Triacylglycerol(TAG)components in human milk,infant formulas with different fat sources,and plant oils(palm oil,flaxseed oil,sunflower oil,corn oil,soybean oil,coconut oil,low erucic acid rapeseed oil,and high oleic a...Triacylglycerol(TAG)components in human milk,infant formulas with different fat sources,and plant oils(palm oil,flaxseed oil,sunflower oil,corn oil,soybean oil,coconut oil,low erucic acid rapeseed oil,and high oleic acid rapeseed oil)were analyzed and compared using ultraperformance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPSFC-Q-TOF-MS).Distinct TAG profiles were identified by lipidomics,principal component analysis(PCA),and heatmap visualization.Human milk was characterized by a high abundance of medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols(MLCTs),saturated-unsaturated-unsaturated(SUU)-type TAGs(sn-2 palmitic acid).In contrast,plant oils lacked MLCTs and SUU-type TAGs,containing mainly TAGs esterified long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid.Breast milk contains about 27%MLCT,about 50%SUU-type triacylglycerols(which contain about 34%UPU-type triacylglycerols),which is significantly different from plant oils,structured fats and infant formulas.These findings provide a clear basis for optimizing the fat blend in infant formula to better mimic the unique TAG profile of human milk,thereby improving energy delivery and nutrient absorption for infants.展开更多
Background Exosomes are crucial mediators of intercellular communication.As a key component of milk,milkderived exosomes are abundant in genetic cargo,particularly micro RNAs(mi RNAs),indicating their potential role i...Background Exosomes are crucial mediators of intercellular communication.As a key component of milk,milkderived exosomes are abundant in genetic cargo,particularly micro RNAs(mi RNAs),indicating their potential role in regulating mammary gland physiology.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the specificity of mi RNAs in milkderived exosomes and their regulatory roles in lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs).Results Based on 17,838 DHI records showing a significantly higher milk fat percentage(MFP)in late lactation(4.24%±1.07%),10 high-(5.96%±0.26%,HMF)and 10 low-MFP(1.68%±0.23%,LMF)cows were selected during this stage for milk-derived exosome isolation and mi RNA profiling.Exosomes isolated via differential ultracentrifugation were verified as 50-150 nm vesicles expressing CD9,CD81,and TSG101.mi RNA sequencing identified 1,320 differentially expressed mi RNAs(496 upregulated and 824 downregulated)between the HMF_EXO and LMF_EXO groups.Uptake assays confirmed that BMECs internalized these exosomes,and q RT-PCR validation showed that mi R-423-5p and mi R-125b were significantly upregulated and downregulated in HMF_EXO-and LMF_EXO-treated BMECs,respectively.Functionally,exosomal mi R-423-5p promoted intracellular lipid accumulation and TG synthesis in BMECs by targeting APOA5,whereas mi R-125b inhibited lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation by repressing SLC27A1.Conclusions This study demonstrates that milk-derived exosomal mi RNAs represent a novel mechanism for regulating milk fat synthesis.Specifically,mi R-423-5p and mi R-125b directly modulated lipid metabolism in BMECs via the mi R-423-5p/APOA5 and mi R-125b/SLC27A1 pathways.These findings provide new insights into the molecular regulation of milk fat synthesis and highlight the importance of exosome-mediated intercellular communication in the lactating mammary gland.展开更多
Background Nicotinamide riboside(NR)supplementation has been demonstrated efficacy in enhancing female reproductive outcomes,but its regulatory role in sow performance and gut microbiome remains undefined.This study s...Background Nicotinamide riboside(NR)supplementation has been demonstrated efficacy in enhancing female reproductive outcomes,but its regulatory role in sow performance and gut microbiome remains undefined.This study systematically evaluated the impacts of dietary NR supplementation during late gestation and lactation on sow performance and gut microbiome remodeling.A total of 280 sows were randomized assigned to one of four groups:a control group fed basal diet or one of three groups receiving NR-supplemented diets(2,4,or 8 g/d;n=70/group).Sow reproductive performance,blood metabolic parameters,milk metabolome,and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were measured.Results Maternal NR supplementation linearly shortened farrowing duration(P<0.01)and tended to decrease the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction and the number of late gestation mummies(P<0.1),while concurrently increasing the within-litter uniformity(P=0.1).Litter weaning weight and average daily gain increased quadratically with NR dosage(P<0.05).NR supplementation orchestrated plasma metabolite regulation(triglycerides and total cholesterol;P<0.05),enhanced antioxidant biomarkers(T-AOC,GSH-Px,T-SOD;P<0.05),and reduced inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α;P<0.05)across gestation and lactation.Milk yield,colostrum/milk dry matter,crude protein,and crude fat were increased(P<0.05),together with higher levels of NAD^(+)metabolites(NAD^(+),NR,nicotinamide)and beneficial bioactive factors(milk polar lipids,3-aminosalicylic acid,fenugreekine;P<0.05).Gut microbiota analyses at lactation day 14 revealed NR-enriched beneficial taxa(Bifidobacterium,Ruminococcus,Lachnospiraceae,Subdoligranulum,Clostridium butyricum,Succiniclasticum)across sow-offspring dyads,which was associated with the activation of microbial NAD^(+)enzymes(NadR/NAMPT;P<0.05)and enhancement of systemic short-chain fatty acid flux,notably an increase in plasma butyrate acid(P<0.05).Conclusion Maternal supplementation of NR during late gestation and lactation increases sow performance and promotes gut NAD^(+)metabolic-associated microbiome remodeling.These findings propose maternal NR intervention as a novel strategy to enhance mammary lactogenesis and lactation metabolism in swine production,with potential applications for therapeutic strategies for lactation insufficiency.展开更多
Atopic dermatitis(AD),which is associated with inflammatory response and skin damage,is increasing worldwide in recent years.Interest is increasing in the protective effects of natural and fermented products on the pr...Atopic dermatitis(AD),which is associated with inflammatory response and skin damage,is increasing worldwide in recent years.Interest is increasing in the protective effects of natural and fermented products on the prevention and treatment of AD.This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of a new rice milk product fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on AD mice.Fermented rice milk could effectively attenuated the symptoms of AD mice,such as skin lesions,scaliness and lichenification.Furthermore,fermented rice milk decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-4,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αin 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB)induced mice.It was also observed that fermented rice milk treatment downregulated the levels of p-IKBα,p-NF-κB,p-ERK,p-JNK and p-p38 proteins expression in skin of AD mice,which showed the anti-inflammatory function of fermented rice milk,mainly via the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.In addition,S.cerevisiae fermentation reduced original flavor of rice milk,and increased the acid and alcohol compounds.Overall,the findings indicated that S.cerevisiae fermentation improved the flavor characteristics of rice milk,and fermented rice milk exhibited protective effects against DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis by downregulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and protecting the skin barrier.展开更多
Although human milk fat substitute(HMFS)has been wildly applied in infant formula(IF),there are still some differences in fat composition between human milk and IF,which is extremely attributed to the phospholipid com...Although human milk fat substitute(HMFS)has been wildly applied in infant formula(IF),there are still some differences in fat composition between human milk and IF,which is extremely attributed to the phospholipid composition.We therefore designed a human milk phospholipid substitute(HMPS),and investigated its nutritional outcomes on brain development using C57BL/6J mice.Results showed that HMPS improved mice's cognitive behavior and dendritic development compared to soybean phospholipids and nophospholipid diets.Based on the lipidomics,we revealed that these beneficial outcomes were potentially associated with the increased biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines,phosphatidylethanolamine(PE),and ether PE,and the decreased metabolism of diacylglycerol and hexosylceramide in brain.It was further found in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis that glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway participated in the improvement of HMPS on mice's neurodevelopment.In conclusion,this study demonstrated that HMPS improves mice's neurodevelopment,and the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway plays a major role in this beneficial result,and provided evidence for future application of HMPS in commercial IF.展开更多
