Microplastic contamination has emerged as a threat in transplantation,with evidence of its presence in human tissues and potential to compromise grafts.Transplant recipients,vulnerable due to immunosuppression and sur...Microplastic contamination has emerged as a threat in transplantation,with evidence of its presence in human tissues and potential to compromise grafts.Transplant recipients,vulnerable due to immunosuppression and surgical exposure,face risk from microplastics via airborne particles,surgical materials,and organ preservation systems.These particles trigger inflammation,oxidative stress,and immune dysregulation—pathways critical in rejection.Microplastics support biofilm formation,potentially facilitating antimicrobial resistance in clinical settings.Despite this risk,transplant-specific research is lacking.We urge action through environmental controls,material substitutions,and procedural modifications,alongside research targeting exposure pathways,biological impact,and mitigation strategies.Transplantation has historically led medical innovation and must do so in confronting this environmental challenge.Leadership from global transplant societies is essential to protect recipients and ensure safe procedures.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs),as a new category of environmental pollutant,have been the hotspot of eco-friendly issues nowadays.Studies based on the aging process,the migration pattern of MPs in runoff rainwater,and the use of ...Microplastics(MPs),as a new category of environmental pollutant,have been the hotspot of eco-friendly issues nowadays.Studies based on the aging process,the migration pattern of MPs in runoff rainwater,and the use of bioretention cells to remove MPs from runoff rainwater are beginning to attract widespread attention.This review analyses the migration patterns of MPs in rainwater runoff through their sources,structure and characteristics.The mechanism of removing MPs from runoff stormwater,the purification efficiency of different fillers and their influencing factors,and the accumulation,fate,and aging of MPs in bioretention cells are described.Furthermore,the hazards of MP accumulation on the performance of bioretention cells are summarised.Future directions for removing MPs in bioretention cells are proposed:(1)research on MPs smaller than 100μm;(2)influence of MPs aging process on bioretention cells;(3)exploration of more effective fillers to enhance their removal efficiency;(4)research on synergistic removal mechanism of MPs and other pollution.展开更多
As a new type of pollutant,the harm caused by microplastics(MPs)to organisms has been the research focus.Recently,the proportion of MPs ingested through the digestive tract has gradually increased with the popularity ...As a new type of pollutant,the harm caused by microplastics(MPs)to organisms has been the research focus.Recently,the proportion of MPs ingested through the digestive tract has gradually increased with the popularity of fast-food products,such as takeout.The damage to the digestive system has attracted increasing attention.We reviewed the literature regarding toxicity of MPs and observed that they have different effects on multiple organs of the digestive system.The mechanism may be related to the toxic effects of MPs themselves,interactions with various substances in the biological body,and participation in various signaling pathways to induce adverse reactions as a carrier of toxins to increase the time and amount of body absorption.Based on the toxicity mechanism of MPs,we propose specific suggestions to provide a theoretical reference for the government and relevant departments.展开更多
As the main component of electronic products,plastics contain complex and diverse metal additives.Recycling process is not conducive to stable existence of metal additives in electronic plastics.Once the e-waste plast...As the main component of electronic products,plastics contain complex and diverse metal additives.Recycling process is not conducive to stable existence of metal additives in electronic plastics.Once the e-waste plastics enter the environment,they will continue to release harmful metals into environment after aging,causing serious hazards.This study delved into the analysis and comparison of metal content of e-waste plastics,elucidating aging process and metal leaching behavior over a 112-day natural light exposure period.The findings underscored that metal content in recycled plastics surpassed that in their new counterparts.Specifically,Ti content in new plastics remained below 100 mg/kg,while recycled plastics exhibited Ti content surpassing 100 mg/kg threshold.Throughout prolonged natural light exposure,metals such as Zn,Ba and Sb demonstrated a heightened likelihood of release from electronic plastics in comparison to other metals.The aging process during light exposure led to fragmentation of electronic plastics,accompanied by a reduction in particle size.Notably,the particle size reduction was more pronounced in poly acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS)and recycled ABS,experiencing reductions of 40µm and 85µm,respectively.This phenomenon was attributed to the presence of polybutadiene structural units,which proved more susceptible to aging.Along with the breaking of plastics,the ABS plastics released metal species such as Pb,Cd,Ni,Al that had not been detected in other plastics solutions.The collective evidence from this study suggested that ABS and recycled ABS electronic plastics might pose a heightened potential environmental risk compared to other electronic plastics.展开更多
