We study the motion of an inertial microswimmer in a non-Newtonian environment with a finite memory and present the theoretical realization of an unexpected transition from random self-propulsion to rotational(circula...We study the motion of an inertial microswimmer in a non-Newtonian environment with a finite memory and present the theoretical realization of an unexpected transition from random self-propulsion to rotational(circular or elliptical)motion.Further,the rotational motion of the swimmer is followed by spontaneous local directional reversal,yet with a steady-state angular diffusion.Moreover,the advent of this behaviour is observed in the oscillatory regime of the inertia-memory parameter space of the dynamics.We quantify this unconventional rotational motion of the microswimmer by measuring the time evolution of the direction of its instantaneous velocity or orientation.By solving the generalized Langevin model of non-Markovian dynamics of an inertial active Ornstein–Uhlenbeck particle,we show that the emergence of the rotational(circular or elliptical)trajectory is due to the presence of both inertial motion and memory in the environment.展开更多
In this review we discuss the recent progress in the simulation of soft active matter systems and in particular the hydrodynamics of microswimmers using the method of multiparticle collision dynamics,which solves the ...In this review we discuss the recent progress in the simulation of soft active matter systems and in particular the hydrodynamics of microswimmers using the method of multiparticle collision dynamics,which solves the hydrodynamic flows around active objects on a coarse-grained level.We first present a brief overview of the basic simulation method and the coupling between microswimmers and fluid.We then review the current achievements in simulating flexible and rigid microswimmers using multiparticle collision dynamics,and briefly conclude and discuss possible future directions.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:The concept of micrometer-scale swimming robots,also known as microswimmers,navigating the human body to perform robotic tasks has captured the public imagination and inspired researchers through its numero...CONSPECTUS:The concept of micrometer-scale swimming robots,also known as microswimmers,navigating the human body to perform robotic tasks has captured the public imagination and inspired researchers through its numerous representations in popular media.This attention highlights the enormous interest in and potential of this technology for biomedical applications,such as cargo delivery,diagnostics,and minimally invasive surgery,as well as for applications in microfluidics and manufacturing.To achieve the collective behavior and control required for microswimmers to effectively perform such actions within complex,in vivo and microfluidic environments,they must meet a strict set of engineering criteria.These requirements include,but are not limited to,small size,structural monodispersity,flexibility,biocompatibility,and multifunctionality.Additionally,microswimmers must be able to adapt to delicate environments,such as human vasculature,while safely performing preprogrammed tasks in response to chemical and mechanical signals.Naturally information-bearing biopolymers,such as peptides,RNA,and DNA,can provide programmability,multifunctionality,and nanometer-scale precision for manufactured structures.In particular,DNA is a useful engineering material because of its predictable and well-characterized material properties,as well as its biocompatibility.Moreover,recent advances in DNA nanotechnology have enabled unprecedented abilities to engineer DNA nanostructures with tunable mechanics and responsiveness at nano-and micrometer scales.Incorporating DNA nanostructures as subcomponents in microswimmer systems can grant these structures enhanced deformability,reconfigurability,and responsiveness to biochemical signals while maintaining their biocompatibility,providing a versatile pathway for building programmable,multifunctional microand nanoscale machines with robotic capabilities.In this Account,we highlight our recent progress toward the experimental realization of responsive microswimmers made with compliant DNA components.We present a hybrid top-down,bottom-up fabrication method that combines templated assembly with structural DNA nanotechnology to address the manufacturing limitations of flexibly linked microswimmers.Using this method,we construct microswimmers with enhanced structural complexity and more controlled particle placement,spacing,and size,while maintaining the compliance of their DNA linkage.We also present a novel experimental platform that utilizes two-photon polymerization(TPP)to fabricate millimeter-scale swimmers(milliswimmers)with fully customizable shapes and integrated flexible linkers.This platform addresses limitations related to population-level heterogeneity in micrometer-scale systems,allowing us to isolate the effects of milliswimmer designs from variations in their physical dimensions.Using this platform,we interrogate established hydrodynamic models of microswimmer locomotion and explore how design and actuation parameters influence milliswimmer velocity.We next explore opportunities for enhancing microswimmer responsiveness,functionality,and physical intelligence through the inclusion of nucleic acid subcomponents.Finally,we highlight how our parallel research on xeno nucleic acids and interfacing DNA nanotechnology with living cells can enable the creation of fully organic,truly biocompatible microswimmers with enhanced functionality,improving the viability of microswimmers for applications in healthcare,manufacturing,and synthetic biology.展开更多