Background This study was conducted to investigate the impact of varying degrees of heat stress on milk protein synthesis in dairy cows using comprehensive analyses of metabolomics and proteomics.Eighteen dairy cows w...Background This study was conducted to investigate the impact of varying degrees of heat stress on milk protein synthesis in dairy cows using comprehensive analyses of metabolomics and proteomics.Eighteen dairy cows were subjected to no heat stress(No-HS),mild heat stress(Mild-HS),and moderate heat stress(Mod-HS).Blood and milk samples were collected to determine the content and composition of amino acids(AA),and milk samples were used for metabolomic and proteomic analyses.Results Milk protein yield was significantly lower under Mild-HS and Mod-HS than No-HS(P<0.001).During Mild-HS,no significant difference was found in total AA concentration in both arterial(P=0.545)and venous blood(P=0.057),but arterial AA supply to the mammary gland significantly increased(P=0.045)when compared with No-HS.Under Mod-HS,the supply(P<0.001)and uptake(P=0.001)of total AA in the mammary gland decreased significantly,affecting the availability of precursors necessary for milk protein synthesis.Milk metabolomic analysis revealed that Mod-HS significantly impacted nucleotide metabolism,energy metabolism,and protein synthesis processes including translation,folding,and transport.Milk proteomic analysis showed significant downregulation of ribosomal and heat shock proteins which are crucial for protein synthesis and folding.Conclusions These findings suggest that heat stress disrupts AA utilization and energy metabolism in the mammary gland,leading to the reduced efficiency in milk protein synthesis and lowered milk protein yield.This study offers valuable insights into the metabolic and proteomic changes in dairy cows under heat stress,highlighting potential strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress on dairy production and milk quality.展开更多
Both linoleic acid(18:2 n-6,LA)andα-linolenic acid(18:3 n-3,ALA)are essential fatty acids for infants.The contents of LA and ALA,and their ratio exhibited significant changes in human milk over the past 4 decades,whi...Both linoleic acid(18:2 n-6,LA)andα-linolenic acid(18:3 n-3,ALA)are essential fatty acids for infants.The contents of LA and ALA,and their ratio exhibited significant changes in human milk over the past 4 decades,which were not well summarized.Here,we summarized these values in 9898 human breast milk samples of 6664 mothers from 50 countries in 81 studies.A literature search was conducted using PubMed,Embase,and Web of Science between January 1980 and October 2023.The 95%confidence interval of LA/ALA ratio across lactation and gestation ranged from 14.24 to 31.26.The LA content was higher in China and Turkey(>20%)whereas the ALA content was below 1%in Africa.The LA/ALA ratio in countries along the Mediterranean coast exceeded 20 or even 30.LA and ALA contents increased significantly(P<0.01)while the ratio remained stable over the last 40 years.Multivariate meta-regression results showed that regions significantly(P<0.01)determined the LA,ALA,and LA/ALA ratio.Especially,maternal diet could definitely explain the variation while the effects of gestational age,lactation period was not significant.Clinical trials demonstrated that decreasing the LA/ALA ratio increased docosahexaenoic acid(22:6 n-3,DHA)status,reduced arachidonic acid(20:4 n-6,AA)contents,exerted no effect on the visual function of infants,and reached no consensus on growth.The current review aims to provide an overview on the LA and ALA contents and their ratio in human breast milk to raise concern in infant formula.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine has long regarded flaxseed as a natural remedy for constipation.However,the efficacy or mechanism of flaxseed plant milk(FPM),a functional beverage derived from flaxseed,in alleviating con...Traditional Chinese medicine has long regarded flaxseed as a natural remedy for constipation.However,the efficacy or mechanism of flaxseed plant milk(FPM),a functional beverage derived from flaxseed,in alleviating constipation has not yet been clearly established.In this study,network pharmacology was combined with in vivo experiments to evaluate the anti-constipation activity of FPM on water restriction-induced constipation mouse model.Compared with the model group,administration of FPM(100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg)significantly shortened the time to first black stool excretion,increased number of fecal pellets and water content of fecal pellets,and improved Small Intestinal Transit Rate(p<0.05).Histological analysis revealed that FPM(200 mg/kg)preserved colonic epithelial integrity,reduced lamina propria damage,and restored goblet cell populations.Serum biochemical assays showed that FPM decreased vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)levels and increased 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)concentrations.Network pharmacology identified 214 overlapping targets between flaxseed bioactive compounds and constipation-related genes,with key hub targets including TP53,CASP3,TNF,and IL6.KEGG pathway enrichment suggested that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may serve as a central regulatory axis.Western blot further confirmed that p-PI3K and p-AKT protein levels in the colon were reduced in constipated mice,whereas FPM administration markedly restored their expression,indicating activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.Overall,these findings demonstrate that FPM alleviates constipation by improving stool characteristics,enhancing intestinal motility,and maintaining mucosal integrity,potentially via modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.This study provides new insights into the gastrointestinal benefits of flaxseed-derived functional foods and supports their development as dietary supplements for intestinal health.展开更多
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs...BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs exhibit dynamic secretion patterns during lactation,influenced by maternal genetics and environ-mental factors.Their direct and indirect antimicrobial properties have garnered significant research interest.However,a comprehensive understanding of the secretion dynamics of HMOs and their correlation with antimicrobial efficacy remains underexplored.AIM To synthesize current evidence on the secretion dynamics of HMOs during lactation and evaluate their antimicrobial roles against bacterial,viral,and protozoal pathogens.METHODS A systematic search of PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library focused on studies investigating natural and synthetic HMOs,their secretion dynamics,and antimicrobial properties.Studies involving human,animal,and in vitro models were included.Data on HMO composition,temporal secretion patterns,and mechanisms of antimicrobial action were extracted.Quality assess-ment was performed using validated tools appropriate for study design.RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included,encompassing human,animal,and in vitro research.HMOs exhibited dynamic secretion patterns,with 2′-fucosyllactose(2′-FL)and lacto-N-tetraose peaking in early lactation and declining over time,while 3-fucosyllactose(3-FL)increased during later stages.HMOs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties through pathogen adhesion inhibition,biofilm disruption,and enzymatic activity impairment.Synthetic HMOs,including bioengineered 2′-FL and 3-FL,were structurally and functionally comparable to natural HMOs,effectively inhibiting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Campylobacter jejuni.Additionally,HMOs exhibited synergistic effects with antibiotics,enhancing their efficacy against resistant pathogens.CONCLUSION HMOs are vital in antimicrobial defense,supporting infant health by targeting various pathogens.Both natural and synthetic HMOs hold significant potential for therapeutic applications,particularly in infant nutrition and as adjuncts to antibiotics.Further research,including clinical trials,is essential to address gaps in knowledge,validate findings,and explore the broader applicability of HMOs in improving maternal and neonatal health.展开更多
Background Milk synthesis is an energy-intensive process influenced by oxygen availability.This study investigates how hypoxia affects milk synthesis in BMECs,focusing on key genes involved in lactation and energy met...Background Milk synthesis is an energy-intensive process influenced by oxygen availability.This study investigates how hypoxia affects milk synthesis in BMECs,focusing on key genes involved in lactation and energy metabolism.Methods BMECs were cultured in a normoxic environment and then transferred to a hypoxia chamber with 1%O2 for specified durations.The study evaluated cellular responses through various molecular experiments and RNA sequencing.Small interfering RNA was employed to knock down HIF-1αto investigate whether the lactation-related phenotype alteration depends on HIF-1α.Results Hypoxia disrupted milk protein production by reducing mTOR/P70S6K/4EBP1 signaling and downregulating genes critical for amino acid transport and protein synthesis.Triglyceride synthesis increased due to enhanced fatty acid uptake and the upregulation of regulatory proteins,including FASN and PPARγ.Although glucose uptake was elevated under hypoxia,key enzymes for lactose synthesis were downregulated,suggesting a redirection of glucose toward energy production.Mitochondrial function was impaired under hypoxia,with reduced gene expression in TCA cycle,ETC,cytosol-mitochondrial transport,decreased ATP levels,increased ROS levels,and structural alterations.Additionally,lipid synthesis and glucose uptake depend on HIF-1α,while milk protein synthesis alterations occurred independently of HIF-1α.Conclusions Hypoxia alters milk synthesis in BMECs by disrupting milk protein synthesis,enhancing lipid metabolism,and impairing energy production.These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of oxygen deprivation on lactation efficiency,offering potential targets for mitigating hypoxic stress in the mammary glands of dairy animals.展开更多
