The concept of liquid-solid hybrid catalyst that featuring a truly homogeneous liquid microenvironment together with insoluble solid characteristics has been established recently by our group,which enables us to conve...The concept of liquid-solid hybrid catalyst that featuring a truly homogeneous liquid microenvironment together with insoluble solid characteristics has been established recently by our group,which enables us to conveniently bridge the gap between homo-and heterogeneous catalysis.In this study,we extend this general concept to the confinement of molecular rhodium phosphine complexes,including Rh-TPPTS,Rh-TPPMS and Rh-SXP,for olefin hydroformylation reactions.A series of hybrid catalyst materials consisting a modulated liquid interior([BMIM]NTf_(2),[BMIM]PF_(6),[BMIM]BF_(4) or H_(2)O)and a permeable silica crust were fabricated through our developed Pickering emulsion-based method,showing 9.4–24.2-fold activity enhancement and significantly improved aldehyde selectivity(from 72.2%,61.8%to 86.6%)compared to their biphasic counterparts or traditional supported liquid phase system in the hydroformylation of 1-dodecene.Interestingly,the catalytic efficiency was demonstrated to be tunable by rationally engineering the thickness of porous crust and dimensions of the liquid pool.The thus-attained hybrid catalyst could also successfully catalyze the hydroformylation of a variety of olefin substrates and be recycled without a significant loss of activity for at least seven times.展开更多
Low-dimensional hybrid nanocrystals are newly emerging active photo catalysts for separating electron-hole pairs,but the instability and low quantum efficiency caused by particle aggregation and hybrid structure relax...Low-dimensional hybrid nanocrystals are newly emerging active photo catalysts for separating electron-hole pairs,but the instability and low quantum efficiency caused by particle aggregation and hybrid structure relaxation remain great challenges.To this end,herein we constructed amorphous FeO_(x)(A-FeO_(x))and crystalline LaFeO_(3)hybrids by a sol-gel method.The amorphous-crystalline hybrids,A-FeO_(x)/LaFeO_(3),not only improve the surface area and alter the band position,but also form numerous channels that are conducive to the transport of electrons and separation of electron-hole pairs,acting as microreactors.Photocatalytic tests show that the A-FeO_(x)/LaFeO_(3)is highly active for the degradation of various organic pollutants,with reaction rate constant of 1.19×10^(-2)min-1for cipro floxacin degradation,for example,which is 1.82 and 1.87 times higher than that of LaFeO_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3)/LaFeO_(3),respectively,owing to the formation of microreactors between A-FeO_(x)and LaFeO_(3).Cycling tests show that the mate rial has good stability in the reaction,and trapping experiments demonstrate that the photo-induced holes are the main reactive species of the reaction.This work provides a novel and feasible insight into the design of high performance low-dimensional hybrid nanocatalysts for photocatalysis.展开更多
Fluorosurfactants play a crucial role in ensuring the stability and uniformity of droplet microreactors,which significantly broaden their applications in chemical and biological research.This review covers structure d...Fluorosurfactants play a crucial role in ensuring the stability and uniformity of droplet microreactors,which significantly broaden their applications in chemical and biological research.This review covers structure diversity and functional versatility of fluorosurfactants.Fluorosurfactants can be divided into two basic types according to their structure,linear and dendritic types,which both provides individual advantages.Linear fluorosurfactants are easily synthesized and commercially available,whereas dendritic fluorosurfactants have a branched structure that greatly reduces molecular cross-talk between droplets.Based on the application point of view,fluorosurfactants can be further classified into two categories:reactive and responsive fluorosurfactants.The hydrophilic head of reactive fluorosurfactants contains a reactive functional group,making them very useful in other applications,such as microcapsule preparation or protein crystallization.In contrast,responsive fluorosurfactants would change their properties with respect to external stimuli,such as temperature or light,making them perfect candidates for the on-demand control of droplet behavior.Development of these new classes of fluorosurfactants has expanded the capabilities and applications of droplet microreactors that enables interdisciplinary challenges to be solved.展开更多