This paper summarizes the mechanisms and environmental effects of interactions between microplastics and surfactants: surfactants adsorb onto microplastics surfaces through hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic f...This paper summarizes the mechanisms and environmental effects of interactions between microplastics and surfactants: surfactants adsorb onto microplastics surfaces through hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic forces, changing their surface properties and transport behavior. In addition, microplastics act as carriers influencing surfactant distribution. Environmental factors (pH, ionic strength, etc. ) significantly regulate this process. Current research still has limitations in areas such as desorption kinetics and combined pollution effects, necessitating in-depth studies under environmentally relevant conditions to provide a basis for risk assessment.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs),defined as plastic particles with diameters less than 5 mm,have become significant global environmental contaminants.MPs accumulate in human tissues and organs,raising significant concerns about the...Microplastics(MPs),defined as plastic particles with diameters less than 5 mm,have become significant global environmental contaminants.MPs accumulate in human tissues and organs,raising significant concerns about their potential biological toxicity.Evidence indicates that MPs and associated toxins disrupt stem cell self-renewal,proliferation,and differentiation processes essential for tissue regeneration and systemic homeostasis,yet research on MP-induced stem cell damage remains limited.To identify relevant and recent studies,we searched the PubMed database using title and abstract fields.This review synthesizes current evidence across organ systems,including nervous,hematopoietic,skeletal,and urinary systems,to systematically categorize phenotypic disruptions and un-derlying mechanisms in stem cells.We further evaluate the utility of stem-cell-derived organoids in modeling organ-specific MP toxicity.By consolidating fragmented findings,this work provides a critical framework for assessing MP risks to tissue regeneration and informs strategies for regenerative medicine and public health protection.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs) are an emerging environmental pollutant and have penetrated the most remote and primitive areas. MPs degradation has received widespread attention. Manganese(Mn) is a highly reactive metal element i...Microplastics(MPs) are an emerging environmental pollutant and have penetrated the most remote and primitive areas. MPs degradation has received widespread attention. Manganese(Mn) is a highly reactive metal element in the environment, yet its contribution to MPs degradation remains unclear. Herein,we simulated the aging of polyethylene MPs with Mn(Ⅱ) under aqueous conditions at pH 5 and 8 for720 days. Mn greatly promoted the MPs degradation, and the average particle sizes of polyethylene MPs were reduced from 9.2 μm to 5.9 μm after aging at pH 5 under light irradiation for 720 days. Plenty of oxygen-containing groups were generated on the MPs surfaces, and the carbonyl index remarkably increased, reaching four times that of the control without adding Mn. Mechanistically, the adsorbed Mn(Ⅱ)on the MPs surfaces were primarily oxidized to high-valence Mn(Ⅲ/Ⅳ) profited from the photoproduced radicals, followed by the MPs oxidation via Mn(Ⅲ/Ⅳ), which were reduced to regenerate Mn(Ⅱ), initiating a new redox cycling. During the degradation, dissolved organic matter was continuously released, mainly including bisphenol A and phthalic acid esters. Mn acts as a catalyst to accelerate the MPs degradation by redox cycling. Our results provide a new insight into the mechanisms of abiotic degradation of MPs in aqueous environments.展开更多