BACKGROUND Although breast milk is ideal for newborns,in some cases,it is replaced with cow’s milk,which contains proteins that increase the risk of cow’s milk protein allergy(CMPA).AIM To evaluate CMPA prevalence i...BACKGROUND Although breast milk is ideal for newborns,in some cases,it is replaced with cow’s milk,which contains proteins that increase the risk of cow’s milk protein allergy(CMPA).AIM To evaluate CMPA prevalence in Bahrain and compare clinical characteristics of children with immunoglobulin E(IgE)-and non-IgE-mediated CMPA.METHODS This retrospective cohort study examined children with CMPA diagnosed at the pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic of the Salmaniya Medical Complex,Bahrain,between 2014 and 2022,and assessed CMPA prevalence.Clinical presentations,laboratory findings,dietary modifications,and outcomes were compared between children with IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated CMPA.Categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test or Pearson’sχ2 test,whereas continuous variables were compared using Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test.RESULTS Of 8332 patients,6022(72.3%)adhered to their appointment.Of them,618(10.3%)were suggested of having CMPA and 595(96.3%)were included;CMPA prevalence was 2%.Most patients were Bahraini(93.8%)and males(55.3%).Non-IgE-mediated type accounted for 77.3%cases and IgE-mediated type,22.7%.IgE-mediated CMPA presented more in boys(P=0.030),and later in life(5.1 months±4.5 months vs 4.2 months±4.2 months,P=0.016,95%CI:0.08-1.73),had more associated diseases(P<0.001);and presented with more cutaneous(P=0.024)and respiratory(P=0.003)manifestations,severe symptoms[rash/dry skin(P=0.031),facial swelling/angioedema(P=0.003),failure to thrive(P=0.013),apparent life-threatening event(P<0.001)],and positive physical findings(P=0.002)than non-IgE-mediated CMPA.Most patients were exclusively fed cow milk formula(50.3%).The amino acid-based formula(AAF)was most prescribed(60.5%)with no difference between the two types(P=0.173).Although breastfeeding was recommended to 49.6%,only 8.2%were exclusively breastfed.IgE-mediated CMPA was associated with a longer follow-up duration than non-IgE-mediated CMPA(17.3 months±14.0 months vs 13.5 months±13.4 months,P=0.005,95%CI:1.1-6.3).CONCLUSION This study revealed a high CMPA prevalence with clinical differences between both types that can influence treatment.AAF was most prescribed,while breastfeeding with dietary modification is rarely applied.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Palm Oil By-pass Fat （POBF） on milk composition of early lactation Holstein during dry season, 24 postpartum Holstein （1 d-14 d） were selected and align...The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Palm Oil By-pass Fat （POBF） on milk composition of early lactation Holstein during dry season, 24 postpartum Holstein （1 d-14 d） were selected and align to two groups according to CRD experimental design; each group included 12 Holstein cows. The control received by-pass fat 0 g/h.d, the experimental group received by-pass fat 300 g/h.d. The results shown, DMI and yield of milk did not be affected with supplementation of by-pass fat, however, milk protein increased by 6.71%, milk fat increased by 8.16%, lactose increased by 0.22%, SNF increased by 1.98%, TS increased 4.08%; digestibility of diet protein decreased by 6.62%, digestibility of EE decreased by 7.96%, digestibility of NDF and ADL decreased by 1.36%, 8.97% respectively, digestibility of DM and OM decreased by 4.42, 3.07 percentage units; amount of C4-C17 milk fatty acids showed a decreased tendency, that of CIs-C22 showed an increased tendency, the milk CLA increased significantly （P 〈 0.01）. To sum up, supplementation of by-pass fat for early lactation Holstein is an important measure to balance energy and sustain milk yield and quality.展开更多
Breast milk represents the gold standard for neonatal nutrition,especially for preterm and term infants with a low birthweight.This awareness is based not only on the nutritional properties of human milk,which is spec...Breast milk represents the gold standard for neonatal nutrition,especially for preterm and term infants with a low birthweight.This awareness is based not only on the nutritional properties of human milk,which is specifically designed for the growth of humans but also on breast milk’s non-nutritional properties,such as protection against infection.In fact,breast milk should be considered a heterogeneous ecosystem,including a wide range of cells in addition to those involved in immune function;growth factors,such as vascular endothelial growth factor;multiple noncoding microRNAs;immune cells;epithelial cells and multipotent mesenchymal stem cells.This recent identification of a pool of progenitor stem cells in human milk is the driving force behind the growing research aimed at identifying the nature of these stem/progenitor cells and their sources.展开更多
Background Lactational performance depends heavily on age,health,and nutrition.L-Citrulline(Cit)is an effective precursor of L-arginine(Arg),an amino acid that has important roles in synthesis of nitric oxide(NO)and p...Background Lactational performance depends heavily on age,health,and nutrition.L-Citrulline(Cit)is an effective precursor of L-arginine(Arg),an amino acid that has important roles in synthesis of nitric oxide(NO)and polyamines.Ruminal microbes degrade extracellular Arg;however,extracellular L-citrulline(Cit)is not degraded by ruminal microbes due to lack of uptake and can be fed unencapsulated as a precursor for Arg.As NO is a vasodilator,an increase in blood flow and transport of molecules to mammary tissue may enhance lactational performance and milk composition.Increases in polyamine production may increase milk protein synthesis within mammary tissue,thus increasing milk protein content.This study determined,for the first time,effects of dietary Cit supplementation on milk production and milk composition of Alpine dairy goats.Methods Does were synchronized to estrus and bred to Alpine bucks.Parturition was induced on d 149 of gestation and does were suckled overnight allowing kid(s)to obtain colostrum before being milked 24 h later(d 1 of lactation).Does were assigned to either control(CON,n=24)or Cit(CIT,n=23)diets.The isonitrogenous control diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(1.37%L-alanine and 1.00%soybean hydrogenated oil).The CIT supplemented diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(0.5%Cit,0.5%L-glutamine,1%soybean hydrogenated oil,0.37%cornstarch).Diets were group fed ad-libitum by treatment group.Blood samples were collected on d 0 and 30 of lactation,milk volumes measured twice daily,and on d 10,20,and 40 of lactation,milk samples were collected.Results CIT-treated does had greater daily milk production(P<0.05)and there was an effect of day of lactation on daily milk production(P<0.0001).Sire had significant effect on daily milk production as well(P<0.05).Milk compositional analyses revealed Cit supplementation increased solid-non-fat(SNF;P<0.05)and protein(P<0.05)content in milk.Conclusions Our novel results indicate that dietary supplementation of Cit fed ad-libitum in Alpine does increased daily milk yield,milk SNF content,and protein content.Supplemental Cit may be a proxy for Arg in goats to enhance lactational performance.展开更多
Plant-based milks are on the rise due to an increased awareness of their sustainability and health benefits.Currently,dairy milk is the most nutritionally complete beverage,but it suffers from the presence of indigest...Plant-based milks are on the rise due to an increased awareness of their sustainability and health benefits.Currently,dairy milk is the most nutritionally complete beverage,but it suffers from the presence of indigestible lactose and allergenic proteins.Coconut milk has been around for a long time,but its application is limited due to a perceived lack of specific nutrients,high saturated fat levels,and low acceptability.Recent evidence indicates,however,that the saturated fat and other plant-based components found in coconut milk are good for metabolic outcomes and brain health.The conversion of coconut milk to yoghurt will further improve its functionality by boosting its existing nutritional qualities.In this article,the nutritional value of coconut milk,as well as its potential downsides,its application as yoghurt,and suggestions for enhancing its nutritional functionality will be examined.展开更多
