The legacy of rural-urban developmental imbalance and China’s household registration institution(i.e.,the hukou system)stratify Chinese citizens into three populations—rural villagers,urban dwellers,and rural-to-urb...The legacy of rural-urban developmental imbalance and China’s household registration institution(i.e.,the hukou system)stratify Chinese citizens into three populations—rural villagers,urban dwellers,and rural-to-urban migrants.These groups differ in values,lifestyles,and socioeconomic status.They have also been assigned to different tiers of government control and services based upon their location and hukou identities.Effective governance of these diverse and divided populations in urbanizing China requires a deeper understanding of their potentially different political orientations and attitudes toward government and why such differences exist.However,despite their demographic significance—by 2014,China’s rural-to-urban migrant population had reached to 253 million—rural-to-urban migrants remain unrepresented in studies of Chinese people’s political trust,which focus more on either rural villagers or urban dwellers.This study addresses this gap by situating Chinese rural-to-urban migrants at the center of triadic analytical framework and comparing their trust in local(i.e.,county-level)government to two reference groups:rural villagers and urban dwellers.We utilize data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS)in 2014 and employ the propensity score matching(PSM)method to match rural-to-urban migrants and rural villagers with comparable propensities to migrate.This matched comparison found that rural-to-urban migrants are 4.91%less trusting of their county government than their rural villager counterparts.This result reflects a negative“urban effect”:The urban society may erode political trust compared to rural environments.Then the method of mechanical matching(MM)is used to compare rural-to-urban migrants and urban dwellers.This matched comparison found that rural-to-urban migrants are 3.2%more trusting than their urban counterparts.This indicates that the migrant identity(i.e.,being a rural hukou holders in cities)is associated with higher trust levels.This geography of political trust signals a more complex rural-urban divide in the citizen-government relationship in China.Different populations’various relationship with local government therefore merits additional attention to place-based and population-specific policies to rebuild trust.展开更多
Poverty remains one of the most pressing global challenges of this era,affecting millions of people across both developing and developed countries.The poverty alleviation resettlement(PAR)is a policy with Chinese char...Poverty remains one of the most pressing global challenges of this era,affecting millions of people across both developing and developed countries.The poverty alleviation resettlement(PAR)is a policy with Chinese characteristics for eradicating poverty.By integrating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach,this study developed a theoretical framework to analyze the factors influencing the well-being of poverty alleviation migrants(PAMs).A telephone survey conducted between July and August 2022 in Hubei Province,Guizhou Province,Shaanxi Province,and Chongqing Municipality of China yielded 259 valid questionnaires.Using the partial least squares-structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM),this study revealed that financial accessibility,health level,living conditions,and social networks significantly enhanced the well-being of PAMs,with living conditions having the strongest impact on the well-being of PAMs.Furthermore,the factors affecting well-being varied across age groups.Social networks played a more significant role in the elderly group,whereas health level had a greater impact on the young and middle-aged group.These findings deepen the understanding of the PAR and its effects on the well-being of PAMs,offering valuable insights for policy-makers and practitioners to refine poverty alleviation strategies and enhance social welfare.展开更多
Irregular cross-/trans-national mobility has increasingly become one of the most talked about subjects in the public domain so much in the press,among academics,policy-makers,and parliamentarians.The level of irregula...Irregular cross-/trans-national mobility has increasingly become one of the most talked about subjects in the public domain so much in the press,among academics,policy-makers,and parliamentarians.The level of irregular out-migration of people from Eritrea to neighboring and far off countries has drastically risen and remains unabated since the eruption of the second Ethio-Eritrean war(1998-2000).With an estimated 400 to 5,000 Eritreans reportedly fleeing either to Sudan or Ethiopia,Eritrea has been dubbed as the“fastest emptying country”.Using methodological triangulation and cross-national field work conducted both in Sudan and Eritrea,this article unravels the principal factors behind the country’s disproportionate youth emigration arte.It aims to illuminate whether post-2000 Eritrea’s massive irregular youth“exodus”reflects its political or economic woes.It also tangentially touches on whether any rigorous analysis about such“phenomenal”irregular youth efflux from a country who prides itself of considering its biggest asset as nothing,but its human resources should heed to regional and international politico-economic factors into the equation under scrutiny.The center of such inquiry lies debunking the tautology of the simpleton of narratives advanced,on the one hand,by migrant“exporting”government authorities and by rights groups and most researchers,on the other hand.The paper ultimately discusses the politically sensitive nature of labelling contemporary Eritrean migrants:Are they all refugees,economic migrants,or something else?展开更多
Despite rapid urbanization, more than 200 million people living in urban areas are still registered as ＇agricultural＇ and are ineligible for most social benefits under China＇s Hukou （or household registration） sy...Despite rapid urbanization, more than 200 million people living in urban areas are still registered as ＇agricultural＇ and are ineligible for most social benefits under China＇s Hukou （or household registration） system. This paper identifies the regional suitability for settling rural migrants in urban China based on three indicators （the degree of urgency, the skills and ability of the resettled community to adapt, and the ability of the government to support that resettlement）. It takes 2008 government socioeconomic data from a county level into con- sideration. Spatial, statistical, and decision tree analyses, supported by SPSS, Geodata, and ArcGIS software, show that there are five separate population types, each with different de- grees of suitability. These include highly suitable region, region suitable for settling migrants to outside regions, region suitable for settling migrants from outside regions, region with moderate potential, and unsuitable region. This paper suggests that regional policies for set- tling rural migrants are meaningful, since the five regions are distributed relatively separately. Due to the suitability for different bodies across regions, equal treatment should be applied to both the native migrants and that across counties and provinces. Furthermore, demolishment of the social welfare discrimination adhered to Hukou system and equalization of basic public services will be of more practical significance than the so-called settling rural migrants ac- tively and steadily.展开更多
The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed...The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed their economic and life styles, resulting in many problems. In this paper, the problems of ＂ecological migrants＂ were analyzed, including the education problem, different life styles, incomplete national protecting measures and policies, with the aim to provide governments with constructive suggestions for the establishment of the education and training system, acceleration of the development of industries （especially the tertiary industry, subsidiary business）, and labor transferring, increasing the incomes of ＂ecological migrants＂, and making the ＂ecological migrants＂ have the financial resources for a long time, thereby better stabilizing the ＂ecological migrants＂.展开更多
