Dementia is a growing global health burden,with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)serving as a critical transitional stage[1].Identifying the nutritional risk factors is crucial for prevention.While nutrition plays a key ...Dementia is a growing global health burden,with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)serving as a critical transitional stage[1].Identifying the nutritional risk factors is crucial for prevention.While nutrition plays a key role in preventing age-related diseases and staple foods are a major dietary source,existing research on cognitive function has predominantly emphasized whole-grain consumption.There is limited evidence regarding the effects of specific staple food types on MCI.展开更多
Purpose: Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) frequently experience negative emotions, which are closely correlated with an accelerated rate of cognitive decline and the subsequent transition to a state of...Purpose: Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) frequently experience negative emotions, which are closely correlated with an accelerated rate of cognitive decline and the subsequent transition to a state of dementia. Despite networked cognitive training has been demonstrated to enhance cognitive function in MCI, its effectiveness for negative emotions is still unknown. This review aimed to exam the influences of networked cognitive training on negative emotions and quality of life in people with MCI. Methods: Searches for eligible studies were conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Psyc INFO, CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP database, and Sinomed. The retrieval time limit was set from their inception to 17 December 2025. The articles were reviewed and extracted by two researchers, and their quality was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was carried out utilizing RevMan 5.4 software. Results: The review comprised 13 randomized controlled trials with 626 individuals. The meta-analysis demonstrated that networked cognitive training significantly improved depression (SMD = -0.36;95% CI [-0.73, -0.00];p = .050), anxiety (SMD = -0.32;95% CI [-0.57, -0.06];p < .050), and quality of life (MD = 2.54;95% CI [0.98, 4.10];p < .001). In terms of the comparison of apathy, the effect of intervention was unclear. Conclusions: From these meta-analysis results, networked cognitive training may help patients for MCI with their anxiety, depression, and overall quality of life. However, because there are so few randomized controlled trials available, the evidence regarding apathy is still ambiguous. More thorough randomized controlled trials with larger samples are necessary to verify the significance of networked cognitive training on apathy and to consolidate the findings.展开更多
Sandwich structures are widely favored for their lightweight,high strength and superior impact mitigation capabilities in blast mitigation and transportation safety applications.Their application in large-scale,high-e...Sandwich structures are widely favored for their lightweight,high strength and superior impact mitigation capabilities in blast mitigation and transportation safety applications.Their application in large-scale,high-energy rockfall protection remains limited due to their relatively low volumetric energy absorption efficiency and the complex fabrication processes of key energy-absorbing components.To address these limitations,this study proposes a novel sandwich structure incorporating mild steel tubes as core energy absorbers to efficiently mitigate highenergy rockfall impacts.A finite element model was developed in LS-DYNA to systematically investigate the deformation and energy absorption behaviors.Comprehensive parametric analyses were conducted to quantify the effects of key design variables,including tube wall thickness,tube spacing(number of tubes),and infill materials.The results demonstrate that increasing tube wall thickness significantly enhances ultimate energy absorption,with 12-mm-thick tubes absorbing 2.2 times more energy than 6-mm-thick tubes.Lateral constraints induced by adjacent tubes improve specific energy absorption per unit displacement by approximately 30%-45%.Furthermore,incorporating infill materials considerably enhances energy absorption,with aluminum foam infills achieving an 81%increase compared to empty tubes.Nevertheless,higher energy absorption capacity typically leads to greater peak impact forces,increasing the number of tubes offers a better balance between energy absorption and impact force,optimizing the structural performance.These findings provide valuable theoretical insights and practical guidelines for designing sandwich structures in civil and infrastructure engineering applications for effective rockfall protection.展开更多
The carbonylation of amines offers a promising route for synthesizing N-substituted carbamates with high atom economy.However,conventional catalysts exhibit limited catalytic efficiency,and the underlying proton trans...The carbonylation of amines offers a promising route for synthesizing N-substituted carbamates with high atom economy.However,conventional catalysts exhibit limited catalytic efficiency,and the underlying proton transfer mechanism remains elusive.Herein,we reported a metal-free,room-temperature strategy utilizing 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene(TBD)as a dual hydrogen bond catalyst to synergistically activate propylamine(PA)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC).This green catalytic system achieves a 10-fold acceleration in reaction rate compared to other hydrogen bonding catalysts under mild conditions.This is enabled by dual hydrogen bonding of TBD with PA and DMC,which facilitates rapid proton transfer and stabilizes tetrahedral intermediates.Theoretical calculations confirm that the dual hydrogen bond system significantly lowers activation energy compared to single hydrogen bond analogs.Furthermore,it was revealed that the hydrogen bonding network within the product is the primary factor responsible for the sluggish reaction rate.This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a dual hydrogen bond system in accelerating the carbonylation of amines and provides a green route to access carbamates.展开更多