This study numerically investigates the locomotion of active matter over a circular cylinder in a confined microchannel.We consider the effects of cylinder size,swimming Reynolds number on the motion characteristic of...This study numerically investigates the locomotion of active matter over a circular cylinder in a confined microchannel.We consider the effects of cylinder size,swimming Reynolds number on the motion characteristic of three kinds of swimmers.The swimmer’s motion over a cylinder in a microchannel can be classified into seven modes.The cylinder diameter and swimming Reynolds number have no impact on the motion mode of neutral swimmers.When approaching the cylinder,pullers mainly perform periodic motion near the left side of cylinder,the pushers primarily perform periodic motion near the right side of cylinder.The mechanism of the periodic motion is mainly induced by the hydrodynamic interaction between the cylinder,channel walls,and the pressure near the swimmer.As cylinder diameter increases,pushers are more likely to exhibit periodic motion on the surface of cylinder than the pullers.Puller is unable to stabilize on the surface of cylinder at low Reynolds number,it migrates to the right side of cylinder at high Reynolds number,showing a pattern opposite to that observed for pushers.The results provide a possible new path for controlling active matter in microfluidic devices.展开更多
Artificial helical microswimmers with shape-morphing capacities and adaptive locomotion have great potential for precision medicine and noninvasive surgery.However,current reconfigurable helical microswimmers are hamp...Artificial helical microswimmers with shape-morphing capacities and adaptive locomotion have great potential for precision medicine and noninvasive surgery.However,current reconfigurable helical microswimmers are hampered by their low-throughput fabrication and limited adaptive locomotion.Here,a rotary holographic processing strategy(a helical femtosecond laser beam)is proposed to produce stimuli-responsive helical microswimmers(<100μm)rapidly(<1 s).This method allows for the easy one-step fabrication of various microswimmers with controllable sizes and diverse bioinspired morphologies,including spirulina-,Escherichia-,sperm-,and Trypanosoma-like shapes.Owing to their shape-morphing capability,the helical microswimmers undergo a dynamic transition between tumbling and corkscrewing motions under a constant rotating magnetic field.By exploiting adaptive locomotion,helical microswimmers can navigate complex terrain and achieve targeted drug delivery.Hence,these microswimmers hold considerable promise for diverse precision treatments and biomedical applications.展开更多
The performance of a single or the collection of microswimmers strongly depends on the hydrodynamic coupling among their constituents and themselves.We present a numerical study for a single and a pair of microswimmer...The performance of a single or the collection of microswimmers strongly depends on the hydrodynamic coupling among their constituents and themselves.We present a numerical study for a single and a pair of microswimmers based on lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)simulations.Our numerical algorithm consists of two separable parts.Lagrange polynomials provide a discretization of the microswimmers and the lattice Boltzmann method captures the dynamics of the surrounding fluid.The two components couple via an immersed boundary method.We present data for a single swimmer system and our data also show the onset of collective effects and,in particular,an overall velocity increment of clusters of swimmers.展开更多
Pipe-like confinements are ubiquitously encountered by microswimmers.Here we systematically study the ratio of the speeds of a force-and torque-free microswimmer swimming in the center of a cylindrical pipe to its spe...Pipe-like confinements are ubiquitously encountered by microswimmers.Here we systematically study the ratio of the speeds of a force-and torque-free microswimmer swimming in the center of a cylindrical pipe to its speed in an unbounded fluid(speed ratio).Inspired by E.coli,the model swimmer consists of a cylindrical head and a double-helical tail connected to the head by a rotating virtual motor.The numerical simulation shows that depending on swimmer geometry,confinements can enhance or hinder the swimming speed,which is verified by Reynolds number matched experiments.We further developed a reduced model.The model shows that the swimmer with a moderately long,slender head and a moderately long tail experiences the greatest speed enhancement,whereas the theoretical speed ratio has no upper limit.The properties of the virtual motor also affect the speed ratio,namely,the constant-frequency motor generates a greater speed ratio compared to the constant-torque motor.展开更多
We consider a self-assembled hybrid system,composed of a bilayer vesicle to which a number of colloids are adhered.Based on known results of membrane curvature elasticity,we predict that,for sufficiently deflated prol...We consider a self-assembled hybrid system,composed of a bilayer vesicle to which a number of colloids are adhered.Based on known results of membrane curvature elasticity,we predict that,for sufficiently deflated prolate vesicles,the colloids can self-assemble into a ring at a finite distance away from the vesicle equator,thus breaking the up–down symmetry in the system.Because the relative variation of the position of the colloidal ring along the vesicle endows the system with an effective elasticity,periodic cycles of inflation and deflation can lead to non-reciprocal shape changes of the vesicle–colloid hybrid,allowing it to swim in a low Reynolds number environment under reciprocal actuation.We design several actuation protocols that allow control over the swimming direction.展开更多
