such as workability,strength, durability, dimensional stability, segregation stability, and passing ability. The mix design of HPC is rather complicatedbecause the number of ingredients in HPC is usually more than those in conventional concrete and some of the required propertiesare conflicting with each other in the sense that improvement in one property would at the same time cause impairment of anotherproperty. However, there is still lack of understanding regarding how the various mix parameters should be optimised forachieving best overall performance. Most practitioners are still conducting mix design primarily through trial concrete mixing,which is laborious, ineffective, and often unable to timely respond to fluctuations in the properties of raw materials. To addressthese issues, the authors have been developing the packing and film thickness theories of concrete materials, in order to revamp themix design philosophy of HPC in terms of the water film thickness （WFT）, paste film thickness （PFT）, and mortar film thickness（MFT） in the concrete. Based on the findings from an extensive experimental programme, suitable ranges ofWFT, PFT, and MFThave been recommended.
基金the support of Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (FCT) through scholarship SFRH/BSAB/114415/ 2016
文摘Pavement and mix design represent one of the key components within the life cycle of a road infrastructure, with links to political, economic, technical, societal and environmental issues. Recent researches related to the characteristics of materials and associated behavior models both for materials and pavement, made it appropriate to consider updating current pavement design methods, and especially in the USA this has already been in process while in Europe uses of the methods developed in the early 1970s. Thus, this paper firstly presents a brief historical overview of pavement design methods, high- lighting early limitations of old empirical methods. Afterwards, French, UK and Shell methods currently in use in Europe will be presented, undeHining their main components in terms of methodology, traffic, climatic conditions and subgrade. The asphalt mix design and modeling in Europe are presented with their inclusion in the pavement design methods. Finally, the main challenges for the development of a European pavement design method are presented as well as the recent research developments that can be used for that method.
文摘The clay mineral composition is one of the major factors that governs the physical properties of silty sand subgrade. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of mineral composition is essential to predict the optimum engineering properties of the soil, which is generally characterized by different indices like maximum dry density （MDD）, California bearing ratio （CBR）, unconfined compressive strength （UCS） and free swelling index （FSI）. In this article, a novel multi- attribute decision making （MADM） based approach of mix design has been proposed for silty sand- artificial clay mix to improve the characteristic strength of a soil subgrade. Experimental investigation has been carried out in this study to illustrate the proposed approach of selecting appropriate proportion for the soil mix to optimize all the above mentioned engineering properties simultaneously. The results show that a mix proportion containing approximately 90% silty sand plus 10% bentonite soil is the optimal combination in context to the present study. The proposed methodology for optimal decision making to choose appropriate combination of bentonite and silty sand is general in nature and therefore, it can be extended to other problems of selecting mineral compositions.
文摘The present study proposes the mix design method of Fly Ash(FA)based geopolymer concrete using Response Surface Methodology(RSM).In this method,different factors,including binder content,alkali/binder ratio,NS/NH ratio(sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide),NH molarity,and water/solids ratio were considered for the mix design of geopolymer concrete.The 2D contour plots were used to setup the mix design method to achieve the target compressive strength.The proposed mix design method of geopolymer concrete is divided into three categories based on curing regime,specifically one ambient curing(25°C)and two heat curing(60 and 90°C).The proposed mix design method of geopolymer concrete was validated through experimentation of M30,M50,and M70 concrete mixes at all curing regimes.The observed experimental compressive strength results validate the mix design method by more than 90%of their target strength.Furthermore,the current study concluded that the required compressive strength can be achieved by varying any factor in the mix design.In addition,the factor analysis revealed that the NS/NH ratio significantly affects the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete.