The increasing global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)necessitates a paradigm shift in early detection strategies.Conventional neuropsychological assessment methods,predominantly paper-and-pencil tests suc...The increasing global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)necessitates a paradigm shift in early detection strategies.Conventional neuropsychological assessment methods,predominantly paper-and-pencil tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment,exhibit inherent limitations with respect to accessibility,administration burden,and sensitivity to subtle cognitive decline,particularly among diverse populations.This commentary critically examines a recent study that champions a novel approach:The integration of gait and handwriting kinematic parameters analyzed via machine learning for MCI screening.The present study positions itself within the broader landscape of MCI detection,with a view to comparing its advantages against established neuropsychological batteries,advanced neuroimaging(e.g.,positron emission tomography,magnetic resonance imaging),and emerging fluid biomarkers(e.g.,cerebrospinal fluid,blood-based assays).While the study demonstrates promising accuracy(74.44%area under the curve 0.74 with gait and graphic handwriting)and addresses key unmet needs in accessibility and objectivity,we highlight its cross-sectional nature,limited sample diversity,and lack of dual-task assessment as areas for future refinement.This commentary posits that kinematic biomarkers offer a distinctive,scalable,and ecologically valid approach to widespread MCI screening,thereby complementing existing methods by providing real-world functional insights.Future research should prioritize longitudinal validation,expansion to diverse cohorts,integration with multimodal data including dual-tasking,and the development of highly portable,artificial intelligence-driven solutions to achieve the democratization of early MCI detection and enable timely interventions.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To examine the differences in cognitive processing between patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)of different Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome types to provide evidence supporting the TCM typi...OBJECTIVE:To examine the differences in cognitive processing between patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)of different Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome types to provide evidence supporting the TCM typing of MCI.METHODS:Participants were screened using a battery of scales for spleen and kidney deficiency(SKD)/liver Qi stagnation(LQS)-type MCI or those without syndrome or normal control(NC).Following sex,age,and educational matching,behavioral and electroencephalographic data were recorded using the verbal N-back experimental paradigm.The data were then analyzed and compared with respect to the reaction time and correctness of the participants in each group,as well as the amplitude and latency of the event-related potential(ERP)components of P2,N2,and P3.RESULTS:There were no statistically significant differences in the accuracy or reaction times of the behavioral data of the groups.Regarding ERP data,the SKD group had a shorter P2 latency than the LQS and NC groups,while the latter two groups did not differ statistically.The SKD group had a shorter N2 latency than the NC group,while the SKD group did not differ from the LQS group.The SKD and LQS groups had a shorter P3 latency than the NC group.CONCLUSION:Our study offers objective evidence of the distinction between the types of TCM syndrome.Different types of TCM syndromes produce different disease mechanisms,resulting in brain damage with different presentations of cognitive impairment and cognitive processing characteristics.展开更多
BACKGROUND The therapeutic role of neurodynamic mobilization in improving lower limb function in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis remains poorly understood.AIM To further elucidate the role of neu...BACKGROUND The therapeutic role of neurodynamic mobilization in improving lower limb function in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis remains poorly understood.AIM To further elucidate the role of neurodynamic mobilization in facilitating knee joint functional recovery.METHODS Thirty-two patients with post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis treated at Chonghua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Guilin)from March 2024 to August 2025 were randomly assigned to a control group(n=16)or an intervention group(n=16).Both groups received eight weeks of conventional treatment;and the intervention group additionally underwent neurodynamic mobilization.Outcomes including pain assessed by the visual analogue scale,active range of motion,Lysholm score,stork stand test,single hop test,and Y-balance test were assessed before and after the intervention.RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics,including gender,age,body mass index,or surgical side(P>0.05).Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated significant time×group interaction effects for the visual analogue scale score(F=13.364,P<0.05),Lysholm knee score(F=20.385,P<0.05),stork stand test(F=103.756,P<0.05),and Y-balance test score(F=8.089,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Neurodynamic mobilization effectively reduces pain,improves knee function,and enhances lower limb balance in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis.展开更多
Traditional clinical subtype classifications(such as amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment)rely on subjective interpretations of overlapping patterns of performance on cognitive tests,which may lead to u...Traditional clinical subtype classifications(such as amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment)rely on subjective interpretations of overlapping patterns of performance on cognitive tests,which may lead to unreliable categorization.A more precise and objective classification of mild cognitive impairment subtypes can be achieved through data-driven clustering techniques.However,because previous studies have not restricted their cohorts to patients who have mild cognitive impairment with the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease,the nature of cognitive variability and its impact on disease progression in a strictly defined biomarker-positive preclinical Alzheimer’s disease cohort remains unknown.We examined cognitive heterogeneity among participants with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease and evaluated its prognostic utility.Neuropsychological test data from 389 patients with mild cognitive impairment in whom the cerebrospinal fluid biomarker confirmed Alzheimer’s disease were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohorts.Principal component analysis and model-based clustering were used to identify cognitive profiles,which were then validated through a 100-time bootstrap analysis.Pairwise comparisons tested for differences between the identified subgroups in participant characteristics,scores on cognitive and clinical outcomes,levels of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers,and magnetic resonance imaging-derived brain volumes.Longitudinal analyses evaluated differences in rate of change of magnetic resonance imaging volumetric measurements and clinical outcomes over 48 months.Survival analysis assessed risk for conversion to dementia.Alpha-synuclein levels and white matter hyperintensity volumes were considered for sensitivity analysis.Two distinct cognitive profiles were identified:a“typical”group(56.04%of the sample)that demonstrated relatively poorer scores on memory testing than non-memory tests,and an“atypical”group(43.96%of the sample)with smaller differences between memory and non-memory measures,indicating a more uniform pattern of impairment across cognitive domains.While the groups had comparable levels of overall cognitive impairment and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease,the typical group displayed accelerated atrophy rates every 6 months across multiple brain regions(hippocampus:29.02 mm^(3),standard error[SE]=10.13,P=0.005;whole brain:1799.85 mm^(3),SE=781.57,P=0.023;entorhinal cortex:22.26 mm^(3),SE=11.15,P=0.048;fusiform gyrus:66.24 mm^(3),SE=28.53,P=0.021).Survival analysis revealed markedly higher dementia conversion risk(hazard ratio:1.70,95%confidence interval:1.27,2.27,P<0.001)and shorter progression time in the typical group.These findings persisted after controlling for comorbid pathologies.In conclusion,this data-driven approach identified two distinct cognitive subtypes of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease that differed in their rates of clinical decline and neurodegeneration.These findings could be used to improve prognostic models and inform clinical trial stratification.展开更多