Brownian motors and self-phoretic microswimmers are two typical micromotors,for which thermal fluctuations play different roles.Brownian motors utilize thermal noise to acquire unidirectional motion,while thermal fluc...Brownian motors and self-phoretic microswimmers are two typical micromotors,for which thermal fluctuations play different roles.Brownian motors utilize thermal noise to acquire unidirectional motion,while thermal fluctuations randomize the self-propulsion of self-phoretic microswimmers.Here we perform mesoscale simulations to study a composite micromotor composed of a self-thermophoretic Janus particle under a time-modulated external ratchet potential.The composite motor exhibits a unidirectional transport,whose direction can be reversed by tuning the modulation frequency of the external potential.The maximum transport capability is close to the superposition of the drift speed of the pure Brownian motor and the self-propelling speed of the pure self-thermophoretic particle.Moreover,the hydrodynamic effect influences the orientation of the Janus particle in the ratched potential,hence also the performance of the composite motor.Our work thus provides an enlightening attempt to actively exploit inevitable thermal fluctuations in the implementation of the self-phoretic microswimmers.展开更多
Self-organized pattern formation is common in biological systems.Microbial populations can generate spatiotemporal patterns through various mechanisms,such as chemotaxis,quorum sensing,and mechanical interactions.When...Self-organized pattern formation is common in biological systems.Microbial populations can generate spatiotemporal patterns through various mechanisms,such as chemotaxis,quorum sensing,and mechanical interactions.When their motile behavior is coupled to a gravitational potential field,swimming microorganisms display a phenomenon known as bioconvection,which is characterized by the pattern formation of active cellular plumes that enhance material mixing in the fluid.While bioconvection patterns have been characterized in various organisms,including eukaryotic and bacterial microswimmers,the dynamics of bioconvection pattern formation in bacteria is less explored.Here,we study this phenomenon using suspensions of a chemotactic bacterium Bacillus subtilis confined in closed threedimensional(3D)fluid chambers.We discovered an active plume lattice pattern that displays hexagonal order and emerges via a self-organization process.By flow field measurement,we revealed a toroidal flow structure associated with individual plumes.We also uncovered a power-law scaling relation between the lattice pattern’s wavelength and the dimensionless Rayleigh number that characterizes the ratio of buoyancy-driven convection to diffusion.Taken together,this study highlights that coupling between chemotaxis and external potential fields can promote the self-assembly of regular spatial structures in bacterial populations.The findings are also relevant to material transport in surface water environments populated by swimming microorganisms.展开更多
Over decades of development,the modern drug delivery system continues to grapple with numerous challenges,including drug loading inefficiencies,issues of immunogenicity,and cytotoxicity.These limitations restrict its ...Over decades of development,the modern drug delivery system continues to grapple with numerous challenges,including drug loading inefficiencies,issues of immunogenicity,and cytotoxicity.These limitations restrict its application across various systems.Microalgae,as a natural resource,are not only abundant in bioactive com-pounds but also possess multiple biological properties,including active surface,photosynthesis capabilities,and excellent biocompatibility.These attributes make microalgae highly promising as carriers for targeted drug de-livery,offering significant potential for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.Therefore,leveraging the exceptional properties of microalgae for drug delivery and optimizing their qualities is of paramount importance.This article focuses on elucidating the biological characteristics of microalgae and their applications in drug de-livery,with a particular emphasis on emerging strategies for efficient drug loading and precise targeted delivery.Microalgae,as a natural biomaterial,hold immense potential for both commercial and clinical applications.展开更多
基金the 8th Statphysics Community Meeting(ICTS/ISPCM2023/02)during which we had lots of fruitful discussionsMS acknowledges the start-up grant from UGC,SERB-SURE grant(SUR/2022/000377),CRG grant(CRG/2023/002026)from DST,Govt.of India for the financial support。
文摘We study the motion of an inertial microswimmer in a non-Newtonian environment with a finite memory and present the theoretical realization of an unexpected transition from random self-propulsion to rotational(circular or elliptical)motion.Further,the rotational motion of the swimmer is followed by spontaneous local directional reversal,yet with a steady-state angular diffusion.Moreover,the advent of this behaviour is observed in the oscillatory regime of the inertia-memory parameter space of the dynamics.We quantify this unconventional rotational motion of the microswimmer by measuring the time evolution of the direction of its instantaneous velocity or orientation.By solving the generalized Langevin model of non-Markovian dynamics of an inertial active Ornstein–Uhlenbeck particle,we show that the emergence of the rotational(circular or elliptical)trajectory is due to the presence of both inertial motion and memory in the environment.