An easy method is presented to fabricate monodisperse magnetic macroporous polymer beads（MMPBs）. Waterin-oil high internal phase emulsion（HIPE） is prepared by emulsifying aqueous iron ions solution in an oil phase...An easy method is presented to fabricate monodisperse magnetic macroporous polymer beads（MMPBs）. Waterin-oil high internal phase emulsion（HIPE） is prepared by emulsifying aqueous iron ions solution in an oil phase containing monomers. The HIPE is introduced into a simple microfluidic device to fabricate monodisperse（water-in-oil）-in-water double emulsion droplets. The droplets serve as microreactors to synthesize Fe3O4 nanoparticles and are on-line polymerized to form MMPBs. The prepared MMPBs display uniform size, interconnected porous structure, superparamagnetic behavior and uniform distribution of Fe3O4 in polymer matrix. The MMPBs are characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, vibrating sample magnetometry（VSM）. We believe that this method is a universal technique in preparing macroporous nanocomposite beads.展开更多
Hydrogel microcapsules are powerful microreactor vessels that have attracted widespread attention and research.Among the various methods for their generation,the aqueous two-phase system(ATPS)is by far the most straig...Hydrogel microcapsules are powerful microreactor vessels that have attracted widespread attention and research.Among the various methods for their generation,the aqueous two-phase system(ATPS)is by far the most straightforward approach.However,the high viscosity of ATPS solutions significantly limits the generation throughput of hydrogel microcapsule.In this study,we developed a novel high-throughput approach for generating hydrogel microcapsules using a microfluidic bubble-triggering strategy.By integrating constant-pressure air flow with droplet microfluidics devices,we efficiently manipulated the formation of ATPS droplet through bubble-induced Rayleigh-Plateau instability,enabling the production of uniform,monodisperse microcapsules.Additionally,the droplet generation frequency in the bubble-triggering method exceeded 36 kHz.We further demonstrated the encapsulation of genetically engineered Escherichia coli strains,which acted as biosensors for arsenic ions and caprolactam,highlighting the potential of these microcapsules for biosensing applications.This advancement in hydrogel microcapsule generation offers promising implications for scalable applications in biosensing,organoid culture,and high-throughput screening.展开更多
This paper describes the application of ultrasound waves on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in the gas–liquid flow in a T-shape microreactor with a diameter of 800 μm. A 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transdu...This paper describes the application of ultrasound waves on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in the gas–liquid flow in a T-shape microreactor with a diameter of 800 μm. A 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transducer(PZT) was employed to induce the vibration in this microreactor. Liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured by physical and chemical methods of CO_2 absorption into water and Na OH solution. The approach of absorption of CO_2 into a 1 mol·L^(-1) Na OH solution was used for analysis of interfacial areas. With the help of a photography system, the fluid flow patterns inside the microreactor were analyzed. The effects of superficial liquid velocity, initial concentration of Na OH, superficial CO_2 gas velocity and length of microreactor on the mass transfer rate were investigated. The comparison between sonicated and plain microreactors(microreactor with and without ultrasound) shows that the ultrasound wave irradiation has a significant effect on kLa and interfacial area at various operational conditions. For the microreactor length of 12 cm, ultrasound waves improved kLa and interfacial area about 21% and 22%, respectively. From this study, it can be concluded that ultrasound wave irradiation in microreactor has a great effect on the mass transfer rate. This study suggests a new enhancement technique to establish high interfacial area and kLa in microreactors.展开更多
Gas-liquid-liquid three-phase slug flow was generated in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic microreactors with double T-junctions.The bubble-droplet relative movement and the local mass transfer within the continuous sl...Gas-liquid-liquid three-phase slug flow was generated in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic microreactors with double T-junctions.The bubble-droplet relative movement and the local mass transfer within the continuous slug and the dispersed droplet were investigated.It was found that bubbles moved faster than droplets under low capillary number(Ca),while droplets moved faster upon the increase of Ca due to the increased inertia.For the first time,we observed that the increased viscosity of droplets fastened the droplet movement.The mass transfer in the continuous slug was dominated by convection,leading to nearly constant global mass transfer coefficient(k_(L)a);while that in the dispersed droplet was dominated by diffusion,resulting in k_(L) decreasing along the channel.Such features are analogical to the corresponding gas-liquid or liquid-liquid two-phase slug flow,but the formation of bubble-droplet clusters caused by relative movement lowered the absolute mass transfer coefficient.These results provide insights for the precise manipulation of gas-liquid-liquid slug flow in microreactors towards process optimization.展开更多