Background:Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury(rmTBI)is a significant risk factor for neurodegeneration,characterized by pathological protein deposition and persistent neuroinflammation.Research has observed increa...Background:Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury(rmTBI)is a significant risk factor for neurodegeneration,characterized by pathological protein deposition and persistent neuroinflammation.Research has observed increased interleukin-33(IL-33)levels in the peripheral blood of patients with rmTBI,suggesting IL-33 may participate in regulating the pathological development of rmTBI.The study aims to elucidate the impact and mechanism of IL-33 in the progression of neuropathology following rmTBI,and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target to improve the neurological outcome.Methods:The study employed an rmTBI mouse model using the wild-type(WT)and IL-33 knockout mice.Cognitive function was assessed via the Y-maze and Barnes tests.The main cell type expressing IL-33 and its receptor,suppression of tumorigenicity 2(ST2),was then investigated in the mouse brain through immunofluorescence colocalization.As the primary neural cell responsible for ST2 expression,microglia were studied in vitro using the BV2 cell line.The effects of lipid droplets(LDs)accumulation and amyloid-beta(Aβ)phagocytosis were measured to elucidate the impact of IL-33 on BV2 cells'phagocytosis.Additionally,HT22 neuronal apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry.Finally,the cognitive effects of intranasal administration of IL-33 were evaluated in mice.Results:IL-33 KO mice exhibited pronounced cognitive impairment after rmTBI.In the mouse brain,astrocytes were identified as the primary source of IL-33 secretion,while microglia predominantly expressed ST2.Transcriptome sequencing revealed that IL-33 significantly influenced phagocytosis function.IL-33 mitigated LDs accumulation in BV2 cells and enhanced Aβphagocytosis in vitro.In addition,the culture medium of BV2 cells with activated IL-33/ST2 signaling reduced HT22 neuronal apoptosis and axonal damage.Furthermore,intranasal administration of IL-33 was observed to be effective in alleviating neurodegeneration and cognitive outcome of rmTBI mice.Conclusions:Dysfunction of the IL-33/ST2 axis following rmTBI leads to cognitive dysfunction via impairing microglial phagocytosis capacity and promoting neuronal damage.IL-33 would be a promising therapeutic target for alleviating neurodegeneration following rmTBI.展开更多
Background As the population in China rapidly ages,the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is increasing considerably.However,the causes of MCI vary.The continued lack of understanding of the various subtypes ...Background As the population in China rapidly ages,the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is increasing considerably.However,the causes of MCI vary.The continued lack of understanding of the various subtypes of MCI impedes the implementation of effective measures to reduce the risk of advancing to more severe cognitive diseases.Aims To estimate the prevalence and incidence rates of two MCI subtypes—amnestic MCI(aMCI)and vascular cognitive impairment without dementia(VCIND)—and to determine modifiable factors for them among older individuals in a multiregional Chinese cohort.Method This 1-year longitudinal study surveyed a random sample of participants aged≥60 years from a large,community-dwelling cohort in China.Baseline lifestyle data were self-reported,while vascular and comorbid conditions were obtained from medical records and physical examinations.In total,3514 and 2051 individuals completed the baseline and 1-year follow-up assessments,respectively.Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to identify the modifiable factors for MCI subtypes and predictors of cognitive decline,respectively.Results Among our participants,aMCI and VCIND demonstrated prevalence of 14.83%and 2.71%,respectively,and annual incidence(per 1000 person-years)of 69.6 and 10.6,respectively.The risk factor for aMCI was age,whereas its protective factors were high education level,tea consumption and physical activity.Moreover,VCIND risk factors were age,hypertension and depression.The presence of endocrine disease,cerebral trauma or hypertension was associated with a faster decline in cognition over 1 year.Conclusions MCI is a serious health problem in China that will only worsen as the population ages if no widespread interventions are implemented.Preventive strategies that promote brain activity and support healthy lifestyle choices are required.We identified modifiable factors for MCI in older individuals.The easy-to-adopt solutions such as tea consumption and physical activity can aid in preventing MCI.展开更多
The paper investigates the foaming and mildness properties of trehalolipids surfactant in rinse-off formulations,comparing it with the traditional nonionic surfactant alkyl-polyglycolide(APG).Both single surfactant an...The paper investigates the foaming and mildness properties of trehalolipids surfactant in rinse-off formulations,comparing it with the traditional nonionic surfactant alkyl-polyglycolide(APG).Both single surfactant and their surfactant complexes are evaluated.And the results show that trehalolipids have significant advantages in reducing surface tension,improving foam performance,and enhancing mildness.For mildness evaluation,multiple methods are employed in the study,including in vitro cell toxicity,inflammatory markers,colorimetric index of mildness CIM,and in vivo method of human skin patch test.The results show that the addition of trehalolipids increases IC50 and reduces the release of inflammatory markers of the binary surfactant system.However,the incorporation of trehalolipids has some negative effects on the skin’s lipid barrier function.Skin patch test results indicate that the addition of trehalolipids improves the mildness of surfactant system,particularly in sulfate-free system.Overall,trehalolipids,as nonionic surfactants,presents great potential to replace traditional surfactants in rinse off formulations with enhanced mildness and foam performance.展开更多