基金This project acknowledges funding from the Austrian Science Fund(FWF)through a Lise-Meitner Fellowship(Grant No.M 2458-N36)。
文摘In this review we discuss the recent progress in the simulation of soft active matter systems and in particular the hydrodynamics of microswimmers using the method of multiparticle collision dynamics,which solves the hydrodynamic flows around active objects on a coarse-grained level.We first present a brief overview of the basic simulation method and the coupling between microswimmers and fluid.We then review the current achievements in simulating flexible and rigid microswimmers using multiparticle collision dynamics,and briefly conclude and discuss possible future directions.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation(NSF)grants 1739308(R.E.T.)2132886(R.E.T.),NSF GREP DGE1745016/DGE2140739(T.I.)a seed grant from the Carnegie Mellon University Manufacturing Futures Institute(R.E.T.and S.B.).
文摘CONSPECTUS:The concept of micrometer-scale swimming robots,also known as microswimmers,navigating the human body to perform robotic tasks has captured the public imagination and inspired researchers through its numerous representations in popular media.This attention highlights the enormous interest in and potential of this technology for biomedical applications,such as cargo delivery,diagnostics,and minimally invasive surgery,as well as for applications in microfluidics and manufacturing.To achieve the collective behavior and control required for microswimmers to effectively perform such actions within complex,in vivo and microfluidic environments,they must meet a strict set of engineering criteria.These requirements include,but are not limited to,small size,structural monodispersity,flexibility,biocompatibility,and multifunctionality.Additionally,microswimmers must be able to adapt to delicate environments,such as human vasculature,while safely performing preprogrammed tasks in response to chemical and mechanical signals.Naturally information-bearing biopolymers,such as peptides,RNA,and DNA,can provide programmability,multifunctionality,and nanometer-scale precision for manufactured structures.In particular,DNA is a useful engineering material because of its predictable and well-characterized material properties,as well as its biocompatibility.Moreover,recent advances in DNA nanotechnology have enabled unprecedented abilities to engineer DNA nanostructures with tunable mechanics and responsiveness at nano-and micrometer scales.Incorporating DNA nanostructures as subcomponents in microswimmer systems can grant these structures enhanced deformability,reconfigurability,and responsiveness to biochemical signals while maintaining their biocompatibility,providing a versatile pathway for building programmable,multifunctional microand nanoscale machines with robotic capabilities.In this Account,we highlight our recent progress toward the experimental realization of responsive microswimmers made with compliant DNA components.We present a hybrid top-down,bottom-up fabrication method that combines templated assembly with structural DNA nanotechnology to address the manufacturing limitations of flexibly linked microswimmers.Using this method,we construct microswimmers with enhanced structural complexity and more controlled particle placement,spacing,and size,while maintaining the compliance of their DNA linkage.We also present a novel experimental platform that utilizes two-photon polymerization(TPP)to fabricate millimeter-scale swimmers(milliswimmers)with fully customizable shapes and integrated flexible linkers.This platform addresses limitations related to population-level heterogeneity in micrometer-scale systems,allowing us to isolate the effects of milliswimmer designs from variations in their physical dimensions.Using this platform,we interrogate established hydrodynamic models of microswimmer locomotion and explore how design and actuation parameters influence milliswimmer velocity.We next explore opportunities for enhancing microswimmer responsiveness,functionality,and physical intelligence through the inclusion of nucleic acid subcomponents.Finally,we highlight how our parallel research on xeno nucleic acids and interfacing DNA nanotechnology with living cells can enable the creation of fully organic,truly biocompatible microswimmers with enhanced functionality,improving the viability of microswimmers for applications in healthcare,manufacturing,and synthetic biology.