As one of the most ecologically sensitive issues in the world,migration now plays an important role in population growth on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.To promote sustainable development in the world’s third pole,it is...As one of the most ecologically sensitive issues in the world,migration now plays an important role in population growth on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.To promote sustainable development in the world’s third pole,it is necessary to investigate population migration on the Plateau.Using 2010 census data,a spatial database of county-level migrants on the Plateau was constructed,and migrants were divided into short-distance and long-distance migrants according to the hukou-registered origins.Measuring migration intensity allowed the spatial pattern of population migration on the Plateau to be ascertained.The driving factors were identified using spatial regression models,and the main conclusions are as follows:(1)In 2010,there were 1.23 million inter-county migrants on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and the overall migration intensity reached 10.50%.There existed significant spatial differences in population migration intensity on the Plateau at that time,and the provincial or prefectural capitals were attractive destinations for migrants.Northwestern Qinghai,which boasted mining industries,constituted a significant spatial cluster with a relatively high migration intensity.However,most areas on the Plateau attracted relatively few migrants,especially in western and northern parts of Tibet,which were sparsely populated and uninhabitable.(2)There were 0.95 million short-distance migrants and 0.28 million long-distance migrants.The short-distance migration intensity was 8.14%,while the long-distance migration intensity was only 2.36%.Short-distance migration was the main form of population migration,with a pattern similar to the layout of overall population migration intensity.Only a few county-level units strongly attracted long-distance migrants,which were mostly distributed in northwestern Qinghai.(3)Economic factors were considered fundamental drivers for migrants to live on the Plateau.Destinations with high levels of economic development and more opportunities in non-agricultural jobs proved more attractive for migrants.For short-distance migrants,urbanization level also proved a considerable driving factor for in-migration.However,long-distance migrants were mainly affected by the job chances of the secondary industry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Objective To investigate the reproductive and sexual health situation, including knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, among a population-based sample of internal migrant workers in China. Methods A cross-sectional sur...Objective To investigate the reproductive and sexual health situation, including knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, among a population-based sample of internal migrant workers in China. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 4 900 rural-to-urban migrants in 6 provinces of China was conducted. Participants completed a 30-min semi-structured questionnaire about contraceptive practices, sexual behavior, and HIV-related knowledge. Results Migrants lacked knowledge of reproductive and sexual health issues. Among those who had heard any sexually transmitted infections （STIs）, only 79.1%, 46.2%, 86.1%, 14.5% and 82.2%, respectively, knew that gonorrhea, condyloma, syphilis, chancroid, and AIDS were STIs. About three-quarters of participants had not used any contraceptive method at sexual debut. Among current users of contraceptive methods, 85.5% indicated that they were satisfied with the method. Before adoption of a contraceptive method, 46.6% of the migrant workers were unaware of the advantages/ disadvantages of the method and 75.3% had no knowledge of emergency contraception. Nearly one-quarter （23.4%） reported that they had premarital sex. Among migrants who were sexually active one month prior to the survey, only 14.0% reported that they had used condoms. Conclusion The limited sexual and reproductive health knowledge and unmet reproductive health services of migrant workers in China underscore the need for a comprehensive package of sexual and reproductive health interventions that combine cognitive and behavioral skills training and target both migrants and health care providers.展开更多
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic methods of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome and to formulate diagnostic criteria. Methods: This study was conducted using epidemiologic...Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic methods of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome and to formulate diagnostic criteria. Methods: This study was conducted using epidemiological surveys and a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 3011 subjects were studied, and the following indices were collected after their return to low altitude areas from the plateau: general health status, blood, urine and stool samples, myo-cardial enzyme levels, liver and kidney function, nerve function, sex hormone levels, microalbuminuria, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, pulmonary function, and hemorheological markers. These data were compared to those of randomized healthy subjects in the same age range who lived at the same altitude to determine the characteristics of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome. Based on these characteristics, diagnostic criteria for high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome were formulated. Results: This study demonstrated that the incidence of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome was 84.36%. Sixty percent of the cases were mild, 30% were medium, and 10% were severe. The incidence was higher among those who returned to a place of lower altitude, resided at a high altitude for a longer period of time, or engaged in heavy labor while at high altitude. Patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome manifested hematological abnormalities and abnormal ventricular function, notably a right ventricular diastolic function, which recovered to baseline function after one to five years. Exposure to long-term hypoxia often caused obvious changes in cardiac morphology, i.e., left and right ventricular hypertrophy, particularly within the right ventricle. In addition, patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome often presented with low blood pressure, low pulse pressure, and microalbuminuria. A few patients presented with occult blood in their feces. The diagnosis of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome can be made if a patient who recently returns to the plain from the plateau complains of dizziness, weakness, sleepiness, chest tightness, edema, memory loss, and other symptoms and signs that do not alleviate under short-term rehabilitation or symptomatic treatment, and if organic diseases of the heart, lung, kidney, and other organs have been excluded. Conclusion: The diagnosis of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome should be made after a comprehensive analysis of the patient’s clinical symptoms and signs.展开更多
The Three Gorges Project attracts worldwide attention because of the Three Gorges migrants, and the agriculture of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a foundation for the development of the Three Gorges migrants. The ...The Three Gorges Project attracts worldwide attention because of the Three Gorges migrants, and the agriculture of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a foundation for the development of the Three Gorges migrants. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is situated at the mountainous area with bad agricultural development conditions and relatively low levels of development. As a result, the large-scale migration fias special influence on its agricultural development, which has attracted much attention. The paper analyzes influence that the migrants have forced on its agricultural development based on the scientific data, and makes some explorations on the models that are suitable for the development of mountainous agriculture in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.展开更多