BACKGROUND Mild behavioral impairment(MBI)refers to the neurobehavioral symptoms observed in older adults that may be potential risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases.While a significant number studies have explo...BACKGROUND Mild behavioral impairment(MBI)refers to the neurobehavioral symptoms observed in older adults that may be potential risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases.While a significant number studies have explored the association between cerebrospinal fluid and MBI,only a few have examined the connection between plasma biomarkers and MBI.AIM To examine the prevalence of MBI in healthy older adults(HOAs)and individuals with mild cognitive impairment(MCI),as well as the association between MBI and plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).METHODS We enrolled a total of 241 subjects,which included 136 HOAs and 105 MCIs,from the Yuhua District of Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province,China.The MBI symp-tom checklist(MBI-C)was utilized for the assessment and diagnosis of MBI,and a score of MBI-C≥6.5 was considered indicative of the condition.Fasting venous blood samples were collected from 70 patients,32 HOAs and 38 MCIs,and levels of amyloidβ-protein(Aβ)40,Aβ42,and hyperphosphorylated tau(p-Tau217)in these samples were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS The prevalence of MBI in the HOAs and MCI groups was 4.4%and 15.3%,respectively(χ^(2)=7.262,P=0.007),with particularly notable decreases in motivation and increases in impulse dyscontrol(the highest detection rate)and social inappropriateness(P<0.05).The total MBI score correlated with Aβ42 and p-Tau217(r=-0.385,P=0.019;r=-0.330,P=0.041),but not with Aβ40 or the Aβ42/40 ratio.Among the subdomains,impulse dyscontrol was correlated with Aβ42(r=-0.401,P=0.025).CONCLUSION Both MCI and HOAs have exhibited a higher prevalence of MBI,with changes in impulse control behavior being the most common.MBI not only presents as an independent risk factor for cognitive decline but is also linked with AD-related peripheral biomarkers.展开更多
In the context of global aging,mild behavioral impairment(MBI)is present in 48.9%of patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI).MBI,a neurobehavioral syndrome in the elderly,is an independent risk factor for cognitiv...In the context of global aging,mild behavioral impairment(MBI)is present in 48.9%of patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI).MBI,a neurobehavioral syndrome in the elderly,is an independent risk factor for cognitive decline and is closely related to peripheral blood biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's disease,offering new diagnostic and interventional avenues for early MCI.To summarize evidence on peripheral blood biomarkers related to MBI and their underlying mechanisms involving neuroinflammation,tau pathology,and oxidative stress,a systematic review of studies published between 2015 and 2024 was conducted.MBI is closely associated with peripheral blood biomarker changes.Neuroinflammatory markers like glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light indicate astrocyte activation and neural circuit disruption,with glial fibrillary acidic protein levels correlating with impulse dyscontrol scores.Chitinase-3-like protein 1,a marker of blood-brain barrier integrity,exacerbates neuroinflammation and is linked to depressive symptoms and hippocampal atrophy.Elevated phosphorylated tau proteins in blood correlate with brain tau deposition,increasing the risk of MBI and impairing cognition.Oxidative stress markers damage neurons and disrupt neurotransmission,and concurrent alterations in malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels significantly elevate the risk of MBI.The correlation between MBI and biomarkers offers new diagnostic and interventional directions for early MCI.Future research should standardize MBI assessment,conduct longitudinal studies,explore biomarker-MBI relationships,investigate psychosocial impacts,and develop advanced detection methods.展开更多
氨气(NH_(3))作为一种兼具储能的无碳燃料,在能源领域具有极大的应用前景。然而,NH_(3)的燃烧特性与常规碳氢燃料有着明显差异。该文通过数值模拟方法,研究了CH_(4)/NH_(3)的混合燃料低氧稀释(moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution,...氨气(NH_(3))作为一种兼具储能的无碳燃料,在能源领域具有极大的应用前景。然而,NH_(3)的燃烧特性与常规碳氢燃料有着明显差异。该文通过数值模拟方法,研究了CH_(4)/NH_(3)的混合燃料低氧稀释(moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution,MILD)燃烧特性。结果表明,在甲烷MILD燃烧中添加NH_(3)使出口NO排放亟剧增加。过量空气系数大于1时,减小过量空气系数使NO和CO的排放降低。NH_(3)中的N元素转化成NO的转化率随燃料中NH_(3)的增加和过量空气系数的降低而减小。展开更多
中强度低氧稀释(Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution,MILD)燃烧是一种新型低氧稀释燃烧技术,能够同时实现低NO_(x)和碳烟排放。基于化学动力学分析软件CHEMKIN-PRO中的对冲火焰模型,通过数值模拟研究了丙烷MILD燃烧方式下碳烟的...中强度低氧稀释(Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution,MILD)燃烧是一种新型低氧稀释燃烧技术,能够同时实现低NO_(x)和碳烟排放。基于化学动力学分析软件CHEMKIN-PRO中的对冲火焰模型,通过数值模拟研究了丙烷MILD燃烧方式下碳烟的生成路径及其与常规燃烧之间的差异,并深入探讨了拉伸率(50~80 s^(-1))和CO_(2)稀释(体积分数0~60%)对丙烷MILD方式下碳烟生成路径的影响。结果表明:MILD燃烧方式下碳烟生成的主要路径是2C_(3)H_(3)→A1、A1^(−)+H(+M)⇌A1(+M)、A1^(−)+CH_(4)⇌A1+CH_(3)、A1^(−)+C_(2)H_(4)⇌A1+C_(2)H_(3)、C_(6)H_(5)CH_(3)+H=A1+CH_(3)和C_(4)H_(5)^(-2)+C_(2)H_(2)=A1+H;与常规燃烧相比,MILD燃烧方式下2C_(3)H_(3)→A1和A1^(−)+H(+M)⇌A1(+M)反应速率降低,减少了A1生成进而抑制了碳烟成核,最终导致碳烟表面质量生长速率降低78.6%,最终碳烟峰值体积分数降低了83.7%;相比之下,MILD燃烧方式下2C_(3)H_(3)→A1路径对碳烟生成的贡献率降低了7.7%,而C_(6)H_(5)CH_(3)+H=A1+CH_(3)和C_(4)H_(5)^(-2)+C_(2)H_(2)=A1+H路径的贡献率重要性明显上升,分别提升5.36%和7.59%;此外,MILD燃烧方式下碳烟峰值体积分数随拉伸率的变化呈非线性特征,碳烟峰值体积分数随拉伸率的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其机理源于成核速率的非单调变化与表面生长速率的持续上升之间的竞争效应。CO_(2)的物理和化学效应随着稀释比例的上升呈增加趋势,在稀释范围为0~40%时,CO_(2)的物理效应对碳烟峰值影响不大,CO_(2)通过CO+OH⇌CO_(2)+H反应促进H消耗从而削弱PAH生长所需的HACA机制,导致A1和A4物质的量分数显著降低,在CO_(2)稀释比例为60%时碳烟峰值体积分数进一步降低至6.4×10^(−9),从而进一步减少MILD燃烧方式下碳烟的生成。展开更多
Ammonia and nitric acid,versatile industrial feedstocks,and burgeoning clean energy vectors hold immense promise for sustainable development.However,Haber–Bosch and Ostwald processes,which generates carbon dioxide as...Ammonia and nitric acid,versatile industrial feedstocks,and burgeoning clean energy vectors hold immense promise for sustainable development.However,Haber–Bosch and Ostwald processes,which generates carbon dioxide as massive by-product,contribute to greenhouse effects and pose environmental challenges.Thus,the pursuit of nitrogen fixation through carbon–neutral pathways under benign conditions is a frontier of scientific topics,with the harnessing of solar energy emerging as an enticing and viable option.This review delves into the refinement strategies for scale-up mild photocatalytic nitrogen fixation,fields ripe with potential for innovation.The narrative is centered on enhancing the intrinsic capabilities of catalysts to surmount current efficiency barriers.Key focus areas include the in-depth exploration of fundamental mechanisms underpinning photocatalytic procedures,rational element selection,and functional planning,state-of-the-art experimental protocols for understanding photo-fixation processes,valid photocatalytic activity evaluation,and the rational design of catalysts.Furthermore,the review offers a suite of forward-looking recommendations aimed at propelling the advancement of mild nitrogen photo-fixation.It scrutinizes the existing challenges and prospects within this burgeoning domain,aspiring to equip researchers with insightful perspectives that can catalyze the evolution of cutting-edge nitrogen fixation methodologies and steer the development of next-generation photocatalytic systems.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81903416).