基金supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12132015)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12202392 and 12372251)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2006221).
文摘This study numerically investigates the locomotion of active matter over a circular cylinder in a confined microchannel.We consider the effects of cylinder size,swimming Reynolds number on the motion characteristic of three kinds of swimmers.The swimmer’s motion over a cylinder in a microchannel can be classified into seven modes.The cylinder diameter and swimming Reynolds number have no impact on the motion mode of neutral swimmers.When approaching the cylinder,pullers mainly perform periodic motion near the left side of cylinder,the pushers primarily perform periodic motion near the right side of cylinder.The mechanism of the periodic motion is mainly induced by the hydrodynamic interaction between the cylinder,channel walls,and the pressure near the swimmer.As cylinder diameter increases,pushers are more likely to exhibit periodic motion on the surface of cylinder than the pullers.Puller is unable to stabilize on the surface of cylinder at low Reynolds number,it migrates to the right side of cylinder at high Reynolds number,showing a pattern opposite to that observed for pushers.The results provide a possible new path for controlling active matter in microfluidic devices.
基金supported by the Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Anhui Province(202103a05020005)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075516,61927814,and 52122511)+7 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFF0502700)Major Scientific and Technological Projects in Anhui Province(201903a05020005)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M733381 and 2021M703120)USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative(YD2340002009)the Joint Fund for New Medicine of USTC(YD2090002016)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(No.YSBR-049)L.Z.would like to thank the Hong Kong Research Grant Council for support with Project No.JLFS/E-402/18the Croucher Foundation Grant with Ref.No.CAS20403.
文摘Artificial helical microswimmers with shape-morphing capacities and adaptive locomotion have great potential for precision medicine and noninvasive surgery.However,current reconfigurable helical microswimmers are hampered by their low-throughput fabrication and limited adaptive locomotion.Here,a rotary holographic processing strategy(a helical femtosecond laser beam)is proposed to produce stimuli-responsive helical microswimmers(<100μm)rapidly(<1 s).This method allows for the easy one-step fabrication of various microswimmers with controllable sizes and diverse bioinspired morphologies,including spirulina-,Escherichia-,sperm-,and Trypanosoma-like shapes.Owing to their shape-morphing capability,the helical microswimmers undergo a dynamic transition between tumbling and corkscrewing motions under a constant rotating magnetic field.By exploiting adaptive locomotion,helical microswimmers can navigate complex terrain and achieve targeted drug delivery.Hence,these microswimmers hold considerable promise for diverse precision treatments and biomedical applications.
基金The DFG Priority Programme SPP 1726“Microswimmers—From Single Particle Motion to Collective Behaviour”(HA 4382/5-1)and SFB 1411(Project-ID 416229255)supported this work.
文摘The performance of a single or the collection of microswimmers strongly depends on the hydrodynamic coupling among their constituents and themselves.We present a numerical study for a single and a pair of microswimmers based on lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)simulations.Our numerical algorithm consists of two separable parts.Lagrange polynomials provide a discretization of the microswimmers and the lattice Boltzmann method captures the dynamics of the surrounding fluid.The two components couple via an immersed boundary method.We present data for a single swimmer system and our data also show the onset of collective effects and,in particular,an overall velocity increment of clusters of swimmers.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11672029 and U1930402)
文摘Pipe-like confinements are ubiquitously encountered by microswimmers.Here we systematically study the ratio of the speeds of a force-and torque-free microswimmer swimming in the center of a cylindrical pipe to its speed in an unbounded fluid(speed ratio).Inspired by E.coli,the model swimmer consists of a cylindrical head and a double-helical tail connected to the head by a rotating virtual motor.The numerical simulation shows that depending on swimmer geometry,confinements can enhance or hinder the swimming speed,which is verified by Reynolds number matched experiments.We further developed a reduced model.The model shows that the swimmer with a moderately long,slender head and a moderately long tail experiences the greatest speed enhancement,whereas the theoretical speed ratio has no upper limit.The properties of the virtual motor also affect the speed ratio,namely,the constant-frequency motor generates a greater speed ratio compared to the constant-torque motor.