Co-exposure of pharmaceuticals and microplastics(MPs)significantly exacerbates the aquatic environmental pollution issue.While MPs are identified as carriers of pollutants,research on the adsorption behaviors of biode...Co-exposure of pharmaceuticals and microplastics(MPs)significantly exacerbates the aquatic environmental pollution issue.While MPs are identified as carriers of pollutants,research on the adsorption behaviors of biodegradable and conventional MPs to pharmaceuticals limited.The study investigated the adsorption behavior of conventional MPs(polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate),biodegradable MPs polylactic acid(PLA)and polybutylene succinate(PBS)for sulfamethoxazole(SMX).Meanwhile,changes in physicalchemical properties,including morphology,crystallinity,hydrophobicity and structures of MPs after aging(e.g.,ultraviolet treatment)were investigated.Results exhibited that the oxygen-containing functional groups of MPs surface increased after ultraviolet treatment and enhanced the adsorption capacity for SMX,except for PLA.PLA exhibits the highest adsorption capacity,primarily due to its higher hydrophobicity and larger pore size.In contrast,PBS shows the lowest adsorption affinity for SMX because of its hydrophilicity and small pore size.The adsorption capacity of degradable MPs after aging is greater than that of non-degradable MPs.Electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction are the main mechanisms of adsorption of virgin MPs,while hydrogen bond interaction and electrostatic interaction are the primary adsorption mechanisms for aged MPs.These results contribute to understanding the co-transport and migration of SMX and MPs in the environment,and furnish the necessary data for their ecological risk assessment.展开更多
Against the backdrop of the global push for environmental protection and the reduction of plastic pollution,the research and development of alternatives to daily disposable plastic products such as straws have become ...Against the backdrop of the global push for environmental protection and the reduction of plastic pollution,the research and development of alternatives to daily disposable plastic products such as straws have become a hot topic in the environmental protection field.Traditional plastic straws are difficult to degrade,imposing a severe burden on the environment.Meanwhile,existing alternatives like paper straws and PLA(polylactic acid)straws also have numerous drawbacks.展开更多
The abundance of microplastics(MPs)in wastewater from three wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)were determined in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province,China.The MPs abundance was 140-350 particles per litre in the influent and 1...The abundance of microplastics(MPs)in wastewater from three wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)were determined in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province,China.The MPs abundance was 140-350 particles per litre in the influent and 10-30 particles per litre in the effluent.Four shapes of MPs in the influent were observed,while mainly only debris was left in the effluent.The percentage of small(<100μm),medium(100-500μm),and large-sized(≥500μm)plastics in the raw leachate of the three WWTPs were 54.3%,8.6%,and 37.1%,28.6%,64.3%,and 7.1%,and 41.4%,24.1%,and 34.5%,respectively.Mainly only the size of≤100μm was left in the effluent of all.The removal efficiencies of MPs in a range of 78.6%to 96.6%were achieved.Polypropylene,polystyrene,polyethylene,polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride were the main types and detected in all wastewater samples,accounting for over 75%of all types.The plastic components contained in different industrial wastewater were more complex.The distribution of MPs was significantly positively correlated with most conventional indicators such as chemical oxygen demead,ammonia nitrogen,and total phosphorus,but not with heavy metals.Similar wastewater,different treatment processes,or similar processes but different wastewater(industrial wastewater proportion varied)could all lead to differences in MPs removal.The MPs abundance measured in this experiment was similar to some previous studies,but relatively high.The three WWTPs can discharge up to 6.0×10^(-8)-1.8×10^(-9) plastics of MPs per day,which poses potential ecological risks.This study indicates that the source control of MPs and optimizing the process design of existing WWTPs are crucial for preventing and controlling MPs pollution.展开更多
Lakes are critical sinks for terrigenous microplastics(MPs),yet understanding their ecological risks remains hindered by data uncertainties and the absence of local background values.In this study,an enhanced pollutio...Lakes are critical sinks for terrigenous microplastics(MPs),yet understanding their ecological risks remains hindered by data uncertainties and the absence of local background values.In this study,an enhanced pollution load index(PLI)model integrating stochastic mathematical methods and species sensitivity distributions(SSD)was developed.The model was applied to assess and predict the ecological risk posed by MPs in the surface water and sediments of Dongting Lake,the second-largest freshwater lake in China.Results revealed average MP abundances of 4889(range:1667-9667)items/m^(3)in surface water and 7058(range:3935-10,736)items/kg in sediments