文摘Dementia is a growing global health burden,with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)serving as a critical transitional stage[1].Identifying the nutritional risk factors is crucial for prevention.While nutrition plays a key role in preventing age-related diseases and staple foods are a major dietary source,existing research on cognitive function has predominantly emphasized whole-grain consumption.There is limited evidence regarding the effects of specific staple food types on MCI.
文摘Purpose: Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) frequently experience negative emotions, which are closely correlated with an accelerated rate of cognitive decline and the subsequent transition to a state of dementia. Despite networked cognitive training has been demonstrated to enhance cognitive function in MCI, its effectiveness for negative emotions is still unknown. This review aimed to exam the influences of networked cognitive training on negative emotions and quality of life in people with MCI. Methods: Searches for eligible studies were conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Psyc INFO, CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP database, and Sinomed. The retrieval time limit was set from their inception to 17 December 2025. The articles were reviewed and extracted by two researchers, and their quality was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was carried out utilizing RevMan 5.4 software. Results: The review comprised 13 randomized controlled trials with 626 individuals. The meta-analysis demonstrated that networked cognitive training significantly improved depression (SMD = -0.36;95% CI [-0.73, -0.00];p = .050), anxiety (SMD = -0.32;95% CI [-0.57, -0.06];p < .050), and quality of life (MD = 2.54;95% CI [0.98, 4.10];p < .001). In terms of the comparison of apathy, the effect of intervention was unclear. Conclusions: From these meta-analysis results, networked cognitive training may help patients for MCI with their anxiety, depression, and overall quality of life. However, because there are so few randomized controlled trials available, the evidence regarding apathy is still ambiguous. More thorough randomized controlled trials with larger samples are necessary to verify the significance of networked cognitive training on apathy and to consolidate the findings.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFC1509703)the Tianjin Science and Technology Program Project(Grant No.23YFYSHZ00130)。
文摘Sandwich structures are widely favored for their lightweight,high strength and superior impact mitigation capabilities in blast mitigation and transportation safety applications.Their application in large-scale,high-energy rockfall protection remains limited due to their relatively low volumetric energy absorption efficiency and the complex fabrication processes of key energy-absorbing components.To address these limitations,this study proposes a novel sandwich structure incorporating mild steel tubes as core energy absorbers to efficiently mitigate highenergy rockfall impacts.A finite element model was developed in LS-DYNA to systematically investigate the deformation and energy absorption behaviors.Comprehensive parametric analyses were conducted to quantify the effects of key design variables,including tube wall thickness,tube spacing(number of tubes),and infill materials.The results demonstrate that increasing tube wall thickness significantly enhances ultimate energy absorption,with 12-mm-thick tubes absorbing 2.2 times more energy than 6-mm-thick tubes.Lateral constraints induced by adjacent tubes improve specific energy absorption per unit displacement by approximately 30%-45%.Furthermore,incorporating infill materials considerably enhances energy absorption,with aluminum foam infills achieving an 81%increase compared to empty tubes.Nevertheless,higher energy absorption capacity typically leads to greater peak impact forces,increasing the number of tubes offers a better balance between energy absorption and impact force,optimizing the structural performance.These findings provide valuable theoretical insights and practical guidelines for designing sandwich structures in civil and infrastructure engineering applications for effective rockfall protection.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3905400)the Clean Combustion and Low-carbon Utilization of Coal,Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant No.XDA 29000000.
文摘The carbonylation of amines offers a promising route for synthesizing N-substituted carbamates with high atom economy.However,conventional catalysts exhibit limited catalytic efficiency,and the underlying proton transfer mechanism remains elusive.Herein,we reported a metal-free,room-temperature strategy utilizing 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene(TBD)as a dual hydrogen bond catalyst to synergistically activate propylamine(PA)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC).This green catalytic system achieves a 10-fold acceleration in reaction rate compared to other hydrogen bonding catalysts under mild conditions.This is enabled by dual hydrogen bonding of TBD with PA and DMC,which facilitates rapid proton transfer and stabilizes tetrahedral intermediates.Theoretical calculations confirm that the dual hydrogen bond system significantly lowers activation energy compared to single hydrogen bond analogs.Furthermore,it was revealed that the hydrogen bonding network within the product is the primary factor responsible for the sluggish reaction rate.This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a dual hydrogen bond system in accelerating the carbonylation of amines and provides a green route to access carbamates.