文摘We consider a self-assembled hybrid system,composed of a bilayer vesicle to which a number of colloids are adhered.Based on known results of membrane curvature elasticity,we predict that,for sufficiently deflated prolate vesicles,the colloids can self-assemble into a ring at a finite distance away from the vesicle equator,thus breaking the up–down symmetry in the system.Because the relative variation of the position of the colloidal ring along the vesicle endows the system with an effective elasticity,periodic cycles of inflation and deflation can lead to non-reciprocal shape changes of the vesicle–colloid hybrid,allowing it to swim in a low Reynolds number environment under reciprocal actuation.We design several actuation protocols that allow control over the swimming direction.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11874397 and 11674365).
文摘Brownian motors and self-phoretic microswimmers are two typical micromotors,for which thermal fluctuations play different roles.Brownian motors utilize thermal noise to acquire unidirectional motion,while thermal fluctuations randomize the self-propulsion of self-phoretic microswimmers.Here we perform mesoscale simulations to study a composite micromotor composed of a self-thermophoretic Janus particle under a time-modulated external ratchet potential.The composite motor exhibits a unidirectional transport,whose direction can be reversed by tuning the modulation frequency of the external potential.The maximum transport capability is close to the superposition of the drift speed of the pure Brownian motor and the self-propelling speed of the pure self-thermophoretic particle.Moreover,the hydrodynamic effect influences the orientation of the Janus particle in the ratched potential,hence also the performance of the composite motor.Our work thus provides an enlightening attempt to actively exploit inevitable thermal fluctuations in the implementation of the self-phoretic microswimmers.
基金Ministry of Science and Technology of China,Grant/Award Number:2020YFA0910700Research Grants Council of Hong Kong SAR,Grant/Award Numbers:14307821,14307822,RFS2021-4S04+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:31971182National Institutes of Health of United States,Grant/Award Number:NIH R35 GM131783。
文摘Self-organized pattern formation is common in biological systems.Microbial populations can generate spatiotemporal patterns through various mechanisms,such as chemotaxis,quorum sensing,and mechanical interactions.When their motile behavior is coupled to a gravitational potential field,swimming microorganisms display a phenomenon known as bioconvection,which is characterized by the pattern formation of active cellular plumes that enhance material mixing in the fluid.While bioconvection patterns have been characterized in various organisms,including eukaryotic and bacterial microswimmers,the dynamics of bioconvection pattern formation in bacteria is less explored.Here,we study this phenomenon using suspensions of a chemotactic bacterium Bacillus subtilis confined in closed threedimensional(3D)fluid chambers.We discovered an active plume lattice pattern that displays hexagonal order and emerges via a self-organization process.By flow field measurement,we revealed a toroidal flow structure associated with individual plumes.We also uncovered a power-law scaling relation between the lattice pattern’s wavelength and the dimensionless Rayleigh number that characterizes the ratio of buoyancy-driven convection to diffusion.Taken together,this study highlights that coupling between chemotaxis and external potential fields can promote the self-assembly of regular spatial structures in bacterial populations.The findings are also relevant to material transport in surface water environments populated by swimming microorganisms.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1104900)the Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(2022R01002)+1 种基金the Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University(ZY202205SMKY007)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023ZD30).
文摘Over decades of development,the modern drug delivery system continues to grapple with numerous challenges,including drug loading inefficiencies,issues of immunogenicity,and cytotoxicity.These limitations restrict its application across various systems.Microalgae,as a natural resource,are not only abundant in bioactive com-pounds but also possess multiple biological properties,including active surface,photosynthesis capabilities,and excellent biocompatibility.These attributes make microalgae highly promising as carriers for targeted drug de-livery,offering significant potential for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.Therefore,leveraging the exceptional properties of microalgae for drug delivery and optimizing their qualities is of paramount importance.This article focuses on elucidating the biological characteristics of microalgae and their applications in drug de-livery,with a particular emphasis on emerging strategies for efficient drug loading and precise targeted delivery.Microalgae,as a natural biomaterial,hold immense potential for both commercial and clinical applications.