Ultra-high-purity silicon tetrachloride(SiCl4)is demanded as an electronic-grade chemical to meet the stringent requirements of the rapidly developing semiconductor industry.The high requirement for ultra-high-purity ...Ultra-high-purity silicon tetrachloride(SiCl4)is demanded as an electronic-grade chemical to meet the stringent requirements of the rapidly developing semiconductor industry.The high requirement for ultra-high-purity SiCl4 has created the need for a high-efficient process for reducing energy consumption as well as satisfying product quality.In this paper,a mass of production technology of ultra-high-purity SiCl4 was successfully developed through chlorination reaction in the ultraviolet(UV)-based photo microreactor coupled with the distillation process.The influences of key operational parameters,including temperature,pressure,UV wavelength and light intensity on the product quality,especially for hydrogen-containing impurities,were quantified by the infrared transmittance of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)at 2185 cm^-1and 2160 cm^-1indicating that chara cteristic vib rational modes of Si-H bonds,as well as the operating conditions of distillation were also investigated as key factors for metal impurities removing.The advanced intensification of SiCl4 manufactured by the integration of photo microreactor and distillation achieves the products with superior specifications higher than the standard commercial products.展开更多
Fixed-bed reactors for the partial oxidation of methane to produce synthetic gas still pose hotspot problems. An alternative reactor, which is known as the shell-and-tube-typed microreactor, has been developed to reso...Fixed-bed reactors for the partial oxidation of methane to produce synthetic gas still pose hotspot problems. An alternative reactor, which is known as the shell-and-tube-typed microreactor, has been developed to resolve these problems. The microreactor consists of a 1 cm outside-diameter, 0.8 cm insidediameter and 11 cm length tube, and a 1.8 cm inside-diameter shell. The tube is made of dense alumina and the shell is made of quartz. Two different methods dip and spray coating were performed to line the tube side with the LaNixOy catalyst. Combustion and reforming reactions take place simultaneously in this reactor. Methane is oxidized in the tube side to produce flue gases （CO2 and H2O） which flow counter-currently and react with the remaining methane in the shell side to yield synthesis gas. The methane conversion using the higher-loading catalyst spray-coated tube reaches 97% at 700 ℃, whereas that using the lower-loading catalyst dip-coated tube reaches only 7.78% because of poor adhesion between the catalyst film and the alumina support. The turnover frequencies （TOFs） using the catalyst spray-and dip-coated tubes are 5.75×10^-5 and 2.24×10^-5 mol/gcat· s, respectively. The catalyst spray-coated at 900 ℃ provides better performance than that at 1250 ℃ because sintering reduces the surface-area. The hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio produced by the spray-coated catalyst is greater than the stoichiometric ratio, which is caused by carbon deposition through methane cracking or the Boudouard reaction.展开更多
With global warming,the demand for diversified energy sources has increased significantly.Transportable microreactors are important potential supplements to the global power market and are a promising development dire...With global warming,the demand for diversified energy sources has increased significantly.Transportable microreactors are important potential supplements to the global power market and are a promising development direction.This paper describes a 5 MW integrated long-life S-CO_(2)cooled vehicular microreactor(VMR)design based on tristructural isotropic(TRISO)fuel particles that aims to provide electricity for industrial power facilities,remote mines,and remote mountainous areas that are not connected to central power grids.First,to facilitate transportation,flexible deployment,and simplified operation and maintenance requirements,the VMR core and auxiliary system were designed to be reasonably small and as simple as possible.Second,the TRISO fuel particles used in the proposed VMR offer excellent properties,such as high inherent security and nonproliferation,which are vital for reactors in remote areas.In addition,a long core lifetime was achieved using the compact core design and enhanced fuel loading capacity,which is challenging when using TRISO as fuel.Finally,to make the VMR economically competitive in terms of improved neutron performance and fuel efficiency compared to similar designs,large-size TRISO particles and tube-in-duct fuel assembly were utilized and different core configurations were schemed and simulated to obtain the design that best satisfied the proposed criteria.The lifetime and burnup in the final optimized VMR were satisfactory at 21 years and43.9 MWd/kgU,respectively,with an adequate shutdown margin and excellent safety parameters to ensure safe operation.展开更多