Our premise for this literature review is the global demographic change caused by the world’s population living longer and becoming older, and extensive international migration leading to multicultural societies. Inc...Our premise for this literature review is the global demographic change caused by the world’s population living longer and becoming older, and extensive international migration leading to multicultural societies. Increasing age leads to health problems, often long-term or chronic, requiring investments in health care. Worse health and dissimilarities in pattern of morbidity/ mortality have been found in foreign-compared to Swedish-born persons, so it is reasonable to assume that this affects use of health care. The exploratory review focuses on elderly migrants’ (>65 years) use of healthcare. The databases Pub Med, EBSCO, CINAHL and ERIC were searched in 2000-2013. A limited number of studies were found;few had a comparative approach, most were from the USA, and focused on migrants from the former Soviet Union or countries in South-East Asia. A range of factors were identified that influence patterns of health care use: language fluency, ability to communicate, self-reported health status, prevalence of chronic disease, physical distance from care provision, availability of transport to reach care, cost of care, the health insurance system, cultural norms and values regarding different forms of care, level of education, and length of residence in the host country. Most studies treated health care from a general perspective and collected data from community and hospital settings, without analysing usage separately. Some studies indicated elderly migrants making use of health care less than other groups but the pattern is not unambiguous: other studies show that there is an overuse of health care. It is therefore difficult to show any particular pattern, or possible differences in use, regarding community versus in-patient care. Studies focusing on migrants’ actual use of health care are few and further research is needed, especially because elderly people form the largest group of users of health care and will be even larger in the future.展开更多
On a worldwide scale, the total number of migrants exceeds 200 million and is not expected to reduce, fuelled by the economic crisis, terrorism and wars, generating increasing clinical and administrative problems to N...On a worldwide scale, the total number of migrants exceeds 200 million and is not expected to reduce, fuelled by the economic crisis, terrorism and wars, generating increasing clinical and administrative problems to National Health Systems. Chronic non-communicable diseases(NCD), and specifically diabetes, are on the front-line, due to the high number of cases at risk, duration and cost of diseases, and availability of effective measures of prevention and treatment. We reviewed the documents of International Agencies on migration and performed a Pub Med search of existing literature, focusing on the differences in the prevalence of diabetes between migrants and native people, the prevalence of NCD in migrants vs rates in the countries of origin, diabetes convergence, risk of diabetes progression and standard of care in migrants. Even in universalistic healthcare systems, differences in socioeconomic status and barriers generated by the present culture of biomedicine make high-risk ethnic minorities under-treated and not protected against inequalities. Underutilization of drugs and primary care services in specific ethnic groups are far from being money-saving, and might produce higher hospitalization rates due to disease progression and complications. Efforts should be made to favor screening and treatment programs, to adapt education programs to specific cultures, and to develop community partnerships.展开更多
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic methods of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome and to formulate diagnostic criteria.Methods: This study was conducted using epidemiologica...Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic methods of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome and to formulate diagnostic criteria.Methods: This study was conducted using epidemiological surveys and a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 3,011 subjects were studied, and the following indices were collected after their return to low altitude areas from the plateau: general health status, blood, urine and stool samples, myocardial enzyme levels, liver and kidney function, nerve function, sex hormone levels, microalbuminuria, electrocardiogram(ECG), echocardiography, pulmonary function, and hemorheological markers. These data were compared to those of randomized healthy subjects in the same age range who lived at the same altitude to determine the characteristics of high altitude deacclimatization syndrome. Based on these characteristics, diagnostic criteria for high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome were formulated.Results: This study demonstrated that the incidence of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome was 84.36%. Sixty percent of the cases were mild, 30% were medium, and 10% were severe. The incidence was higher among those who returned to a place of lower altitude, resided at a high altitude for a longer period of time, or engaged in heavy labor while at high altitude. Patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome manifested hematological abnormalities and abnormal ventricular function, notably a right ventricular diastolic function, which recovered to baseline function after one to five years. Exposure to long-term hypoxia often caused obvious changes in cardiac morphology, i.e., left and right ventricular hypertrophy, particularly within the right ventricle. In addition, patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome often presented with low blood pressure, low pulse pressure, and microalbuminuria. A few patients presented with occult blood in their feces. The diagnosis of high altitude deacclimatization syndrome can be made if a patient who recently returns to the plain from the plateau complains of dizziness, weakness, sleepiness, chest tightness, edema, memory loss, and other symptoms and signs that do not alleviate under short-term rehabilitation or symptomatic treatment, and if organic diseases of the heart, lung, kidney, and other organs have been excluded.Conclusion: The diagnosis of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome should be made after a comprehensive analysis of the patient's clinical symptoms and signs.展开更多
Currently, there is limited literature dealing with the length of stay of circular migrants in urban areas （LSCMU）, although many studies have discussed the phenomenon of migration and the determinants of migration....Currently, there is limited literature dealing with the length of stay of circular migrants in urban areas （LSCMU）, although many studies have discussed the phenomenon of migration and the determinants of migration. This study attempts to fill that gap using survey data from the mountainous areas of Chongqing, Southwest China. From a comparative perspective, this study divided workers into two groups （a young group aged between 16 and 35 years and an old group aged between 36 and 65 years）. The average LSCMU values for the young and old groups were 225 days and ~74 days, respectively. Two multi-regression models were used to estimate the determinants of LSCMU in the two groups. The results showed that LSCMU was closely related to individual factors in both groups, including gender, age and job training. Family and community factors, including household size, arable land per capita and the distance from market, had much weaker effects on the dependent variable, especially in the older group. It was noticeable that job training had significant positive effects on LSCMU in both groups; these findings have special implications for the urbanization process in China.展开更多