Plant-based milk is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids,polyphenols and other bioactive compounds.This study investigated the effect of 3 plant-based milk(flaxseed milk,oat milk and soy milk)on the ceftriaxone-induced...Plant-based milk is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids,polyphenols and other bioactive compounds.This study investigated the effect of 3 plant-based milk(flaxseed milk,oat milk and soy milk)on the ceftriaxone-induced intestinal disorders,and compared the regulation patterns associated with gut microbiome and metabolome.The results showed plant-based milk alleviated the ceftriaxone caused cecum swelling,colonic tissue damage and intestinal microecological disorders.Meanwhile,administered plant-based milk decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine(tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and oxidative stresses(malondialdehyde(MDA)and myeloperoxidase(MPO)in the colon,as well as increasing the levels of tight junction proteins(Occludin,Claudin-1,and ZO-1)in the colon.Moreover,administration of plant-based milk modulated the intestinal microbiota by promoting the relative levels of beneficial bacteria(Bifidobacterium),and inhibiting the harmful bacteria genus(Enterococcus).Furthermore,plant-based milk treatment significantly modulated glycerophospholipids metabolism(e.g.glycerophosphocholine)and arachidonic acid metabolism(e.g.prostaglandin G2 and arachidonic acid)in the serum.In conclusion,plant-based milk could alleviate antibiotic-related imbalance of barrier function damage,gut microbiota disorders and the reduction of metabolic disorders,which lays a foundation for exploring anti-inflammatory and intestinal micro-ecological approach to plant-based milk.展开更多
Dynamic changes in the physiochemical,structural,and flavor characteristics of ginger-juice milk curd were explored by texture analysis,scanning electron microscopy,rheometry,electronic tongue,and gas chromatography-m...Dynamic changes in the physiochemical,structural,and flavor characteristics of ginger-juice milk curd were explored by texture analysis,scanning electron microscopy,rheometry,electronic tongue,and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Protein electrophoresis showed that ginger juice could hydrolyzeαs-,β-,andκ-casein.Curd formation was initiated at 90 s,marked by significant changes in intensity detected via intrinsic fluorescence.The contents of soluble protein and calcium decreased rapidly during coagulation,while the caseinolytic activity,storage moduli,loss moduli,hardness,adhesiveness,and water-holding capacity increased,resulting in a denser gel structure with smaller pores and fewer cavitations as observed by scanning electron microscopy.Electronic tongue analysis indicated that milk could neutralize the astringency and saltiness of ginger juice,rendering the taste of ginger-juice milk curd more akin to that of milk.Approximately 70 volatile components were detected in ginger-juice milk curd.α-Zingiberene,α-curcumene,β-sesquiphellandrene,andβ-bisabolene were the predominant volatile flavor compounds,exhibiting an initial decrease in content followed by stability after 90 s.Decanoic acid,γ-elemene,and caryophyllene were identified as unique volatile compounds after mixing of milk and ginger juice.Understanding the dynamic changes in these characteristics during coagulation holds significant importance for the production of ginger-juice milk curd.展开更多
oil aggregates profoundly impact soil sustainability and crop productivity, and they are influenced by complexinteractions between minerals and organics. This study aimed to elucidate the alterations in mineralogy and...oil aggregates profoundly impact soil sustainability and crop productivity, and they are influenced by complexinteractions between minerals and organics. This study aimed to elucidate the alterations in mineralogy and soilorganic carbon(SOC) following long-term green manure incorporation and the effect on soil aggregates. Based on 5-and 36-year field experiments, surface soil samples(0–20 cm) were collected from Alfisol and Ferrisol soilssubjected to rice–rice–winter fallow(CK) and rice–rice–Chinese milk vetch(MV) treatments to investigate aggregatestability, mineralogy, SOC composition, and soil microstructural characteristics. The results showed that high clay-content Ferrisol exhibited greater aggregate stability than low clay-content Alfisol. The phyllosilicates in Alfisolprimarily comprised illite and vermiculite, whereas those in Ferrisol with high-content free-form Fe oxides(Fed) weredominated by kaolinite. Additionally, the clay fraction in Ferrisol contained more aromatic-C than the clay fraction inAlfisol. The 36-year MV incorporation significantly increased the Ferrisol macroaggregate stability(9.57–13.37%),and it also facilitated the transformation of vermiculite into kaolinite and significantly increased the clay, Fed, and aromatic-C contents in Ferrisol. Backscattered electron(BSE)-scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM/EDS) revealed a compact aggregate structure in Ferrisol with co-localization of Feoxides and kaolinite. Moreover, the partial least path model(PLS-PM) revealed that clay content directly improvedmacroaggregate stability, and that kaolinite and Fed positively and directly affected clay or indirectly modulated clay formation by increasing the aromatic-C levels. Overall, long-term MV incorporation promotes clay aggregation by affecting mineral transformation to produce more kaolinite and Fe oxides and retain aromatic-C, and it ultimately improves aggregate stability.展开更多
BACKGROUND Health maintenance in elderly houses includes management of the gut microbiota and the environment.Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Shirota(LcS)is a probiotic strain that positively affects the human gut.Howeve...BACKGROUND Health maintenance in elderly houses includes management of the gut microbiota and the environment.Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Shirota(LcS)is a probiotic strain that positively affects the human gut.However,the evidence of its effects on the Indonesian population remains limited.AIM To investigate the effect of LcS-fermented milk on the gut microbiota and environment of Indonesian elderly houses.METHODS This double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled trial involved 112 participants from Indonesian elderly houses,spanning a 2-week baseline and 24-week treatment.Participants were randomly assigned to probiotic or placebo groups,consuming fermented milk with or without LcS(>6.5×10^(9)colony-forming units).Fecal samples were collected every three months.Gut microbiota analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,while gut environment was assessed by measuring fecal organic acids,amino acid metabolites,and stool frequency.RESULTS Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequence data at the 3-month period revealed increased Bifidobacterium and Succinivibrio and decreased Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group in the probiotic group.These shifts were associated with significant differences inβ-diversity metrics.The change in Bifidobacterium was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,demonstrating higher abundance in the probiotic group than in the placebo group(8.5±1.1 vs 8.0±1.1,log10 bacterial cells/g;P=0.044).At 6-month period,the differences in Succinivibrio and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group persisted.The probiotic group showed higher butyrate levels than the placebo group at the 6-month period(5.04±3.11 vs 3.95±2.89,μmol/g;P=0.048).The effect on amino acid metabolites and stool frequency was not significant.CONCLUSION Daily intake of LcS positively affects the gut microbiota and environment of people living in Indonesian elderly houses.展开更多
Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation(MICP)is an emerging,environmental-friendly,and sustainable technology that has shown great potential for soil stabilization.However,its process efficiency has been re-cognized...Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation(MICP)is an emerging,environmental-friendly,and sustainable technology that has shown great potential for soil stabilization.However,its process efficiency has been re-cognized as a major challenge for its practical application in engineering.Non-fat powdered milk(NFPM)has been shown to have positive effects in enzymatical-induced carbonate precipitation(EICP),so in this study,we evaluated its use as an additive in the MICP process.A comparison between conventional MICP and NFPM-modified MICP was conducted,including chemical conversion efficiency,urea hydrolysis rate,and mechanical performance of sandy soils.A series of laboratory tests including precipitation analysis,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),and microstructure analysis were conducted.The results showed that the addition of NFPM could improve urease activity,enhance chemical conversion efficiency,and lead to superior strength im-provement compared to conventional MICP.Microstructure and particle size analysis revealed that the presence of NFPM was beneficial for larger crystal cluster formation between sand grains,which could result in stronger bonds and better mechanical performance.In summary,this study indicates that the use of NFPM in MICP process can represent a more sustainable and economically viable approach for soil stabilization.The findings provide valuable information for engineers and researchers working in soil stabilization and environmental engineering,highlighting the potential of using natural additives such as NFPM to promote the sustainable development of MICP technique.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2100700).