within the Dongting Lake District.Small microplastics accounted for 90%of total MP particles,predominantly as polyethylene fragments.SSD-derived predicted no-effect concentrations values were determined as 8620 items/m^(3)for water and 7022 items/kg for sediments.While surface water exhibited low MP pollution risk and sediments were classified as unpolluted,both compartments showed signs of potential pollution escalation,suggesting non-negligible ecological risks.Through conditional fragmentation modeling,primary MP sources were identified as Yangtze River upstream inputs,atmospheric deposition,and soil erosion.In conclusion,the enhanced PLI model demonstrates effective ecological risk assessment and forecasting capabilities across environmental media,providing strategic insights for lake MP pollution mitigation.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs)are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous occurrence and propensity to interact and concentrate various waterborne contaminants from aqueous surroundings.Studies on the interaction and joint ...Microplastics(MPs)are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous occurrence and propensity to interact and concentrate various waterborne contaminants from aqueous surroundings.Studies on the interaction and joint toxicity of MPs on engineered nanoparticles(ENPs)are exhaustive,but limited research on the effect of MPs on the properties of ENPs in multisolute systems.Here,the effect of MPs on adsorption ability of ENPs to antibiotics was investigated for the first time.The results demonstrated that MPs enhanced the adsorption affinity of ENPs to antibiotics and MPs before and after aging showed different effects on ENPs.Aged polyamide prevented aggregation of ZnONPs by introducing negative charges,whereas virgin polyamide affected ZnONPs with the help of electrostatic attraction.FT-IR and XPS analyses were used to probe the physicochemical interactions between ENPs and MPs.The results showed no chemical interaction and electrostatic interactionwas the dominant force between them.Furthermore,the adsorption rate of antibiotics positively correlated with pH and humic acid but exhibited a negative correlation with ionic strength.Our study highlights that ENPs are highly capable of accumulating and transporting antibiotics in the presence of MPs,which could result in a widespread distribution of antibiotics and an expansion of their environmental risks and toxic effects on biota.It also improves our understanding of the mutual interaction of various co-existing contaminants in aqueous environments.展开更多
As emerging pollutants,microplastics have recently received considerable attention owing to detection in various organisms and environments.Mass production and widespread use of plastic products increase their potenti...As emerging pollutants,microplastics have recently received considerable attention owing to detection in various organisms and environments.Mass production and widespread use of plastic products increase their potential risks to humans owing to their persistent,mobile,and toxic properties.Numerous methods have been used to identify and quantify the various forms of microplastics,however,unified standards do not exist.In this review,we systematically summarize the sources,migration,transformation,and analytical methods for microplastics in diverse ecosystems,particularly the most recent sampling and identification techniques.Additionally,the environmental effects and health hazards of microplastics on aquatic and terrestrial systems,as well as human beings are discussed.We also present management strategies for reducing microplastics in a broader social and policy context.This review aims to provide an overview of the migration,transformation,sampling,analysis,and environmental effects of microplastics,which addresses knowledge gaps in microplastic pollution and provides proposals for key research gaps.展开更多
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD),formerly referred to as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,is a major cause of end-stage liver disease worldwide.Numerous studies have demonstrated that t...Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD),formerly referred to as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,is a major cause of end-stage liver disease worldwide.Numerous studies have demonstrated that the liver is predominantly influenced by environmental and lifestyle risk factors that lead to obesity and diabetes,excessive alcohol consumption,and exposure to environmental pollutants.Microplastics(MPs)are a significant global concern,having been detected in human blood,lungs,kidneys,and liver,and may have deleterious effects on these tissues.Although the effects of MP exposure on the liver have only been partially elucidated,further research is necessary to integrate the direct and extrahepatic effects of MPs on the pathogenesis of MASLD.This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of MPs on hepatic metabolism,including their effects on mitochondrial homeostasis and the endocrine system,with potential implications for the progression of MASLD.展开更多