Objective To understand the perception of potential condom use and its influencing factors so as to promote condom use among unmarried migrantsMethod A survey, using self-administered structured anonymous questionnair...Objective To understand the perception of potential condom use and its influencing factors so as to promote condom use among unmarried migrantsMethod A survey, using self-administered structured anonymous questionnaire, was conducted among 1 092 unmarried migrants aged 15～24 years old in urban area of Shanghai. Results The unmarried migrants had some knowledge of condom. However, their knowledge level and their attitude towards condom use were not so optimistic. Subjects' knowledge of contraceptives and STD/AIDS had a positive influence on their attitude toward condom use. Subjects with positive attitude to condom use were more likely to use condom in sexual activity (OR=1.61). Conclusion Unmarried migrants have lower rate of condom use if they have insufficient knowledge of condom. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen the sexual health education among unmarried sex-active migrants in order to encourage contraceptive use, especially condom use.展开更多
In order to assess the rural migrants' resettlement in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and provide a reference for formulating the later migrant support policies, we select 342 rural migrants from County A in Hube...In order to assess the rural migrants' resettlement in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and provide a reference for formulating the later migrant support policies, we select 342 rural migrants from County A in Hubei Province and County B in Chongqing Municipality for the household survey. The survey results show that after removal, housing, and infrastructure (electricity, transportation, communication, household appliances) concerning the migrants are improved substantially, but there are still some problems in water drinking, land, employment and income restoration. The later support should put great emphasis on the following aspects: including the rural migrants into the social security system; improving drinking water and irrigation facilities; promoting industrial restructuring; strengthening skills training and education for the migrants, to gradually enrich the migrants and make them live a comfortable life.展开更多
[Objectives]To analyze and study the reasons for the return of rural migrants in southwest China,so as to come up with effective policy recommendations.[Methods]Based on the questionnaire survey on the return of rural...[Objectives]To analyze and study the reasons for the return of rural migrants in southwest China,so as to come up with effective policy recommendations.[Methods]Based on the questionnaire survey on the return of rural population in Chongqing,Sichuan,Guizhou,and Yunnan,the characteristics and reasons of the return of rural migrants were analyzed.[Results]It was found that the return of rural population in the southwest China was dominated by middle-aged and young people with higher education level,and mainly from Guangdong,Zhejiang,Shanghai,etc.,the time of staying outside gradually declined,and after the return,they were more willing to go outside rural areas to continue to engage in the same or similar work,and they showed stronger willingness to flow again.[Conclusions]The reasons for the return of rural migrants are diversified,mainly affected by limited welfare of medical care,education,and housing resulted from high housing price in employment places,household registration limitation,as well as the need of caring the elderly in the hometown,and returning to start an undertaking.In line with the reasons for return of rural migrants in southwest China,it came up with some effective policy recommendations.展开更多
Labor migrants are those of the at-risk groups for HIV. This cross-sectional study has tried to examine HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Nepalese returnee male labor migrants. Migrant workers who have worked at least six...Labor migrants are those of the at-risk groups for HIV. This cross-sectional study has tried to examine HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Nepalese returnee male labor migrants. Migrant workers who have worked at least six months abroad were asked different questions related to sexual behavior, knowledge on HIV/AIDS & condom and HIV/AIDS-related stigma. Stigma was measured on a three-point rating scale as high, average and low stigma. About 58% of migrants had the view “I would rather not know if I have HIV” followed by “I don’t want to be friends with people living with HIV” (53.6% migrants) and “people with HIV are cursed” (35.5% migrants). High stigma was present among 15.5% of the total respondents with high proportion among those with higher age, lower education, rural residence, and no knowledge on Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) service. About a quarter of respondents were of the view that migrants infected with HIV while abroad should not be allowed to return Nepal. Some level of stigma on HIV/AIDS exists among male labor migrants in Nepal. Interventions aiming at reducing stigma should consider the factors like migrants’ age, education, place of residence and knowledge on VCT services.展开更多
The massive scale of new-generation rural-urban migrants in China has attracted extensive scholarly attention in recent years.While previous studies on China’s rural migrant workers focus on migrants’settlement inte...The massive scale of new-generation rural-urban migrants in China has attracted extensive scholarly attention in recent years.While previous studies on China’s rural migrant workers focus on migrants’settlement intentions,migrants’family migration decision-making and the intergenerational differences between the old-generation migrants and new-generation migrants are underexplored.Based on the data of the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey,this paper adopts a multilevel logistic regression approach to explore family and destination factors influencing the family migration decisions of China’s new generation of rural migrant workers.The empirical results reveal that both the migrants’family and destination attributes significantly influence their family migration decision.The demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the family have been pivotal factors underlying the family migration decision of China’s new generation rural-urban migrants,while 16.9%of the chances are explained by between-destination differences.Self-employed migrants with housing properties in host cities,long migration duration and high-income levels are more likely to migrate with their family members.Yet,the possibility of family migration is found to be significantly and negatively correlated with the age,education level,number of children and inter-provincial mobility of the new generation of migrant workers.In addition,new-generation rural-urban migrants’family migration is more likely to be found in cities with service-oriented industry structures,better environmental quality,and higher hukou barriers which is possibly related to more job opportunities.These research findings not only complement the existing literature on China’s new generation of rural urban migrants,but also have important policy implications for reforming the hukou system and enhancing social integration of the rural-to-urban migrant population.展开更多
The inner-urban residential location choice is a topic of continuing interest in urban geography.However,not much research has been done on migrants’rental location choices.Based on data from a questionnaire complete...The inner-urban residential location choice is a topic of continuing interest in urban geography.However,not much research has been done on migrants’rental location choices.Based on data from a questionnaire completed by 276 migrant renters in Guangzhou,this paper analyzes the demographics and social class characteristics of migrants,and the condition and location of housing preferred by this population.The results show that the migrants in Guangzhou mainly rent in the Center Business District(CBD)area(Tianhe District)and Huangpu,Panyu and Haizhu districts.The main reason for this choice of location choices is the houses’convenience to their workplaces.A second reason is that nearby subways make travel convenient,for consumption and daily life,for children to go to school,and for access to large shopping centers/malls.展开更多
基金The research results of this paper are sponsored by Kunshan Municipal Government Research Funding.