文摘Triacylglycerol(TAG)components in human milk,infant formulas with different fat sources,and plant oils(palm oil,flaxseed oil,sunflower oil,corn oil,soybean oil,coconut oil,low erucic acid rapeseed oil,and high oleic acid rapeseed oil)were analyzed and compared using ultraperformance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPSFC-Q-TOF-MS).Distinct TAG profiles were identified by lipidomics,principal component analysis(PCA),and heatmap visualization.Human milk was characterized by a high abundance of medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols(MLCTs),saturated-unsaturated-unsaturated(SUU)-type TAGs(sn-2 palmitic acid).In contrast,plant oils lacked MLCTs and SUU-type TAGs,containing mainly TAGs esterified long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid.Breast milk contains about 27%MLCT,about 50%SUU-type triacylglycerols(which contain about 34%UPU-type triacylglycerols),which is significantly different from plant oils,structured fats and infant formulas.These findings provide a clear basis for optimizing the fat blend in infant formula to better mimic the unique TAG profile of human milk,thereby improving energy delivery and nutrient absorption for infants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.32372838,U22A20506)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(no.2024YFD1300104)+1 种基金the scientific and technological development program of Jilin province(YDZJ202203CGZH037)the earmarked fund for JLARS-2025-070203。
文摘Background Exosomes are crucial mediators of intercellular communication.As a key component of milk,milkderived exosomes are abundant in genetic cargo,particularly micro RNAs(mi RNAs),indicating their potential role in regulating mammary gland physiology.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the specificity of mi RNAs in milkderived exosomes and their regulatory roles in lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs).Results Based on 17,838 DHI records showing a significantly higher milk fat percentage(MFP)in late lactation(4.24%±1.07%),10 high-(5.96%±0.26%,HMF)and 10 low-MFP(1.68%±0.23%,LMF)cows were selected during this stage for milk-derived exosome isolation and mi RNA profiling.Exosomes isolated via differential ultracentrifugation were verified as 50-150 nm vesicles expressing CD9,CD81,and TSG101.mi RNA sequencing identified 1,320 differentially expressed mi RNAs(496 upregulated and 824 downregulated)between the HMF_EXO and LMF_EXO groups.Uptake assays confirmed that BMECs internalized these exosomes,and q RT-PCR validation showed that mi R-423-5p and mi R-125b were significantly upregulated and downregulated in HMF_EXO-and LMF_EXO-treated BMECs,respectively.Functionally,exosomal mi R-423-5p promoted intracellular lipid accumulation and TG synthesis in BMECs by targeting APOA5,whereas mi R-125b inhibited lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation by repressing SLC27A1.Conclusions This study demonstrates that milk-derived exosomal mi RNAs represent a novel mechanism for regulating milk fat synthesis.Specifically,mi R-423-5p and mi R-125b directly modulated lipid metabolism in BMECs via the mi R-423-5p/APOA5 and mi R-125b/SLC27A1 pathways.These findings provide new insights into the molecular regulation of milk fat synthesis and highlight the importance of exosome-mediated intercellular communication in the lactating mammary gland.
基金jointly supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD1300804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472948)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-35)。
文摘Background Nicotinamide riboside(NR)supplementation has been demonstrated efficacy in enhancing female reproductive outcomes,but its regulatory role in sow performance and gut microbiome remains undefined.This study systematically evaluated the impacts of dietary NR supplementation during late gestation and lactation on sow performance and gut microbiome remodeling.A total of 280 sows were randomized assigned to one of four groups:a control group fed basal diet or one of three groups receiving NR-supplemented diets(2,4,or 8 g/d;n=70/group).Sow reproductive performance,blood metabolic parameters,milk metabolome,and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were measured.Results Maternal NR supplementation linearly shortened farrowing duration(P<0.01)and tended to decrease the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction and the number of late gestation mummies(P<0.1),while concurrently increasing the within-litter uniformity(P=0.1).Litter weaning weight and average daily gain increased quadratically with NR dosage(P<0.05).NR supplementation orchestrated plasma metabolite regulation(triglycerides and total cholesterol;P<0.05),enhanced antioxidant biomarkers(T-AOC,GSH-Px,T-SOD;P<0.05),and reduced inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α;P<0.05)across gestation and lactation.Milk yield,colostrum/milk dry matter,crude protein,and crude fat were increased(P<0.05),together with higher levels of NAD^(+)metabolites(NAD^(+),NR,nicotinamide)and beneficial bioactive factors(milk polar lipids,3-aminosalicylic acid,fenugreekine;P<0.05).Gut microbiota analyses at lactation day 14 revealed NR-enriched beneficial taxa(Bifidobacterium,Ruminococcus,Lachnospiraceae,Subdoligranulum,Clostridium butyricum,Succiniclasticum)across sow-offspring dyads,which was associated with the activation of microbial NAD^(+)enzymes(NadR/NAMPT;P<0.05)and enhancement of systemic short-chain fatty acid flux,notably an increase in plasma butyrate acid(P<0.05).Conclusion Maternal supplementation of NR during late gestation and lactation increases sow performance and promotes gut NAD^(+)metabolic-associated microbiome remodeling.These findings propose maternal NR intervention as a novel strategy to enhance mammary lactogenesis and lactation metabolism in swine production,with potential applications for therapeutic strategies for lactation insufficiency.
基金financial support received from the Shanghai Oriental Talent Youth Project(T2023218)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(32025029)+2 种基金the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program of China Association for Science and Technology(YESS20220128)the Shanghai Research Center for Food Microbiology Engineering(19DZ2281100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program)(U23A20261).
文摘Atopic dermatitis(AD),which is associated with inflammatory response and skin damage,is increasing worldwide in recent years.Interest is increasing in the protective effects of natural and fermented products on the prevention and treatment of AD.This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of a new rice milk product fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on AD mice.Fermented rice milk could effectively attenuated the symptoms of AD mice,such as skin lesions,scaliness and lichenification.Furthermore,fermented rice milk decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-4,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αin 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB)induced mice.It was also observed that fermented rice milk treatment downregulated the levels of p-IKBα,p-NF-κB,p-ERK,p-JNK and p-p38 proteins expression in skin of AD mice,which showed the anti-inflammatory function of fermented rice milk,mainly via the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.In addition,S.cerevisiae fermentation reduced original flavor of rice milk,and increased the acid and alcohol compounds.Overall,the findings indicated that S.cerevisiae fermentation improved the flavor characteristics of rice milk,and fermented rice milk exhibited protective effects against DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis by downregulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and protecting the skin barrier.
基金supported by Huhhot Science&Technology Plan(2021-National Center of Technology innovation for Dairy-4)Innovation Consortium Project(2023RC Consortium-7)+3 种基金National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFF1104502)Ganpo Juncai supports the plan(20232BCJ22046)Nanchang University Jiangxi Financial Science and Technology Special Project(ZBG20230418011)Free Exploration Project of State Key Laboratory(SKLF-ZZB-202317).