文摘The increasing global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)necessitates a paradigm shift in early detection strategies.Conventional neuropsychological assessment methods,predominantly paper-and-pencil tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment,exhibit inherent limitations with respect to accessibility,administration burden,and sensitivity to subtle cognitive decline,particularly among diverse populations.This commentary critically examines a recent study that champions a novel approach:The integration of gait and handwriting kinematic parameters analyzed via machine learning for MCI screening.The present study positions itself within the broader landscape of MCI detection,with a view to comparing its advantages against established neuropsychological batteries,advanced neuroimaging(e.g.,positron emission tomography,magnetic resonance imaging),and emerging fluid biomarkers(e.g.,cerebrospinal fluid,blood-based assays).While the study demonstrates promising accuracy(74.44%area under the curve 0.74 with gait and graphic handwriting)and addresses key unmet needs in accessibility and objectivity,we highlight its cross-sectional nature,limited sample diversity,and lack of dual-task assessment as areas for future refinement.This commentary posits that kinematic biomarkers offer a distinctive,scalable,and ecologically valid approach to widespread MCI screening,thereby complementing existing methods by providing real-world functional insights.Future research should prioritize longitudinal validation,expansion to diverse cohorts,integration with multimodal data including dual-tasking,and the development of highly portable,artificial intelligence-driven solutions to achieve the democratization of early MCI detection and enable timely interventions.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China-funded Project:Study on Mechanism of“Smoothing The Liver Therapy”on Working Memory of the Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment Caused by Negative Emotion Regulation(No.81473556)Effects and Mechanism of Liver’s Failing to Facilitate the Coursing of Qi on Decline Process of Cognitive Function of Normal People and Patients with MCI(No.81873208)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To examine the differences in cognitive processing between patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)of different Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome types to provide evidence supporting the TCM typing of MCI.METHODS:Participants were screened using a battery of scales for spleen and kidney deficiency(SKD)/liver Qi stagnation(LQS)-type MCI or those without syndrome or normal control(NC).Following sex,age,and educational matching,behavioral and electroencephalographic data were recorded using the verbal N-back experimental paradigm.The data were then analyzed and compared with respect to the reaction time and correctness of the participants in each group,as well as the amplitude and latency of the event-related potential(ERP)components of P2,N2,and P3.RESULTS:There were no statistically significant differences in the accuracy or reaction times of the behavioral data of the groups.Regarding ERP data,the SKD group had a shorter P2 latency than the LQS and NC groups,while the latter two groups did not differ statistically.The SKD group had a shorter N2 latency than the NC group,while the SKD group did not differ from the LQS group.The SKD and LQS groups had a shorter P3 latency than the NC group.CONCLUSION:Our study offers objective evidence of the distinction between the types of TCM syndrome.Different types of TCM syndromes produce different disease mechanisms,resulting in brain damage with different presentations of cognitive impairment and cognitive processing characteristics.
基金Supported by the Central Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Base Construction,No.Guike ZY24212046National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.U22A2092+3 种基金Guangxi Education Science“the 14th Five-Year Plan”2024 Special Project“Research on Steam Education Practice in Rehabilitation Engineering”,No.2024ZJY304the Research Basic Ability Enhancement Program for Young and Middle-aged Teachers of Guangxi,No.2025KY2255the Innovation Project of GUET Graduate Education,No.2025YCXB010Natural Science Research Project of Guilin Life and Health Career Technical College,No.2025GKKY04.
文摘BACKGROUND The therapeutic role of neurodynamic mobilization in improving lower limb function in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis remains poorly understood.AIM To further elucidate the role of neurodynamic mobilization in facilitating knee joint functional recovery.METHODS Thirty-two patients with post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis treated at Chonghua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Guilin)from March 2024 to August 2025 were randomly assigned to a control group(n=16)or an intervention group(n=16).Both groups received eight weeks of conventional treatment;and the intervention group additionally underwent neurodynamic mobilization.Outcomes including pain assessed by the visual analogue scale,active range of motion,Lysholm score,stork stand test,single hop test,and Y-balance test were assessed before and after the intervention.RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics,including gender,age,body mass index,or surgical side(P>0.05).Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated significant time×group interaction effects for the visual analogue scale score(F=13.364,P<0.05),Lysholm knee score(F=20.385,P<0.05),stork stand test(F=103.756,P<0.05),and Y-balance test score(F=8.089,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Neurodynamic mobilization effectively reduces pain,improves knee function,and enhances lower limb balance in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis.
基金funded by Shanghai Baiyulan Pujiang Project(No.24PJD087)funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12401347)+5 种基金Shanghai“Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan”Computational Biology Key Project(Nos.23JS1400500 and 23JS1400800)Chinese MOE Foundation on Humanities and Social Sciences(No.23YJC910006)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.24ZR1420400)MWB was funded by NIH/NIA(Nos.R01AG082073,R01AG079280,and P30AG062429)HHF was funded by NIH/NIA(Nos.U19AG079774-01,R01AG061146,P30AG062429,R01AG076634-01,CIHR 137794)funded by NIH/NIA R01AG064002,P30AG062429,R01AG076634,and the Epstein Family Alzheimer’s Research Collaboration.