基金sponsored by a grant from the Center for Integrated Asset Management for Multimodal Transportation Infrastructure Systems(CIAMTIS),a US Department of Transportation,University Transportation Center,United States,under federal grant number 69A3551847103。
文摘The increasing impact of the greenhouse effect on ecosystems is prompting transportation agencies to seek methods for reducing CO_(2)emissions during pavement construction and maintenance.Additionally,the laboratory mix design process,which involves selecting aggregate gradation and binder content,is time-consuming and labor-intensive.To accelerate the traditional mix design procedure,this study presented a mix design procedure that can automatically determine gradation and binder content based on machine learning(ML)and a meta-heuristic algorithm.Specifically,ML approaches were employed to model the relationship between volumetric properties(mixture bulk specific gravity(Gmb)and air void(VV))and both mixture component properties and mixture proportion,based on a dataset collected from literature with 660 mixture designs.Integrated with the prediction of ML models and the modified multi-objective grey wolf optimization(MOGWO)algorithm,an automatic asphalt mix design was proposed to pursue three goals,including VV,cost,and CO_(2)emission.The results indicated that least squares support vector regression(LSSVR)and e Xtreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)achieved the highest prediction accuracies(correlation coefficient:0.92 for VV and 0.96 for Gmb).The MOGWO algorithm successfully found the 26 optimal mix designs for the case of VV vs.cost vs.CO_(2)emission.Compared to the traditional laboratory design,the optimal mixture with VV of4%achieves a cost saving of 2.46%and a reduction of 4.03%in carbon emission.The volumetric properties of the mixtures output by the approach also align closely with values measured in a laboratory.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 50908235 )China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.201003520)
文摘An optimal dimension-down iterative algorithm （DDIA） is proposed for solving a mixed （continuous/ discrete） transportation network design problem （MNDP）, which is generally expressed as a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints （MPEC）. The upper level of the MNDP aims to optimize the network performance via both the expansion of existing links and the addition of new candidate links, whereas the lower level is a traditional Wardrop user equilibrium （UE） model. The idea of the proposed DDIA is to reduce the dimensions of the problem. A group of variables （discrete/continuous） are fixed to altemately optimize another group of variables （continuous/discrete）. Some continuous network design problems （CNDPs） and discrete network design problems （DNDPs） are solved repeatedly until the optimal solution is obtained. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178420,52408476)Special subsidy from Heilongjiang Provincial People's Government(HITTY-20190028)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20242207)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HIT.DZJJ.2023086).
文摘Current mix design practices typically assume total blending and use the white curve of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)to determine the gradation and optimum asphalt content(OAC)of recycled hot mix asphalt(HMA),often overlooking the effects of RAP agglomeration and partial blending.This oversight can result in unsatisfactory performance,particularly when higher RAP content is used.Therefore,this paper reviews and discusses strategies for adjusting the mix design of recycled HMA to enhance its in-service performance.The discussion begins with RAP particle agglomeration,a significant phenomenon that significantly impacts the aggregate gradation of recycled HMA.Subsequently,detection methods to clarify the blending between virgin and RAP binders are described.Partial blending between RAP and virgin binders is common,and various indexes have been proposed to quantify the blending degree.Finally,the adjusted mix design method of recycled HMA is presented,emphasizing gradation optimization and corrected OAC.Gradation optimization should account for RAP agglomeration,while the corrected OAC should consider particle blending.Recycled HMA using the adjusted mix design exhibits improved crack resistance and fatigue life without substantially impairing rutting performance.This review aims to help both academics and highway agencies maximize the utilization of RAP materials within sustainable pavement frameworks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.52078310,51878420)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos.2018YFC1504303,2017YFC1503103)Xingliao Talent Program of Liaoning Province (Grant No.XLYC1902038)。