文摘Although human milk fat substitute(HMFS)has been wildly applied in infant formula(IF),there are still some differences in fat composition between human milk and IF,which is extremely attributed to the phospholipid composition.We therefore designed a human milk phospholipid substitute(HMPS),and investigated its nutritional outcomes on brain development using C57BL/6J mice.Results showed that HMPS improved mice's cognitive behavior and dendritic development compared to soybean phospholipids and nophospholipid diets.Based on the lipidomics,we revealed that these beneficial outcomes were potentially associated with the increased biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines,phosphatidylethanolamine(PE),and ether PE,and the decreased metabolism of diacylglycerol and hexosylceramide in brain.It was further found in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis that glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway participated in the improvement of HMPS on mice's neurodevelopment.In conclusion,this study demonstrated that HMPS improves mice's neurodevelopment,and the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway plays a major role in this beneficial result,and provided evidence for future application of HMPS in commercial IF.
基金funded by grants from the National Nature Science Foundation(Grant number:U23A20231)。
文摘Background This study was conducted to investigate the impact of varying degrees of heat stress on milk protein synthesis in dairy cows using comprehensive analyses of metabolomics and proteomics.Eighteen dairy cows were subjected to no heat stress(No-HS),mild heat stress(Mild-HS),and moderate heat stress(Mod-HS).Blood and milk samples were collected to determine the content and composition of amino acids(AA),and milk samples were used for metabolomic and proteomic analyses.Results Milk protein yield was significantly lower under Mild-HS and Mod-HS than No-HS(P<0.001).During Mild-HS,no significant difference was found in total AA concentration in both arterial(P=0.545)and venous blood(P=0.057),but arterial AA supply to the mammary gland significantly increased(P=0.045)when compared with No-HS.Under Mod-HS,the supply(P<0.001)and uptake(P=0.001)of total AA in the mammary gland decreased significantly,affecting the availability of precursors necessary for milk protein synthesis.Milk metabolomic analysis revealed that Mod-HS significantly impacted nucleotide metabolism,energy metabolism,and protein synthesis processes including translation,folding,and transport.Milk proteomic analysis showed significant downregulation of ribosomal and heat shock proteins which are crucial for protein synthesis and folding.Conclusions These findings suggest that heat stress disrupts AA utilization and energy metabolism in the mammary gland,leading to the reduced efficiency in milk protein synthesis and lowered milk protein yield.This study offers valuable insights into the metabolic and proteomic changes in dairy cows under heat stress,highlighting potential strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress on dairy production and milk quality.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD2100700).
文摘Both linoleic acid(18:2 n-6,LA)andα-linolenic acid(18:3 n-3,ALA)are essential fatty acids for infants.The contents of LA and ALA,and their ratio exhibited significant changes in human milk over the past 4 decades,which were not well summarized.Here,we summarized these values in 9898 human breast milk samples of 6664 mothers from 50 countries in 81 studies.A literature search was conducted using PubMed,Embase,and Web of Science between January 1980 and October 2023.The 95%confidence interval of LA/ALA ratio across lactation and gestation ranged from 14.24 to 31.26.The LA content was higher in China and Turkey(>20%)whereas the ALA content was below 1%in Africa.The LA/ALA ratio in countries along the Mediterranean coast exceeded 20 or even 30.LA and ALA contents increased significantly(P<0.01)while the ratio remained stable over the last 40 years.Multivariate meta-regression results showed that regions significantly(P<0.01)determined the LA,ALA,and LA/ALA ratio.Especially,maternal diet could definitely explain the variation while the effects of gestational age,lactation period was not significant.Clinical trials demonstrated that decreasing the LA/ALA ratio increased docosahexaenoic acid(22:6 n-3,DHA)status,reduced arachidonic acid(20:4 n-6,AA)contents,exerted no effect on the visual function of infants,and reached no consensus on growth.The current review aims to provide an overview on the LA and ALA contents and their ratio in human breast milk to raise concern in infant formula.
基金supported by the Earmarked Fund for China Agricultural Research System(CARS-14)the Innovation Group Project of Hubei Province(2023AFA042)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI)。
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine has long regarded flaxseed as a natural remedy for constipation.However,the efficacy or mechanism of flaxseed plant milk(FPM),a functional beverage derived from flaxseed,in alleviating constipation has not yet been clearly established.In this study,network pharmacology was combined with in vivo experiments to evaluate the anti-constipation activity of FPM on water restriction-induced constipation mouse model.Compared with the model group,administration of FPM(100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg)significantly shortened the time to first black stool excretion,increased number of fecal pellets and water content of fecal pellets,and improved Small Intestinal Transit Rate(p<0.05).Histological analysis revealed that FPM(200 mg/kg)preserved colonic epithelial integrity,reduced lamina propria damage,and restored goblet cell populations.Serum biochemical assays showed that FPM decreased vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)levels and increased 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)concentrations.Network pharmacology identified 214 overlapping targets between flaxseed bioactive compounds and constipation-related genes,with key hub targets including TP53,CASP3,TNF,and IL6.KEGG pathway enrichment suggested that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may serve as a central regulatory axis.Western blot further confirmed that p-PI3K and p-AKT protein levels in the colon were reduced in constipated mice,whereas FPM administration markedly restored their expression,indicating activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.Overall,these findings demonstrate that FPM alleviates constipation by improving stool characteristics,enhancing intestinal motility,and maintaining mucosal integrity,potentially via modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.This study provides new insights into the gastrointestinal benefits of flaxseed-derived functional foods and supports their development as dietary supplements for intestinal health.
文摘BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs exhibit dynamic secretion patterns during lactation,influenced by maternal genetics and environ-mental factors.Their direct and indirect antimicrobial properties have garnered significant research interest.However,a comprehensive understanding of the secretion dynamics of HMOs and their correlation with antimicrobial efficacy remains underexplored.AIM To synthesize current evidence on the secretion dynamics of HMOs during lactation and evaluate their antimicrobial roles against bacterial,viral,and protozoal pathogens.METHODS A systematic search of PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library focused on studies investigating natural and synthetic HMOs,their secretion dynamics,and antimicrobial properties.Studies involving human,animal,and in vitro models were included.Data on HMO composition,temporal secretion patterns,and mechanisms of antimicrobial action were extracted.Quality assess-ment was performed using validated tools appropriate for study design.RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included,encompassing human,animal,and in vitro research.HMOs exhibited dynamic secretion patterns,with 2′-fucosyllactose(2′-FL)and lacto-N-tetraose peaking in early lactation and declining over time,while 3-fucosyllactose(3-FL)increased during later stages.HMOs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties through pathogen adhesion inhibition,biofilm disruption,and enzymatic activity impairment.Synthetic HMOs,including bioengineered 2′-FL and 3-FL,were structurally and functionally comparable to natural HMOs,effectively inhibiting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Campylobacter jejuni.Additionally,HMOs exhibited synergistic effects with antibiotics,enhancing their efficacy against resistant pathogens.CONCLUSION HMOs are vital in antimicrobial defense,supporting infant health by targeting various pathogens.Both natural and synthetic HMOs hold significant potential for therapeutic applications,particularly in infant nutrition and as adjuncts to antibiotics.Further research,including clinical trials,is essential to address gaps in knowledge,validate findings,and explore the broader applicability of HMOs in improving maternal and neonatal health.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:32072756)Agricultural Research System of China(grant number:CARS-36).