As ubiquitous environmental contaminants,microplastics(MPs)have garnered global concern due to their persistence,bioaccumulation potential,and multifaceted threats to ecosystem health.These particles threaten terrestr...As ubiquitous environmental contaminants,microplastics(MPs)have garnered global concern due to their persistence,bioaccumulation potential,and multifaceted threats to ecosystem health.These particles threaten terrestrial ecosystems via soil contamination;however,research on their phytotoxicity remains predominantly focused on herbaceous plants.The responses of woody plants to MPs and their interspecific differences are severely unexplored.Here,two important ecological and economical tree species in southern China,Pinus massoniana(P.massoniana)and Schima superba(S.superba),were selected to explore the ecotoxicity effects of polyethylene(PE)and polypropylene(PP)MPs(the two most abundant species in the soil)on seedling growth characteristics,specific leaf area(SLA)and biomass allocation at 0%,1%,5%and 10%concentration gradients in the 120-day potted experiment.The results showed that the inhibition effect of MPs was concentration and tree species-dependent.Seedling height,basal diameter,and total biomass of P.massoniana decreased significantly with increased concentration,while S.superba showed a non-significant growth effect at 1%concentration.The SLA was generally increased,revealing that plants enhanced their light capture ability through leaf morphological plasticity to compensate for the loss of carbon assimilation.There were interspecific differences in root investment strategies:the root-shoot ratio of P.massoniana was significantly reduced by 48.43%under 10%PP treatment.In comparison,the root-shoot ratio of S.superba was significantly reduced by maintaining a higher root-shoot ratio(65.26%higher than that of P.massoniana on average)and phased resource allocation(5%concentration biomass is higher than 10%)partially alleviated the toxic pressure.Collectively,our results indicate that the ecotoxicity of MPs was mainly driven by concentration and was not correlated with type(PE/PP),while the differences in tree species response were closely related to their resource allocation strategies and morphological plasticity.These findings imply that MPs contamination can differently impact the growth and development of dominant tree species,potentially altering the structure,diversity,and function of forest ecosystems.This study systematically revealed the growth response mechanism of native common tree species to MPs pollution and provided a theoretical basis for sustainable management of plantations and toxicological risk assessment of forest ecosystems.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs)pollution has become a worldwide environmental problem.The study about the effects of microplastics on fish,especially on the fish immune system is limited.In the present study,the transcriptome of s...Microplastics(MPs)pollution has become a worldwide environmental problem.The study about the effects of microplastics on fish,especially on the fish immune system is limited.In the present study,the transcriptome of soiny mullet(Liza haematocheila)larvae at 7 d and 14 d post 0.5μm MPs exposure were analyzed by DNBSEQ platform.A total number of 96585 unigenes were obtained with average length of 1925 bp.Approximately 72.48%(70004),76.80%(74176),and 62.94%(60787)unigenes were matched with the annotated sequences for non-redundant(NR),NCBI nucleotide(NT)and Swissprot database,respectively.Compared with control group,1336 differently expressed genes(DEGs)were identified at 7 d post MPs exposure.As the MPs exposure time extended to 14 d,the number of DEGs in the MPs exposure group reached to 3561.Further,KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that several immune-related pathways,such as interleukin(IL)-17 signaling pathway,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway,were affected by MPs exposure.In addition,apoptosis signaling pathway was also enriched under MPs exposure.These results demonstrated that MPs can alter the expressions of immune-related genes,providing basis for understanding the immune toxicity of MPs on fish and other vertebrates.展开更多