文摘Traditional clinical subtype classifications(such as amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment)rely on subjective interpretations of overlapping patterns of performance on cognitive tests,which may lead to unreliable categorization.A more precise and objective classification of mild cognitive impairment subtypes can be achieved through data-driven clustering techniques.However,because previous studies have not restricted their cohorts to patients who have mild cognitive impairment with the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease,the nature of cognitive variability and its impact on disease progression in a strictly defined biomarker-positive preclinical Alzheimer’s disease cohort remains unknown.We examined cognitive heterogeneity among participants with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease and evaluated its prognostic utility.Neuropsychological test data from 389 patients with mild cognitive impairment in whom the cerebrospinal fluid biomarker confirmed Alzheimer’s disease were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohorts.Principal component analysis and model-based clustering were used to identify cognitive profiles,which were then validated through a 100-time bootstrap analysis.Pairwise comparisons tested for differences between the identified subgroups in participant characteristics,scores on cognitive and clinical outcomes,levels of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers,and magnetic resonance imaging-derived brain volumes.Longitudinal analyses evaluated differences in rate of change of magnetic resonance imaging volumetric measurements and clinical outcomes over 48 months.Survival analysis assessed risk for conversion to dementia.Alpha-synuclein levels and white matter hyperintensity volumes were considered for sensitivity analysis.Two distinct cognitive profiles were identified:a“typical”group(56.04%of the sample)that demonstrated relatively poorer scores on memory testing than non-memory tests,and an“atypical”group(43.96%of the sample)with smaller differences between memory and non-memory measures,indicating a more uniform pattern of impairment across cognitive domains.While the groups had comparable levels of overall cognitive impairment and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease,the typical group displayed accelerated atrophy rates every 6 months across multiple brain regions(hippocampus:29.02 mm^(3),standard error[SE]=10.13,P=0.005;whole brain:1799.85 mm^(3),SE=781.57,P=0.023;entorhinal cortex:22.26 mm^(3),SE=11.15,P=0.048;fusiform gyrus:66.24 mm^(3),SE=28.53,P=0.021).Survival analysis revealed markedly higher dementia conversion risk(hazard ratio:1.70,95%confidence interval:1.27,2.27,P<0.001)and shorter progression time in the typical group.These findings persisted after controlling for comorbid pathologies.In conclusion,this data-driven approach identified two distinct cognitive subtypes of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease that differed in their rates of clinical decline and neurodegeneration.These findings could be used to improve prognostic models and inform clinical trial stratification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82271401,82071394)the Tianjin Health Research Project(TJWJ2024RC002)。
文摘Background:Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury(rmTBI)is a significant risk factor for neurodegeneration,characterized by pathological protein deposition and persistent neuroinflammation.Research has observed increased interleukin-33(IL-33)levels in the peripheral blood of patients with rmTBI,suggesting IL-33 may participate in regulating the pathological development of rmTBI.The study aims to elucidate the impact and mechanism of IL-33 in the progression of neuropathology following rmTBI,and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target to improve the neurological outcome.Methods:The study employed an rmTBI mouse model using the wild-type(WT)and IL-33 knockout mice.Cognitive function was assessed via the Y-maze and Barnes tests.The main cell type expressing IL-33 and its receptor,suppression of tumorigenicity 2(ST2),was then investigated in the mouse brain through immunofluorescence colocalization.As the primary neural cell responsible for ST2 expression,microglia were studied in vitro using the BV2 cell line.The effects of lipid droplets(LDs)accumulation and amyloid-beta(Aβ)phagocytosis were measured to elucidate the impact of IL-33 on BV2 cells'phagocytosis.Additionally,HT22 neuronal apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry.Finally,the cognitive effects of intranasal administration of IL-33 were evaluated in mice.Results:IL-33 KO mice exhibited pronounced cognitive impairment after rmTBI.In the mouse brain,astrocytes were identified as the primary source of IL-33 secretion,while microglia predominantly expressed ST2.Transcriptome sequencing revealed that IL-33 significantly influenced phagocytosis function.IL-33 mitigated LDs accumulation in BV2 cells and enhanced Aβphagocytosis in vitro.In addition,the culture medium of BV2 cells with activated IL-33/ST2 signaling reduced HT22 neuronal apoptosis and axonal damage.Furthermore,intranasal administration of IL-33 was observed to be effective in alleviating neurodegeneration and cognitive outcome of rmTBI mice.Conclusions:Dysfunction of the IL-33/ST2 axis following rmTBI leads to cognitive dysfunction via impairing microglial phagocytosis capacity and promoting neuronal damage.IL-33 would be a promising therapeutic target for alleviating neurodegeneration following rmTBI.
基金supported by the Major Project of Wuxi Municipal Health Commission[grant number:Z202406]the Jiangsu Commission of Health Program[grant number:M2024010]+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program[grant number:2022YFC3600600]the China Ministry of Science and Technology grants[grant number:2009BAI77B03]the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission-Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support[grant number:20172029]the Innovative Research Team of High-level Local Universities in Shanghai[grant number:ZDCX20211201].
文摘Background As the population in China rapidly ages,the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is increasing considerably.However,the causes of MCI vary.The continued lack of understanding of the various subtypes of MCI impedes the implementation of effective measures to reduce the risk of advancing to more severe cognitive diseases.Aims To estimate the prevalence and incidence rates of two MCI subtypes—amnestic MCI(aMCI)and vascular cognitive impairment without dementia(VCIND)—and to determine modifiable factors for them among older individuals in a multiregional Chinese cohort.Method This 1-year longitudinal study surveyed a random sample of participants aged≥60 years from a large,community-dwelling cohort in China.Baseline lifestyle data were self-reported,while vascular and comorbid conditions were obtained from medical records and physical examinations.In total,3514 and 2051 individuals completed the baseline and 1-year follow-up assessments,respectively.Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to identify the modifiable factors for MCI subtypes and predictors of cognitive decline,respectively.Results Among our participants,aMCI and VCIND demonstrated prevalence of 14.83%and 2.71%,respectively,and annual incidence(per 1000 person-years)of 69.6 and 10.6,respectively.The risk factor for aMCI was age,whereas its protective factors were high education level,tea consumption and physical activity.Moreover,VCIND risk factors were age,hypertension and depression.The presence of endocrine disease,cerebral trauma or hypertension was associated with a faster decline in cognition over 1 year.Conclusions MCI is a serious health problem in China that will only worsen as the population ages if no widespread interventions are implemented.Preventive strategies that promote brain activity and support healthy lifestyle choices are required.We identified modifiable factors for MCI in older individuals.The easy-to-adopt solutions such as tea consumption and physical activity can aid in preventing MCI.
文摘The paper investigates the foaming and mildness properties of trehalolipids surfactant in rinse-off formulations,comparing it with the traditional nonionic surfactant alkyl-polyglycolide(APG).Both single surfactant and their surfactant complexes are evaluated.And the results show that trehalolipids have significant advantages in reducing surface tension,improving foam performance,and enhancing mildness.For mildness evaluation,multiple methods are employed in the study,including in vitro cell toxicity,inflammatory markers,colorimetric index of mildness CIM,and in vivo method of human skin patch test.The results show that the addition of trehalolipids increases IC50 and reduces the release of inflammatory markers of the binary surfactant system.However,the incorporation of trehalolipids has some negative effects on the skin’s lipid barrier function.Skin patch test results indicate that the addition of trehalolipids improves the mildness of surfactant system,particularly in sulfate-free system.Overall,trehalolipids,as nonionic surfactants,presents great potential to replace traditional surfactants in rinse off formulations with enhanced mildness and foam performance.