文摘Background Milk synthesis is an energy-intensive process influenced by oxygen availability.This study investigates how hypoxia affects milk synthesis in BMECs,focusing on key genes involved in lactation and energy metabolism.Methods BMECs were cultured in a normoxic environment and then transferred to a hypoxia chamber with 1%O2 for specified durations.The study evaluated cellular responses through various molecular experiments and RNA sequencing.Small interfering RNA was employed to knock down HIF-1αto investigate whether the lactation-related phenotype alteration depends on HIF-1α.Results Hypoxia disrupted milk protein production by reducing mTOR/P70S6K/4EBP1 signaling and downregulating genes critical for amino acid transport and protein synthesis.Triglyceride synthesis increased due to enhanced fatty acid uptake and the upregulation of regulatory proteins,including FASN and PPARγ.Although glucose uptake was elevated under hypoxia,key enzymes for lactose synthesis were downregulated,suggesting a redirection of glucose toward energy production.Mitochondrial function was impaired under hypoxia,with reduced gene expression in TCA cycle,ETC,cytosol-mitochondrial transport,decreased ATP levels,increased ROS levels,and structural alterations.Additionally,lipid synthesis and glucose uptake depend on HIF-1α,while milk protein synthesis alterations occurred independently of HIF-1α.Conclusions Hypoxia alters milk synthesis in BMECs by disrupting milk protein synthesis,enhancing lipid metabolism,and impairing energy production.These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of oxygen deprivation on lactation efficiency,offering potential targets for mitigating hypoxic stress in the mammary glands of dairy animals.
文摘BACKGROUND Although breast milk is ideal for newborns,in some cases,it is replaced with cow’s milk,which contains proteins that increase the risk of cow’s milk protein allergy(CMPA).AIM To evaluate CMPA prevalence in Bahrain and compare clinical characteristics of children with immunoglobulin E(IgE)-and non-IgE-mediated CMPA.METHODS This retrospective cohort study examined children with CMPA diagnosed at the pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic of the Salmaniya Medical Complex,Bahrain,between 2014 and 2022,and assessed CMPA prevalence.Clinical presentations,laboratory findings,dietary modifications,and outcomes were compared between children with IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated CMPA.Categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test or Pearson’sχ2 test,whereas continuous variables were compared using Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test.RESULTS Of 8332 patients,6022(72.3%)adhered to their appointment.Of them,618(10.3%)were suggested of having CMPA and 595(96.3%)were included;CMPA prevalence was 2%.Most patients were Bahraini(93.8%)and males(55.3%).Non-IgE-mediated type accounted for 77.3%cases and IgE-mediated type,22.7%.IgE-mediated CMPA presented more in boys(P=0.030),and later in life(5.1 months±4.5 months vs 4.2 months±4.2 months,P=0.016,95%CI:0.08-1.73),had more associated diseases(P<0.001);and presented with more cutaneous(P=0.024)and respiratory(P=0.003)manifestations,severe symptoms[rash/dry skin(P=0.031),facial swelling/angioedema(P=0.003),failure to thrive(P=0.013),apparent life-threatening event(P<0.001)],and positive physical findings(P=0.002)than non-IgE-mediated CMPA.Most patients were exclusively fed cow milk formula(50.3%).The amino acid-based formula(AAF)was most prescribed(60.5%)with no difference between the two types(P=0.173).Although breastfeeding was recommended to 49.6%,only 8.2%were exclusively breastfed.IgE-mediated CMPA was associated with a longer follow-up duration than non-IgE-mediated CMPA(17.3 months±14.0 months vs 13.5 months±13.4 months,P=0.005,95%CI:1.1-6.3).CONCLUSION This study revealed a high CMPA prevalence with clinical differences between both types that can influence treatment.AAF was most prescribed,while breastfeeding with dietary modification is rarely applied.
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Palm Oil By-pass Fat （POBF） on milk composition of early lactation Holstein during dry season, 24 postpartum Holstein （1 d-14 d） were selected and align to two groups according to CRD experimental design; each group included 12 Holstein cows. The control received by-pass fat 0 g/h.d, the experimental group received by-pass fat 300 g/h.d. The results shown, DMI and yield of milk did not be affected with supplementation of by-pass fat, however, milk protein increased by 6.71%, milk fat increased by 8.16%, lactose increased by 0.22%, SNF increased by 1.98%, TS increased 4.08%; digestibility of diet protein decreased by 6.62%, digestibility of EE decreased by 7.96%, digestibility of NDF and ADL decreased by 1.36%, 8.97% respectively, digestibility of DM and OM decreased by 4.42, 3.07 percentage units; amount of C4-C17 milk fatty acids showed a decreased tendency, that of CIs-C22 showed an increased tendency, the milk CLA increased significantly （P 〈 0.01）. To sum up, supplementation of by-pass fat for early lactation Holstein is an important measure to balance energy and sustain milk yield and quality.
文摘Breast milk represents the gold standard for neonatal nutrition,especially for preterm and term infants with a low birthweight.This awareness is based not only on the nutritional properties of human milk,which is specifically designed for the growth of humans but also on breast milk’s non-nutritional properties,such as protection against infection.In fact,breast milk should be considered a heterogeneous ecosystem,including a wide range of cells in addition to those involved in immune function;growth factors,such as vascular endothelial growth factor;multiple noncoding microRNAs;immune cells;epithelial cells and multipotent mesenchymal stem cells.This recent identification of a pool of progenitor stem cells in human milk is the driving force behind the growing research aimed at identifying the nature of these stem/progenitor cells and their sources.
基金supported by funding from Texas A&M AgriLife ResearchPrairie View A&M University International Center for Goat Research。
文摘Background Lactational performance depends heavily on age,health,and nutrition.L-Citrulline(Cit)is an effective precursor of L-arginine(Arg),an amino acid that has important roles in synthesis of nitric oxide(NO)and polyamines.Ruminal microbes degrade extracellular Arg;however,extracellular L-citrulline(Cit)is not degraded by ruminal microbes due to lack of uptake and can be fed unencapsulated as a precursor for Arg.As NO is a vasodilator,an increase in blood flow and transport of molecules to mammary tissue may enhance lactational performance and milk composition.Increases in polyamine production may increase milk protein synthesis within mammary tissue,thus increasing milk protein content.This study determined,for the first time,effects of dietary Cit supplementation on milk production and milk composition of Alpine dairy goats.Methods Does were synchronized to estrus and bred to Alpine bucks.Parturition was induced on d 149 of gestation and does were suckled overnight allowing kid(s)to obtain colostrum before being milked 24 h later(d 1 of lactation).Does were assigned to either control(CON,n=24)or Cit(CIT,n=23)diets.The isonitrogenous control diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(1.37%L-alanine and 1.00%soybean hydrogenated oil).The CIT supplemented diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(0.5%Cit,0.5%L-glutamine,1%soybean hydrogenated oil,0.37%cornstarch).Diets were group fed ad-libitum by treatment group.Blood samples were collected on d 0 and 30 of lactation,milk volumes measured twice daily,and on d 10,20,and 40 of lactation,milk samples were collected.Results CIT-treated does had greater daily milk production(P<0.05)and there was an effect of day of lactation on daily milk production(P<0.0001).Sire had significant effect on daily milk production as well(P<0.05).Milk compositional analyses revealed Cit supplementation increased solid-non-fat(SNF;P<0.05)and protein(P<0.05)content in milk.Conclusions Our novel results indicate that dietary supplementation of Cit fed ad-libitum in Alpine does increased daily milk yield,milk SNF content,and protein content.Supplemental Cit may be a proxy for Arg in goats to enhance lactational performance.
基金Universiti Putra Malaysia Inisiatif Putra Siswazah Grant,with a reference to UPM.RMC.800-2/1/2022/GPIPS/9740400Ministry of Higher Education,Malaysia(01-01-20-2323FR,with reference code:FRGS/1/2020/STG01/UPM/02/2)for the financial support。
文摘Plant-based milks are on the rise due to an increased awareness of their sustainability and health benefits.Currently,dairy milk is the most nutritionally complete beverage,but it suffers from the presence of indigestible lactose and allergenic proteins.Coconut milk has been around for a long time,but its application is limited due to a perceived lack of specific nutrients,high saturated fat levels,and low acceptability.Recent evidence indicates,however,that the saturated fat and other plant-based components found in coconut milk are good for metabolic outcomes and brain health.The conversion of coconut milk to yoghurt will further improve its functionality by boosting its existing nutritional qualities.In this article,the nutritional value of coconut milk,as well as its potential downsides,its application as yoghurt,and suggestions for enhancing its nutritional functionality will be examined.