文摘The legacy of rural-urban developmental imbalance and China’s household registration institution(i.e.,the hukou system)stratify Chinese citizens into three populations—rural villagers,urban dwellers,and rural-to-urban migrants.These groups differ in values,lifestyles,and socioeconomic status.They have also been assigned to different tiers of government control and services based upon their location and hukou identities.Effective governance of these diverse and divided populations in urbanizing China requires a deeper understanding of their potentially different political orientations and attitudes toward government and why such differences exist.However,despite their demographic significance—by 2014,China’s rural-to-urban migrant population had reached to 253 million—rural-to-urban migrants remain unrepresented in studies of Chinese people’s political trust,which focus more on either rural villagers or urban dwellers.This study addresses this gap by situating Chinese rural-to-urban migrants at the center of triadic analytical framework and comparing their trust in local(i.e.,county-level)government to two reference groups:rural villagers and urban dwellers.We utilize data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS)in 2014 and employ the propensity score matching(PSM)method to match rural-to-urban migrants and rural villagers with comparable propensities to migrate.This matched comparison found that rural-to-urban migrants are 4.91%less trusting of their county government than their rural villager counterparts.This result reflects a negative“urban effect”:The urban society may erode political trust compared to rural environments.Then the method of mechanical matching(MM)is used to compare rural-to-urban migrants and urban dwellers.This matched comparison found that rural-to-urban migrants are 3.2%more trusting than their urban counterparts.This indicates that the migrant identity(i.e.,being a rural hukou holders in cities)is associated with higher trust levels.This geography of political trust signals a more complex rural-urban divide in the citizen-government relationship in China.Different populations’various relationship with local government therefore merits additional attention to place-based and population-specific policies to rebuild trust.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2261129477,42471297,42101203)the Central Universities Basic Scientific Research Business Fund Project(2024CDJSKXYGG06,2022CDJJJ-010).
文摘Poverty remains one of the most pressing global challenges of this era,affecting millions of people across both developing and developed countries.The poverty alleviation resettlement(PAR)is a policy with Chinese characteristics for eradicating poverty.By integrating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach,this study developed a theoretical framework to analyze the factors influencing the well-being of poverty alleviation migrants(PAMs).A telephone survey conducted between July and August 2022 in Hubei Province,Guizhou Province,Shaanxi Province,and Chongqing Municipality of China yielded 259 valid questionnaires.Using the partial least squares-structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM),this study revealed that financial accessibility,health level,living conditions,and social networks significantly enhanced the well-being of PAMs,with living conditions having the strongest impact on the well-being of PAMs.Furthermore,the factors affecting well-being varied across age groups.Social networks played a more significant role in the elderly group,whereas health level had a greater impact on the young and middle-aged group.These findings deepen the understanding of the PAR and its effects on the well-being of PAMs,offering valuable insights for policy-makers and practitioners to refine poverty alleviation strategies and enhance social welfare.
文摘Irregular cross-/trans-national mobility has increasingly become one of the most talked about subjects in the public domain so much in the press,among academics,policy-makers,and parliamentarians.The level of irregular out-migration of people from Eritrea to neighboring and far off countries has drastically risen and remains unabated since the eruption of the second Ethio-Eritrean war(1998-2000).With an estimated 400 to 5,000 Eritreans reportedly fleeing either to Sudan or Ethiopia,Eritrea has been dubbed as the“fastest emptying country”.Using methodological triangulation and cross-national field work conducted both in Sudan and Eritrea,this article unravels the principal factors behind the country’s disproportionate youth emigration arte.It aims to illuminate whether post-2000 Eritrea’s massive irregular youth“exodus”reflects its political or economic woes.It also tangentially touches on whether any rigorous analysis about such“phenomenal”irregular youth efflux from a country who prides itself of considering its biggest asset as nothing,but its human resources should heed to regional and international politico-economic factors into the equation under scrutiny.The center of such inquiry lies debunking the tautology of the simpleton of narratives advanced,on the one hand,by migrant“exporting”government authorities and by rights groups and most researchers,on the other hand.The paper ultimately discusses the politically sensitive nature of labelling contemporary Eritrean migrants:Are they all refugees,economic migrants,or something else?
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41101165 No.41001109 No.41130748
文摘Despite rapid urbanization, more than 200 million people living in urban areas are still registered as ＇agricultural＇ and are ineligible for most social benefits under China＇s Hukou （or household registration） system. This paper identifies the regional suitability for settling rural migrants in urban China based on three indicators （the degree of urgency, the skills and ability of the resettled community to adapt, and the ability of the government to support that resettlement）. It takes 2008 government socioeconomic data from a county level into con- sideration. Spatial, statistical, and decision tree analyses, supported by SPSS, Geodata, and ArcGIS software, show that there are five separate population types, each with different de- grees of suitability. These include highly suitable region, region suitable for settling migrants to outside regions, region suitable for settling migrants from outside regions, region with moderate potential, and unsuitable region. This paper suggests that regional policies for set- tling rural migrants are meaningful, since the five regions are distributed relatively separately. Due to the suitability for different bodies across regions, equal treatment should be applied to both the native migrants and that across counties and provinces. Furthermore, demolishment of the social welfare discrimination adhered to Hukou system and equalization of basic public services will be of more practical significance than the so-called settling rural migrants ac- tively and steadily.