基金Supported by the Government Funded Clinical Medicine Excellent Talents Training Project of Hebei Province,No.ZF2024136National Science Foundation of Hebei Province,No.H2022206544Science and Technology Program of Hebei Province,No.SG2021189。
文摘BACKGROUND Mild behavioral impairment(MBI)refers to the neurobehavioral symptoms observed in older adults that may be potential risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases.While a significant number studies have explored the association between cerebrospinal fluid and MBI,only a few have examined the connection between plasma biomarkers and MBI.AIM To examine the prevalence of MBI in healthy older adults(HOAs)and individuals with mild cognitive impairment(MCI),as well as the association between MBI and plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).METHODS We enrolled a total of 241 subjects,which included 136 HOAs and 105 MCIs,from the Yuhua District of Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province,China.The MBI symp-tom checklist(MBI-C)was utilized for the assessment and diagnosis of MBI,and a score of MBI-C≥6.5 was considered indicative of the condition.Fasting venous blood samples were collected from 70 patients,32 HOAs and 38 MCIs,and levels of amyloidβ-protein(Aβ)40,Aβ42,and hyperphosphorylated tau(p-Tau217)in these samples were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS The prevalence of MBI in the HOAs and MCI groups was 4.4%and 15.3%,respectively(χ^(2)=7.262,P=0.007),with particularly notable decreases in motivation and increases in impulse dyscontrol(the highest detection rate)and social inappropriateness(P<0.05).The total MBI score correlated with Aβ42 and p-Tau217(r=-0.385,P=0.019;r=-0.330,P=0.041),but not with Aβ40 or the Aβ42/40 ratio.Among the subdomains,impulse dyscontrol was correlated with Aβ42(r=-0.401,P=0.025).CONCLUSION Both MCI and HOAs have exhibited a higher prevalence of MBI,with changes in impulse control behavior being the most common.MBI not only presents as an independent risk factor for cognitive decline but is also linked with AD-related peripheral biomarkers.
文摘In the context of global aging,mild behavioral impairment(MBI)is present in 48.9%of patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI).MBI,a neurobehavioral syndrome in the elderly,is an independent risk factor for cognitive decline and is closely related to peripheral blood biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's disease,offering new diagnostic and interventional avenues for early MCI.To summarize evidence on peripheral blood biomarkers related to MBI and their underlying mechanisms involving neuroinflammation,tau pathology,and oxidative stress,a systematic review of studies published between 2015 and 2024 was conducted.MBI is closely associated with peripheral blood biomarker changes.Neuroinflammatory markers like glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light indicate astrocyte activation and neural circuit disruption,with glial fibrillary acidic protein levels correlating with impulse dyscontrol scores.Chitinase-3-like protein 1,a marker of blood-brain barrier integrity,exacerbates neuroinflammation and is linked to depressive symptoms and hippocampal atrophy.Elevated phosphorylated tau proteins in blood correlate with brain tau deposition,increasing the risk of MBI and impairing cognition.Oxidative stress markers damage neurons and disrupt neurotransmission,and concurrent alterations in malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels significantly elevate the risk of MBI.The correlation between MBI and biomarkers offers new diagnostic and interventional directions for early MCI.Future research should standardize MBI assessment,conduct longitudinal studies,explore biomarker-MBI relationships,investigate psychosocial impacts,and develop advanced detection methods.
文摘氨气(NH_(3))作为一种兼具储能的无碳燃料,在能源领域具有极大的应用前景。然而,NH_(3)的燃烧特性与常规碳氢燃料有着明显差异。该文通过数值模拟方法,研究了CH_(4)/NH_(3)的混合燃料低氧稀释(moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution,MILD)燃烧特性。结果表明,在甲烷MILD燃烧中添加NH_(3)使出口NO排放亟剧增加。过量空气系数大于1时,减小过量空气系数使NO和CO的排放降低。NH_(3)中的N元素转化成NO的转化率随燃料中NH_(3)的增加和过量空气系数的降低而减小。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21675131)the Volkswagen Foundation(Freigeist Fellowship No.89592)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.2020jcyj-zdxmX0003,CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0924)the National Research Foundation,Singapore,and A*STAR(Agency for Science Technology and Research)under its LCER Phase 2 Programme Hydrogen&Emerging Technologies FI,Directed Hydrogen Programme(Award No.U2305D4003).
文摘Ammonia and nitric acid,versatile industrial feedstocks,and burgeoning clean energy vectors hold immense promise for sustainable development.However,Haber–Bosch and Ostwald processes,which generates carbon dioxide as massive by-product,contribute to greenhouse effects and pose environmental challenges.Thus,the pursuit of nitrogen fixation through carbon–neutral pathways under benign conditions is a frontier of scientific topics,with the harnessing of solar energy emerging as an enticing and viable option.This review delves into the refinement strategies for scale-up mild photocatalytic nitrogen fixation,fields ripe with potential for innovation.The narrative is centered on enhancing the intrinsic capabilities of catalysts to surmount current efficiency barriers.Key focus areas include the in-depth exploration of fundamental mechanisms underpinning photocatalytic procedures,rational element selection,and functional planning,state-of-the-art experimental protocols for understanding photo-fixation processes,valid photocatalytic activity evaluation,and the rational design of catalysts.Furthermore,the review offers a suite of forward-looking recommendations aimed at propelling the advancement of mild nitrogen photo-fixation.It scrutinizes the existing challenges and prospects within this burgeoning domain,aspiring to equip researchers with insightful perspectives that can catalyze the evolution of cutting-edge nitrogen fixation methodologies and steer the development of next-generation photocatalytic systems.