基金funded by Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-14)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(11021716001100B)。
文摘Plant-based milk is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids,polyphenols and other bioactive compounds.This study investigated the effect of 3 plant-based milk(flaxseed milk,oat milk and soy milk)on the ceftriaxone-induced intestinal disorders,and compared the regulation patterns associated with gut microbiome and metabolome.The results showed plant-based milk alleviated the ceftriaxone caused cecum swelling,colonic tissue damage and intestinal microecological disorders.Meanwhile,administered plant-based milk decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine(tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and oxidative stresses(malondialdehyde(MDA)and myeloperoxidase(MPO)in the colon,as well as increasing the levels of tight junction proteins(Occludin,Claudin-1,and ZO-1)in the colon.Moreover,administration of plant-based milk modulated the intestinal microbiota by promoting the relative levels of beneficial bacteria(Bifidobacterium),and inhibiting the harmful bacteria genus(Enterococcus).Furthermore,plant-based milk treatment significantly modulated glycerophospholipids metabolism(e.g.glycerophosphocholine)and arachidonic acid metabolism(e.g.prostaglandin G2 and arachidonic acid)in the serum.In conclusion,plant-based milk could alleviate antibiotic-related imbalance of barrier function damage,gut microbiota disorders and the reduction of metabolic disorders,which lays a foundation for exploring anti-inflammatory and intestinal micro-ecological approach to plant-based milk.
基金supported by the Huzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2022GZ56)the Education Department of Zhejiang Province Scientific Research Project(No.Y202248484),China.
文摘Dynamic changes in the physiochemical,structural,and flavor characteristics of ginger-juice milk curd were explored by texture analysis,scanning electron microscopy,rheometry,electronic tongue,and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Protein electrophoresis showed that ginger juice could hydrolyzeαs-,β-,andκ-casein.Curd formation was initiated at 90 s,marked by significant changes in intensity detected via intrinsic fluorescence.The contents of soluble protein and calcium decreased rapidly during coagulation,while the caseinolytic activity,storage moduli,loss moduli,hardness,adhesiveness,and water-holding capacity increased,resulting in a denser gel structure with smaller pores and fewer cavitations as observed by scanning electron microscopy.Electronic tongue analysis indicated that milk could neutralize the astringency and saltiness of ginger juice,rendering the taste of ginger-juice milk curd more akin to that of milk.Approximately 70 volatile components were detected in ginger-juice milk curd.α-Zingiberene,α-curcumene,β-sesquiphellandrene,andβ-bisabolene were the predominant volatile flavor compounds,exhibiting an initial decrease in content followed by stability after 90 s.Decanoic acid,γ-elemene,and caryophyllene were identified as unique volatile compounds after mixing of milk and ginger juice.Understanding the dynamic changes in these characteristics during coagulation holds significant importance for the production of ginger-juice milk curd.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41977020)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS22)。
文摘oil aggregates profoundly impact soil sustainability and crop productivity, and they are influenced by complexinteractions between minerals and organics. This study aimed to elucidate the alterations in mineralogy and soilorganic carbon(SOC) following long-term green manure incorporation and the effect on soil aggregates. Based on 5-and 36-year field experiments, surface soil samples(0–20 cm) were collected from Alfisol and Ferrisol soilssubjected to rice–rice–winter fallow(CK) and rice–rice–Chinese milk vetch(MV) treatments to investigate aggregatestability, mineralogy, SOC composition, and soil microstructural characteristics. The results showed that high clay-content Ferrisol exhibited greater aggregate stability than low clay-content Alfisol. The phyllosilicates in Alfisolprimarily comprised illite and vermiculite, whereas those in Ferrisol with high-content free-form Fe oxides(Fed) weredominated by kaolinite. Additionally, the clay fraction in Ferrisol contained more aromatic-C than the clay fraction inAlfisol. The 36-year MV incorporation significantly increased the Ferrisol macroaggregate stability(9.57–13.37%),and it also facilitated the transformation of vermiculite into kaolinite and significantly increased the clay, Fed, and aromatic-C contents in Ferrisol. Backscattered electron(BSE)-scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM/EDS) revealed a compact aggregate structure in Ferrisol with co-localization of Feoxides and kaolinite. Moreover, the partial least path model(PLS-PM) revealed that clay content directly improvedmacroaggregate stability, and that kaolinite and Fed positively and directly affected clay or indirectly modulated clay formation by increasing the aromatic-C levels. Overall, long-term MV incorporation promotes clay aggregation by affecting mineral transformation to produce more kaolinite and Fe oxides and retain aromatic-C, and it ultimately improves aggregate stability.
基金Supported by the Yakult Honsha Co.,Ltd.,No.1226/FTP-UGM/HK/2018.
文摘BACKGROUND Health maintenance in elderly houses includes management of the gut microbiota and the environment.Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Shirota(LcS)is a probiotic strain that positively affects the human gut.However,the evidence of its effects on the Indonesian population remains limited.AIM To investigate the effect of LcS-fermented milk on the gut microbiota and environment of Indonesian elderly houses.METHODS This double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled trial involved 112 participants from Indonesian elderly houses,spanning a 2-week baseline and 24-week treatment.Participants were randomly assigned to probiotic or placebo groups,consuming fermented milk with or without LcS(>6.5×10^(9)colony-forming units).Fecal samples were collected every three months.Gut microbiota analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,while gut environment was assessed by measuring fecal organic acids,amino acid metabolites,and stool frequency.RESULTS Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequence data at the 3-month period revealed increased Bifidobacterium and Succinivibrio and decreased Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group in the probiotic group.These shifts were associated with significant differences inβ-diversity metrics.The change in Bifidobacterium was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,demonstrating higher abundance in the probiotic group than in the placebo group(8.5±1.1 vs 8.0±1.1,log10 bacterial cells/g;P=0.044).At 6-month period,the differences in Succinivibrio and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group persisted.The probiotic group showed higher butyrate levels than the placebo group at the 6-month period(5.04±3.11 vs 3.95±2.89,μmol/g;P=0.048).The effect on amino acid metabolites and stool frequency was not significant.CONCLUSION Daily intake of LcS positively affects the gut microbiota and environment of people living in Indonesian elderly houses.
基金supported by NSFC Major International Joint Research Project POW3M(51920105013)The authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51978315)The corresponding author also acknowledges support from the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies(UJS-2023-001).
文摘Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation(MICP)is an emerging,environmental-friendly,and sustainable technology that has shown great potential for soil stabilization.However,its process efficiency has been re-cognized as a major challenge for its practical application in engineering.Non-fat powdered milk(NFPM)has been shown to have positive effects in enzymatical-induced carbonate precipitation(EICP),so in this study,we evaluated its use as an additive in the MICP process.A comparison between conventional MICP and NFPM-modified MICP was conducted,including chemical conversion efficiency,urea hydrolysis rate,and mechanical performance of sandy soils.A series of laboratory tests including precipitation analysis,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),and microstructure analysis were conducted.The results showed that the addition of NFPM could improve urease activity,enhance chemical conversion efficiency,and lead to superior strength im-provement compared to conventional MICP.Microstructure and particle size analysis revealed that the presence of NFPM was beneficial for larger crystal cluster formation between sand grains,which could result in stronger bonds and better mechanical performance.In summary,this study indicates that the use of NFPM in MICP process can represent a more sustainable and economically viable approach for soil stabilization.The findings provide valuable information for engineers and researchers working in soil stabilization and environmental engineering,highlighting the potential of using natural additives such as NFPM to promote the sustainable development of MICP technique.