文摘The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed their economic and life styles, resulting in many problems. In this paper, the problems of ＂ecological migrants＂ were analyzed, including the education problem, different life styles, incomplete national protecting measures and policies, with the aim to provide governments with constructive suggestions for the establishment of the education and training system, acceleration of the development of industries （especially the tertiary industry, subsidiary business）, and labor transferring, increasing the incomes of ＂ecological migrants＂, and making the ＂ecological migrants＂ have the financial resources for a long time, thereby better stabilizing the ＂ecological migrants＂.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road(Pan-TPE)(XDA20040401)The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(2019QZKK1005)National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(41701165)。
文摘As one of the most ecologically sensitive issues in the world,migration now plays an important role in population growth on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.To promote sustainable development in the world’s third pole,it is necessary to investigate population migration on the Plateau.Using 2010 census data,a spatial database of county-level migrants on the Plateau was constructed,and migrants were divided into short-distance and long-distance migrants according to the hukou-registered origins.Measuring migration intensity allowed the spatial pattern of population migration on the Plateau to be ascertained.The driving factors were identified using spatial regression models,and the main conclusions are as follows:(1)In 2010,there were 1.23 million inter-county migrants on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and the overall migration intensity reached 10.50%.There existed significant spatial differences in population migration intensity on the Plateau at that time,and the provincial or prefectural capitals were attractive destinations for migrants.Northwestern Qinghai,which boasted mining industries,constituted a significant spatial cluster with a relatively high migration intensity.However,most areas on the Plateau attracted relatively few migrants,especially in western and northern parts of Tibet,which were sparsely populated and uninhabitable.(2)There were 0.95 million short-distance migrants and 0.28 million long-distance migrants.The short-distance migration intensity was 8.14%,while the long-distance migration intensity was only 2.36%.Short-distance migration was the main form of population migration,with a pattern similar to the layout of overall population migration intensity.Only a few county-level units strongly attracted long-distance migrants,which were mostly distributed in northwestern Qinghai.(3)Economic factors were considered fundamental drivers for migrants to live on the Plateau.Destinations with high levels of economic development and more opportunities in non-agricultural jobs proved more attractive for migrants.For short-distance migrants,urbanization level also proved a considerable driving factor for in-migration.However,long-distance migrants were mainly affected by the job chances of the secondary industry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
文摘Objective To investigate the reproductive and sexual health situation, including knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, among a population-based sample of internal migrant workers in China. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 4 900 rural-to-urban migrants in 6 provinces of China was conducted. Participants completed a 30-min semi-structured questionnaire about contraceptive practices, sexual behavior, and HIV-related knowledge. Results Migrants lacked knowledge of reproductive and sexual health issues. Among those who had heard any sexually transmitted infections （STIs）, only 79.1%, 46.2%, 86.1%, 14.5% and 82.2%, respectively, knew that gonorrhea, condyloma, syphilis, chancroid, and AIDS were STIs. About three-quarters of participants had not used any contraceptive method at sexual debut. Among current users of contraceptive methods, 85.5% indicated that they were satisfied with the method. Before adoption of a contraceptive method, 46.6% of the migrant workers were unaware of the advantages/ disadvantages of the method and 75.3% had no knowledge of emergency contraception. Nearly one-quarter （23.4%） reported that they had premarital sex. Among migrants who were sexually active one month prior to the survey, only 14.0% reported that they had used condoms. Conclusion The limited sexual and reproductive health knowledge and unmet reproductive health services of migrant workers in China underscore the need for a comprehensive package of sexual and reproductive health interventions that combine cognitive and behavioral skills training and target both migrants and health care providers.
文摘Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic methods of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome and to formulate diagnostic criteria. Methods: This study was conducted using epidemiological surveys and a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 3011 subjects were studied, and the following indices were collected after their return to low altitude areas from the plateau: general health status, blood, urine and stool samples, myo-cardial enzyme levels, liver and kidney function, nerve function, sex hormone levels, microalbuminuria, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, pulmonary function, and hemorheological markers. These data were compared to those of randomized healthy subjects in the same age range who lived at the same altitude to determine the characteristics of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome. Based on these characteristics, diagnostic criteria for high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome were formulated. Results: This study demonstrated that the incidence of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome was 84.36%. Sixty percent of the cases were mild, 30% were medium, and 10% were severe. The incidence was higher among those who returned to a place of lower altitude, resided at a high altitude for a longer period of time, or engaged in heavy labor while at high altitude. Patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome manifested hematological abnormalities and abnormal ventricular function, notably a right ventricular diastolic function, which recovered to baseline function after one to five years. Exposure to long-term hypoxia often caused obvious changes in cardiac morphology, i.e., left and right ventricular hypertrophy, particularly within the right ventricle. In addition, patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome often presented with low blood pressure, low pulse pressure, and microalbuminuria. A few patients presented with occult blood in their feces. The diagnosis of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome can be made if a patient who recently returns to the plain from the plateau complains of dizziness, weakness, sleepiness, chest tightness, edema, memory loss, and other symptoms and signs that do not alleviate under short-term rehabilitation or symptomatic treatment, and if organic diseases of the heart, lung, kidney, and other organs have been excluded. Conclusion: The diagnosis of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome should be made after a comprehensive analysis of the patient’s clinical symptoms and signs.
基金the Project of Construction Committee of Three Gorges Reservoir (Grant No. SX[2002]00401)Chinese Academy of Science (Grant No. KZCX2-SW-319-01).