文摘The concept of liquid-solid hybrid catalyst that featuring a truly homogeneous liquid microenvironment together with insoluble solid characteristics has been established recently by our group,which enables us to conveniently bridge the gap between homo-and heterogeneous catalysis.In this study,we extend this general concept to the confinement of molecular rhodium phosphine complexes,including Rh-TPPTS,Rh-TPPMS and Rh-SXP,for olefin hydroformylation reactions.A series of hybrid catalyst materials consisting a modulated liquid interior([BMIM]NTf_(2),[BMIM]PF_(6),[BMIM]BF_(4) or H_(2)O)and a permeable silica crust were fabricated through our developed Pickering emulsion-based method,showing 9.4–24.2-fold activity enhancement and significantly improved aldehyde selectivity(from 72.2%,61.8%to 86.6%)compared to their biphasic counterparts or traditional supported liquid phase system in the hydroformylation of 1-dodecene.Interestingly,the catalytic efficiency was demonstrated to be tunable by rationally engineering the thickness of porous crust and dimensions of the liquid pool.The thus-attained hybrid catalyst could also successfully catalyze the hydroformylation of a variety of olefin substrates and be recycled without a significant loss of activity for at least seven times.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277485,21976141)the Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(2021CFA034)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang Project(2023020201020369)。
文摘Low-dimensional hybrid nanocrystals are newly emerging active photo catalysts for separating electron-hole pairs,but the instability and low quantum efficiency caused by particle aggregation and hybrid structure relaxation remain great challenges.To this end,herein we constructed amorphous FeO_(x)(A-FeO_(x))and crystalline LaFeO_(3)hybrids by a sol-gel method.The amorphous-crystalline hybrids,A-FeO_(x)/LaFeO_(3),not only improve the surface area and alter the band position,but also form numerous channels that are conducive to the transport of electrons and separation of electron-hole pairs,acting as microreactors.Photocatalytic tests show that the A-FeO_(x)/LaFeO_(3)is highly active for the degradation of various organic pollutants,with reaction rate constant of 1.19×10^(-2)min-1for cipro floxacin degradation,for example,which is 1.82 and 1.87 times higher than that of LaFeO_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3)/LaFeO_(3),respectively,owing to the formation of microreactors between A-FeO_(x)and LaFeO_(3).Cycling tests show that the mate rial has good stability in the reaction,and trapping experiments demonstrate that the photo-induced holes are the main reactive species of the reaction.This work provides a novel and feasible insight into the design of high performance low-dimensional hybrid nanocatalysts for photocatalysis.
基金support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2104300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2322011,22308146,22278214)the support of the State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering(SKL-MCE-22A06,KL20-02).
文摘Fluorosurfactants play a crucial role in ensuring the stability and uniformity of droplet microreactors,which significantly broaden their applications in chemical and biological research.This review covers structure diversity and functional versatility of fluorosurfactants.Fluorosurfactants can be divided into two basic types according to their structure,linear and dendritic types,which both provides individual advantages.Linear fluorosurfactants are easily synthesized and commercially available,whereas dendritic fluorosurfactants have a branched structure that greatly reduces molecular cross-talk between droplets.Based on the application point of view,fluorosurfactants can be further classified into two categories:reactive and responsive fluorosurfactants.The hydrophilic head of reactive fluorosurfactants contains a reactive functional group,making them very useful in other applications,such as microcapsule preparation or protein crystallization.In contrast,responsive fluorosurfactants would change their properties with respect to external stimuli,such as temperature or light,making them perfect candidates for the on-demand control of droplet behavior.Development of these new classes of fluorosurfactants has expanded the capabilities and applications of droplet microreactors that enables interdisciplinary challenges to be solved.