文摘With the resource shortage in coastal areas,the construction of concrete structures using freshwater and river sand has brought great economic and environmental costs.The use of seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregates in concrete mixes has become an alternative solution for coastal and marine structures,especially for offshore structures and artificial islands.In this study,378 seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregate concrete(Coral-SWSSC)specimens were prepared,and their mechanical properties were investigated comprehensively through compressive tests to explore the optimized mix design at different grades.Results showed that the mechanical properties of Coral-SWSSC were strongly correlated with the water-to-binder ratios,coastal particle gradings,and pretreatment method of coastal particles.Based on the experimental results,mix proportion designs of CoralSWSSC were proposed for concrete from C20 to C50 grades,and the failure mechanism of Coral-SWSSC at different grades was discussed according to their respective failure modes.The findings of the current study provide knowledge on the optimized design of Coral-SWSSC,which can be used to promote the application of Coral-SWSSC in offshore,marine,and ocean engineering.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51278073)Prospective Joint Research Project of Jiangsu Province(No.BY2015027-23)State Key Laboratory for Geo Mechanics and Deep Underground Engineering,China University of Mining&Technology(No.SKLGDUEK1704)
文摘Durability design of recycled high performance concrete（RHPC） is fundamental for improving the use rate and level of concrete waste as coarse recycled aggregate（CRA）. We discussed a frostdurability-based mix proportion design method for RHPC using 100 % CRA and natural sand. Five groups of RHPC mixes with five strength grades（40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 MPa） were produced using CRA with four quality classes, and their workability, 28 d compressive strengths and frost resistances（measured by the compressive strength loss ratio and the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity） were tested. Relationships between the 28 d compressive strength, the frost resistance and the CRA quality characteristic parameter, water absorption, were then developed. The criterion of a CRA maximum water absorption limit value for RHPC was suggested, independent of its source and quality class. The results show that all RHPC mixes achieve the expected target workability, strength, and frost durability. The research results demonstrate that the application of the proposed method does not require trial testing prior to use.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFF0209703)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11972053,11527801).
文摘Excitation parameter preferences are key factors a ecting the performance of magnetic frequency mixing detection.A uniform experimental design method was used to analyze this influence.Using fuzzy theory,a comprehensive model is established for evaluating the e ect of magnetic frequency mixing.A polynomial is selected as the regression function to express explicitly the correlation between the excitation parameters and the frequency-mixing e ect.The excitation parameters were then optimized using genetic algorithm.Magnetic frequency mixing experiments were conducted to measure the surface hardness of some ferromagnetic materials.Frequency mixing is further enhanced under the optimal settings,resulting in an improvement in the measurement sensitivity.The results of this study support the application of the magnetic frequency mixing technique in non-destructive testing.
文摘Ghanaian society and the world at large have shown a strong interest in the use of lampshades with evidence from hotels and residential dwellings. Table-top Lampshades direct the rays of light to make sight easier for reading whereas bedside lampshades provide romantic illumination and beautification in bedrooms. This art studio research sought to examine lampshades on Ghanaian market;their qualities, significance, shortcomings, etc. as the basis to design and produce inventive lampshades for private and public use. The study was conducted at an art studio condition using Practice-based research design method. Findings show that lampshades serve functional and aesthetic significance in public dwellings and the hospitality industry. Nonetheless, available lampshades on the Ghanaian market lack the multifunctional property as well as a local touch which arguably makes them misfit in Ghanaian context in terms of usage. The innovative results of the studio-produced lampshades revealed the possibility of creating symbolic and multifunctional lampshades which suit specific space and tradition. The study recommends the adoption of such innovative design approach in the creation of interior design and decoration artefacts for residential and public edifices.
基金the research result of the project"Research and Analysis of the Recycling and Utilization of Waste Concrete Based on Energy-saving and Environmental Protection"PJ20201390519 of the project of"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in 2020".Instructor:Congrong Tang。
文摘The early asphalt pavement in our country severely reduced the road performance due to various external factors during the use process.According to incomplete statistics,there are more asphalt pavements that need to be renovated and repaired every year in China,and the amount of construction waste such as asphalt concrete and other construction waste reaches 1,000.About ten thousand tons.If such a huge amount of construction waste is not used,it will inevitably cause great pollution to the environment.If it can be reused,not only will it be environmentally friendly and energy-saving,it will also save more than one billion yuan in costs.In view of the above problems,this article conducts related Research and Analysis on the Principle in Plant Cold Recycling for Foamed Bitumen and Mixture Performance to provide reference for future projects.