文摘The Three Gorges Project attracts worldwide attention because of the Three Gorges migrants, and the agriculture of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a foundation for the development of the Three Gorges migrants. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is situated at the mountainous area with bad agricultural development conditions and relatively low levels of development. As a result, the large-scale migration fias special influence on its agricultural development, which has attracted much attention. The paper analyzes influence that the migrants have forced on its agricultural development based on the scientific data, and makes some explorations on the models that are suitable for the development of mountainous agriculture in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.
文摘Our premise for this literature review is the global demographic change caused by the world’s population living longer and becoming older, and extensive international migration leading to multicultural societies. Increasing age leads to health problems, often long-term or chronic, requiring investments in health care. Worse health and dissimilarities in pattern of morbidity/ mortality have been found in foreign-compared to Swedish-born persons, so it is reasonable to assume that this affects use of health care. The exploratory review focuses on elderly migrants’ (>65 years) use of healthcare. The databases Pub Med, EBSCO, CINAHL and ERIC were searched in 2000-2013. A limited number of studies were found;few had a comparative approach, most were from the USA, and focused on migrants from the former Soviet Union or countries in South-East Asia. A range of factors were identified that influence patterns of health care use: language fluency, ability to communicate, self-reported health status, prevalence of chronic disease, physical distance from care provision, availability of transport to reach care, cost of care, the health insurance system, cultural norms and values regarding different forms of care, level of education, and length of residence in the host country. Most studies treated health care from a general perspective and collected data from community and hospital settings, without analysing usage separately. Some studies indicated elderly migrants making use of health care less than other groups but the pattern is not unambiguous: other studies show that there is an overuse of health care. It is therefore difficult to show any particular pattern, or possible differences in use, regarding community versus in-patient care. Studies focusing on migrants’ actual use of health care are few and further research is needed, especially because elderly people form the largest group of users of health care and will be even larger in the future.
基金Supported by A research grant from the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences,University of Bologna(to Luca Montesi),No.106/2014
文摘On a worldwide scale, the total number of migrants exceeds 200 million and is not expected to reduce, fuelled by the economic crisis, terrorism and wars, generating increasing clinical and administrative problems to National Health Systems. Chronic non-communicable diseases(NCD), and specifically diabetes, are on the front-line, due to the high number of cases at risk, duration and cost of diseases, and availability of effective measures of prevention and treatment. We reviewed the documents of International Agencies on migration and performed a Pub Med search of existing literature, focusing on the differences in the prevalence of diabetes between migrants and native people, the prevalence of NCD in migrants vs rates in the countries of origin, diabetes convergence, risk of diabetes progression and standard of care in migrants. Even in universalistic healthcare systems, differences in socioeconomic status and barriers generated by the present culture of biomedicine make high-risk ethnic minorities under-treated and not protected against inequalities. Underutilization of drugs and primary care services in specific ethnic groups are far from being money-saving, and might produce higher hospitalization rates due to disease progression and complications. Efforts should be made to favor screening and treatment programs, to adapt education programs to specific cultures, and to develop community partnerships.
基金supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (2009BAI85B03)Health Subject of Chinese PLA (2013BJZ032)
文摘Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic methods of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome and to formulate diagnostic criteria.Methods: This study was conducted using epidemiological surveys and a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 3,011 subjects were studied, and the following indices were collected after their return to low altitude areas from the plateau: general health status, blood, urine and stool samples, myocardial enzyme levels, liver and kidney function, nerve function, sex hormone levels, microalbuminuria, electrocardiogram(ECG), echocardiography, pulmonary function, and hemorheological markers. These data were compared to those of randomized healthy subjects in the same age range who lived at the same altitude to determine the characteristics of high altitude deacclimatization syndrome. Based on these characteristics, diagnostic criteria for high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome were formulated.Results: This study demonstrated that the incidence of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome was 84.36%. Sixty percent of the cases were mild, 30% were medium, and 10% were severe. The incidence was higher among those who returned to a place of lower altitude, resided at a high altitude for a longer period of time, or engaged in heavy labor while at high altitude. Patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome manifested hematological abnormalities and abnormal ventricular function, notably a right ventricular diastolic function, which recovered to baseline function after one to five years. Exposure to long-term hypoxia often caused obvious changes in cardiac morphology, i.e., left and right ventricular hypertrophy, particularly within the right ventricle. In addition, patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome often presented with low blood pressure, low pulse pressure, and microalbuminuria. A few patients presented with occult blood in their feces. The diagnosis of high altitude deacclimatization syndrome can be made if a patient who recently returns to the plain from the plateau complains of dizziness, weakness, sleepiness, chest tightness, edema, memory loss, and other symptoms and signs that do not alleviate under short-term rehabilitation or symptomatic treatment, and if organic diseases of the heart, lung, kidney, and other organs have been excluded.Conclusion: The diagnosis of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome should be made after a comprehensive analysis of the patient's clinical symptoms and signs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41161140352 and 41271119)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2015CB452705)
文摘Currently, there is limited literature dealing with the length of stay of circular migrants in urban areas （LSCMU）, although many studies have discussed the phenomenon of migration and the determinants of migration. This study attempts to fill that gap using survey data from the mountainous areas of Chongqing, Southwest China. From a comparative perspective, this study divided workers into two groups （a young group aged between 16 and 35 years and an old group aged between 36 and 65 years）. The average LSCMU values for the young and old groups were 225 days and ~74 days, respectively. Two multi-regression models were used to estimate the determinants of LSCMU in the two groups. The results showed that LSCMU was closely related to individual factors in both groups, including gender, age and job training. Family and community factors, including household size, arable land per capita and the distance from market, had much weaker effects on the dependent variable, especially in the older group. It was noticeable that job training had significant positive effects on LSCMU in both groups; these findings have special implications for the urbanization process in China.