文摘An easy method is presented to fabricate monodisperse magnetic macroporous polymer beads（MMPBs）. Waterin-oil high internal phase emulsion（HIPE） is prepared by emulsifying aqueous iron ions solution in an oil phase containing monomers. The HIPE is introduced into a simple microfluidic device to fabricate monodisperse（water-in-oil）-in-water double emulsion droplets. The droplets serve as microreactors to synthesize Fe3O4 nanoparticles and are on-line polymerized to form MMPBs. The prepared MMPBs display uniform size, interconnected porous structure, superparamagnetic behavior and uniform distribution of Fe3O4 in polymer matrix. The MMPBs are characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, vibrating sample magnetometry（VSM）. We believe that this method is a universal technique in preparing macroporous nanocomposite beads.
基金sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China(no.2023YFB3208203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.62374170)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(no.23J21900200).
文摘Hydrogel microcapsules are powerful microreactor vessels that have attracted widespread attention and research.Among the various methods for their generation,the aqueous two-phase system(ATPS)is by far the most straightforward approach.However,the high viscosity of ATPS solutions significantly limits the generation throughput of hydrogel microcapsule.In this study,we developed a novel high-throughput approach for generating hydrogel microcapsules using a microfluidic bubble-triggering strategy.By integrating constant-pressure air flow with droplet microfluidics devices,we efficiently manipulated the formation of ATPS droplet through bubble-induced Rayleigh-Plateau instability,enabling the production of uniform,monodisperse microcapsules.Additionally,the droplet generation frequency in the bubble-triggering method exceeded 36 kHz.We further demonstrated the encapsulation of genetically engineered Escherichia coli strains,which acted as biosensors for arsenic ions and caprolactam,highlighting the potential of these microcapsules for biosensing applications.This advancement in hydrogel microcapsule generation offers promising implications for scalable applications in biosensing,organoid culture,and high-throughput screening.
文摘This paper describes the application of ultrasound waves on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in the gas–liquid flow in a T-shape microreactor with a diameter of 800 μm. A 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transducer(PZT) was employed to induce the vibration in this microreactor. Liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured by physical and chemical methods of CO_2 absorption into water and Na OH solution. The approach of absorption of CO_2 into a 1 mol·L^(-1) Na OH solution was used for analysis of interfacial areas. With the help of a photography system, the fluid flow patterns inside the microreactor were analyzed. The effects of superficial liquid velocity, initial concentration of Na OH, superficial CO_2 gas velocity and length of microreactor on the mass transfer rate were investigated. The comparison between sonicated and plain microreactors(microreactor with and without ultrasound) shows that the ultrasound wave irradiation has a significant effect on kLa and interfacial area at various operational conditions. For the microreactor length of 12 cm, ultrasound waves improved kLa and interfacial area about 21% and 22%, respectively. From this study, it can be concluded that ultrasound wave irradiation in microreactor has a great effect on the mass transfer rate. This study suggests a new enhancement technique to establish high interfacial area and kLa in microreactors.
基金the financial support for this work from National Natural Science Foundation of China(21991103,92034303,91634204)。
文摘Gas-liquid-liquid three-phase slug flow was generated in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic microreactors with double T-junctions.The bubble-droplet relative movement and the local mass transfer within the continuous slug and the dispersed droplet were investigated.It was found that bubbles moved faster than droplets under low capillary number(Ca),while droplets moved faster upon the increase of Ca due to the increased inertia.For the first time,we observed that the increased viscosity of droplets fastened the droplet movement.The mass transfer in the continuous slug was dominated by convection,leading to nearly constant global mass transfer coefficient(k_(L)a);while that in the dispersed droplet was dominated by diffusion,resulting in k_(L) decreasing along the channel.Such features are analogical to the corresponding gas-liquid or liquid-liquid two-phase slug flow,but the formation of bubble-droplet clusters caused by relative movement lowered the absolute mass transfer coefficient.These results provide insights for the precise manipulation of gas-liquid-liquid slug flow in microreactors towards process optimization.
基金financial support from Industry Base Project supported by Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(0714-EMTC02-5593/13)Scientific Research and Development of Henan province(174200510014)。
文摘Ultra-high-purity silicon tetrachloride(SiCl4)is demanded as an electronic-grade chemical to meet the stringent requirements of the rapidly developing semiconductor industry.The high requirement for ultra-high-purity SiCl4 has created the need for a high-efficient process for reducing energy consumption as well as satisfying product quality.In this paper,a mass of production technology of ultra-high-purity SiCl4 was successfully developed through chlorination reaction in the ultraviolet(UV)-based photo microreactor coupled with the distillation process.The influences of key operational parameters,including temperature,pressure,UV wavelength and light intensity on the product quality,especially for hydrogen-containing impurities,were quantified by the infrared transmittance of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)at 2185 cm^-1and 2160 cm^-1indicating that chara cteristic vib rational modes of Si-H bonds,as well as the operating conditions of distillation were also investigated as key factors for metal impurities removing.The advanced intensification of SiCl4 manufactured by the integration of photo microreactor and distillation achieves the products with superior specifications higher than the standard commercial products.
文摘Fixed-bed reactors for the partial oxidation of methane to produce synthetic gas still pose hotspot problems. An alternative reactor, which is known as the shell-and-tube-typed microreactor, has been developed to resolve these problems. The microreactor consists of a 1 cm outside-diameter, 0.8 cm insidediameter and 11 cm length tube, and a 1.8 cm inside-diameter shell. The tube is made of dense alumina and the shell is made of quartz. Two different methods dip and spray coating were performed to line the tube side with the LaNixOy catalyst. Combustion and reforming reactions take place simultaneously in this reactor. Methane is oxidized in the tube side to produce flue gases （CO2 and H2O） which flow counter-currently and react with the remaining methane in the shell side to yield synthesis gas. The methane conversion using the higher-loading catalyst spray-coated tube reaches 97% at 700 ℃, whereas that using the lower-loading catalyst dip-coated tube reaches only 7.78% because of poor adhesion between the catalyst film and the alumina support. The turnover frequencies （TOFs） using the catalyst spray-and dip-coated tubes are 5.75×10^-5 and 2.24×10^-5 mol/gcat· s, respectively. The catalyst spray-coated at 900 ℃ provides better performance than that at 1250 ℃ because sintering reduces the surface-area. The hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio produced by the spray-coated catalyst is greater than the stoichiometric ratio, which is caused by carbon deposition through methane cracking or the Boudouard reaction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12005290)the Chinese TMSR Strategic Pioneer Science and Technology Project(No.XDA02010000)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2020261)。
文摘With global warming,the demand for diversified energy sources has increased significantly.Transportable microreactors are important potential supplements to the global power market and are a promising development direction.This paper describes a 5 MW integrated long-life S-CO_(2)cooled vehicular microreactor(VMR)design based on tristructural isotropic(TRISO)fuel particles that aims to provide electricity for industrial power facilities,remote mines,and remote mountainous areas that are not connected to central power grids.First,to facilitate transportation,flexible deployment,and simplified operation and maintenance requirements,the VMR core and auxiliary system were designed to be reasonably small and as simple as possible.Second,the TRISO fuel particles used in the proposed VMR offer excellent properties,such as high inherent security and nonproliferation,which are vital for reactors in remote areas.In addition,a long core lifetime was achieved using the compact core design and enhanced fuel loading capacity,which is challenging when using TRISO as fuel.Finally,to make the VMR economically competitive in terms of improved neutron performance and fuel efficiency compared to similar designs,large-size TRISO particles and tube-in-duct fuel assembly were utilized and different core configurations were schemed and simulated to obtain the design that best satisfied the proposed criteria.The lifetime and burnup in the final optimized VMR were satisfactory at 21 years and43.9 MWd/kgU,respectively,with an adequate shutdown margin and excellent safety parameters to ensure safe operation.