文摘Objective To understand the perception of potential condom use and its influencing factors so as to promote condom use among unmarried migrantsMethod A survey, using self-administered structured anonymous questionnaire, was conducted among 1 092 unmarried migrants aged 15～24 years old in urban area of Shanghai. Results The unmarried migrants had some knowledge of condom. However, their knowledge level and their attitude towards condom use were not so optimistic. Subjects' knowledge of contraceptives and STD/AIDS had a positive influence on their attitude toward condom use. Subjects with positive attitude to condom use were more likely to use condom in sexual activity (OR=1.61). Conclusion Unmarried migrants have lower rate of condom use if they have insufficient knowledge of condom. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen the sexual health education among unmarried sex-active migrants in order to encourage contraceptive use, especially condom use.
基金Supported by the Open Fund Project of Hubei Humanities and Social Science Key Research Base,Research Center for Reservoir Migrants (2008KYM17)
文摘In order to assess the rural migrants' resettlement in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and provide a reference for formulating the later migrant support policies, we select 342 rural migrants from County A in Hubei Province and County B in Chongqing Municipality for the household survey. The survey results show that after removal, housing, and infrastructure (electricity, transportation, communication, household appliances) concerning the migrants are improved substantially, but there are still some problems in water drinking, land, employment and income restoration. The later support should put great emphasis on the following aspects: including the rural migrants into the social security system; improving drinking water and irrigation facilities; promoting industrial restructuring; strengthening skills training and education for the migrants, to gradually enrich the migrants and make them live a comfortable life.
基金Social Science Planning Project of Chongqing(2019QNRK41)。
文摘[Objectives]To analyze and study the reasons for the return of rural migrants in southwest China,so as to come up with effective policy recommendations.[Methods]Based on the questionnaire survey on the return of rural population in Chongqing,Sichuan,Guizhou,and Yunnan,the characteristics and reasons of the return of rural migrants were analyzed.[Results]It was found that the return of rural population in the southwest China was dominated by middle-aged and young people with higher education level,and mainly from Guangdong,Zhejiang,Shanghai,etc.,the time of staying outside gradually declined,and after the return,they were more willing to go outside rural areas to continue to engage in the same or similar work,and they showed stronger willingness to flow again.[Conclusions]The reasons for the return of rural migrants are diversified,mainly affected by limited welfare of medical care,education,and housing resulted from high housing price in employment places,household registration limitation,as well as the need of caring the elderly in the hometown,and returning to start an undertaking.In line with the reasons for return of rural migrants in southwest China,it came up with some effective policy recommendations.
文摘Labor migrants are those of the at-risk groups for HIV. This cross-sectional study has tried to examine HIV/AIDS-related stigma among Nepalese returnee male labor migrants. Migrant workers who have worked at least six months abroad were asked different questions related to sexual behavior, knowledge on HIV/AIDS & condom and HIV/AIDS-related stigma. Stigma was measured on a three-point rating scale as high, average and low stigma. About 58% of migrants had the view “I would rather not know if I have HIV” followed by “I don’t want to be friends with people living with HIV” (53.6% migrants) and “people with HIV are cursed” (35.5% migrants). High stigma was present among 15.5% of the total respondents with high proportion among those with higher age, lower education, rural residence, and no knowledge on Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) service. About a quarter of respondents were of the view that migrants infected with HIV while abroad should not be allowed to return Nepal. Some level of stigma on HIV/AIDS exists among male labor migrants in Nepal. Interventions aiming at reducing stigma should consider the factors like migrants’ age, education, place of residence and knowledge on VCT services.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Number:NSFC 71403193).
文摘The massive scale of new-generation rural-urban migrants in China has attracted extensive scholarly attention in recent years.While previous studies on China’s rural migrant workers focus on migrants’settlement intentions,migrants’family migration decision-making and the intergenerational differences between the old-generation migrants and new-generation migrants are underexplored.Based on the data of the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey,this paper adopts a multilevel logistic regression approach to explore family and destination factors influencing the family migration decisions of China’s new generation of rural migrant workers.The empirical results reveal that both the migrants’family and destination attributes significantly influence their family migration decision.The demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the family have been pivotal factors underlying the family migration decision of China’s new generation rural-urban migrants,while 16.9%of the chances are explained by between-destination differences.Self-employed migrants with housing properties in host cities,long migration duration and high-income levels are more likely to migrate with their family members.Yet,the possibility of family migration is found to be significantly and negatively correlated with the age,education level,number of children and inter-provincial mobility of the new generation of migrant workers.In addition,new-generation rural-urban migrants’family migration is more likely to be found in cities with service-oriented industry structures,better environmental quality,and higher hukou barriers which is possibly related to more job opportunities.These research findings not only complement the existing literature on China’s new generation of rural urban migrants,but also have important policy implications for reforming the hukou system and enhancing social integration of the rural-to-urban migrant population.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41871150,No.42001130)GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development(No.2020GDASYL-20200104001)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program(No.2019YFB2103101)Special Project of the Institute of Strategy Research for Guangdong,Hong Kong,and Macao Greater Bay Area Construction(No.2021GDASYL-20210401001).
文摘The inner-urban residential location choice is a topic of continuing interest in urban geography.However,not much research has been done on migrants’rental location choices.Based on data from a questionnaire completed by 276 migrant renters in Guangzhou,this paper analyzes the demographics and social class characteristics of migrants,and the condition and location of housing preferred by this population.The results show that the migrants in Guangzhou mainly rent in the Center Business District(CBD)area(Tianhe District)and Huangpu,Panyu and Haizhu districts.The main reason for this choice of location choices is the houses’convenience to their workplaces.A second reason is that nearby subways make travel convenient,for consumption and daily life,for children to go to school,and for access to large shopping centers/malls.