Airborne microplastics(MPs)are important pollutants that have been present in the environment for many years and are characterized by their universality,persistence,and potential toxicity.This study investigated the e...Airborne microplastics(MPs)are important pollutants that have been present in the environment for many years and are characterized by their universality,persistence,and potential toxicity.This study investigated the effects of terrestrial and marine transport of MPs in the atmosphere of a coastal city and compared the difference between daytime and nighttime.Laser direct infrared imaging(LDIR)and polarized light microscopy were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of MPs,including number concentration,chemical types,shape,and size.Backward trajectories were used to distinguish the air masses from marine and terrestrial transport.Twenty chemical types were detected by LDIR,with rubber(16.7%)and phenol-formaldehyde resin(PFR;14.8%)being major components.Three main morphological types of MPs were identified,and fragments(78.1%)are the dominant type.MPs in the atmosphere were concentrated in the small particle size segment(20-50μm).The concentration of MPs in the air mass from marine transport was 14.7 items/m^(3)-lower than that from terrestrial transport(32.0 items/m^(3)).The number concentration of airborne MPs was negatively correlated with relative humidity.MPs from terrestrial transport were mainly rubber(20.2%),while those from marine transport were mainly PFR(18%).MPs in the marine transport air mass were more aged and had a lower number concentration than those in the terrestrial transport air mass.The number concentration of airborne MPs is higher during the day than at night.These findings could contribute to the development of targeted control measures and methods to reduce MP pollution.展开更多
As an emerging pollutant,the impact of microplastics’physical properties on key biogeochemical cycles remains unclear.This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of four particle sizes(25,150,200,500μm)of pol...As an emerging pollutant,the impact of microplastics’physical properties on key biogeochemical cycles remains unclear.This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of four particle sizes(25,150,200,500μm)of polyethylene microplastics(PE-MPs)on nitrogen transformation in river systems through a 120-day indoor micro-cultivation experiment.Results indicate that microplastic addition significantly enhanced nitrogen partitioning from the water phase to sediments,leading to reduced total nitrogen and nitrate concentrations in overlying water.Small-sized(25μm)microplastics strongly promoted ammonium nitrogen accumulation in sediments during long-term exposure,while large-sized(500μm)microplastics induced dramatic fluctuations in sediment total nitrogen content,revealing complex adsorption-desorption dynamics.Correlation analysis indicates that sediment ammonium accumulation is significantly positively correlated with iron content.This study reveals that microplastics primarily disrupt nitrogen transformation processes by altering sediment microenvironments and providing microbial attachment sites,ultimately inhibiting nitrification and leading to the accumulation of nitrogen in the sediment as reduced ammonium salts.The study emphasizes that microplastic size is a key physical parameter governing its interference with the nitrogen cycle,providing crucial evidence for scientifically assessing its ecological risks.展开更多
P-arsanilic acid(AA)has received widespread attention because of its conversion to more toxic inorganic arsenic compounds(arsenate and arsenite)in the natural ecosystems.Its removal process and mechanisms with co-exis...P-arsanilic acid(AA)has received widespread attention because of its conversion to more toxic inorganic arsenic compounds(arsenate and arsenite)in the natural ecosystems.Its removal process and mechanisms with co-existence of microplastics remain unkown.In this study,biochar loaded with nano zero-valent iron(nZVI)particles(ISBC)was prepared by using iron scrap obtained from a steel works and wood chips collected from a wood processing plant.The advanced oxidation system of sodium persulfate(PDS)activated by ISBC was applied for AA degradation and inorganic arsenic control in aqueous media.More than 99%of the AA was completely degraded by the ISBC/PDS system,and the As(III)on AA was almost completely oxidized to As(V)and finally removed by ISBC.HCO_(3)−inhibited the removal of AA by the ISBC/PDS system,while Cl^(−)had a dual effect that showing inhibition at low concentrations yet promotion at high concentrations.The effect of microplastics on the degradation of AA by the ISBC/PDS system was further investigated due to the potential for combined microplastic and organic arsenic contamination in rural/remote areas.Microplastics were found to have little effect on AA degradation in the ISBC/PDS system,while affect the transport of inorganic arsenic generated from AA degradation.Overall,this study provides new insights and methods for efficient removal of p-arsanilic acid from water with coexisting microplastics.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous in the environment,continuously undergo aging processes and release toxic chemical substances.Understanding the environmental behaviors of MPs is critical to accurately evaluate their ...Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous in the environment,continuously undergo aging processes and release toxic chemical substances.Understanding the environmental behaviors of MPs is critical to accurately evaluate their long-term ecological risk.Generalized twodimensional correlation spectroscopy(2D-COS)is a powerful tool for MPs studies,which can dig more comprehensive information hiding in the conventional one-dimensional spectra,such as infrared(IR)and Raman spectra.The recent applications of 2D-COS in analyzing the behaviors and fates of MPs in the environment,including their aging processes,and interactions with natural organicmatter(NOM)or other chemical substances,were summarized systematically.The main requirements and limitations of current approaches for exploring these processes are discussed,and the corresponding strategies to address these limitations and drawbacks are proposed as well.Finally,new trends of 2D-COS are prospected for analyzing the properties and behaviors of MPs in both natural and artificial environmental processes.展开更多
文摘Microplastic contamination has emerged as a threat in transplantation,with evidence of its presence in human tissues and potential to compromise grafts.Transplant recipients,vulnerable due to immunosuppression and surgical exposure,face risk from microplastics via airborne particles,surgical materials,and organ preservation systems.These particles trigger inflammation,oxidative stress,and immune dysregulation—pathways critical in rejection.Microplastics support biofilm formation,potentially facilitating antimicrobial resistance in clinical settings.Despite this risk,transplant-specific research is lacking.We urge action through environmental controls,material substitutions,and procedural modifications,alongside research targeting exposure pathways,biological impact,and mitigation strategies.Transplantation has historically led medical innovation and must do so in confronting this environmental challenge.Leadership from global transplant societies is essential to protect recipients and ensure safe procedures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52070152).
文摘Microplastics(MPs),as a new category of environmental pollutant,have been the hotspot of eco-friendly issues nowadays.Studies based on the aging process,the migration pattern of MPs in runoff rainwater,and the use of bioretention cells to remove MPs from runoff rainwater are beginning to attract widespread attention.This review analyses the migration patterns of MPs in rainwater runoff through their sources,structure and characteristics.The mechanism of removing MPs from runoff stormwater,the purification efficiency of different fillers and their influencing factors,and the accumulation,fate,and aging of MPs in bioretention cells are described.Furthermore,the hazards of MP accumulation on the performance of bioretention cells are summarised.Future directions for removing MPs in bioretention cells are proposed:(1)research on MPs smaller than 100μm;(2)influence of MPs aging process on bioretention cells;(3)exploration of more effective fillers to enhance their removal efficiency;(4)research on synergistic removal mechanism of MPs and other pollution.
文摘As a new type of pollutant,the harm caused by microplastics(MPs)to organisms has been the research focus.Recently,the proportion of MPs ingested through the digestive tract has gradually increased with the popularity of fast-food products,such as takeout.The damage to the digestive system has attracted increasing attention.We reviewed the literature regarding toxicity of MPs and observed that they have different effects on multiple organs of the digestive system.The mechanism may be related to the toxic effects of MPs themselves,interactions with various substances in the biological body,and participation in various signaling pathways to induce adverse reactions as a carrier of toxins to increase the time and amount of body absorption.Based on the toxicity mechanism of MPs,we propose specific suggestions to provide a theoretical reference for the government and relevant departments.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2021B1515020041)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42277403)+4 种基金the Projects of International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC-UNEP)(No:32261143459)the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control(No.2023B1212060002)the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(No.2023B0303000024)the High-level University Special Fund(No.G03050K001)the Research Projects of the General Administration of Customs(No.2022HK060)for financial support.
文摘As the main component of electronic products,plastics contain complex and diverse metal additives.Recycling process is not conducive to stable existence of metal additives in electronic plastics.Once the e-waste plastics enter the environment,they will continue to release harmful metals into environment after aging,causing serious hazards.This study delved into the analysis and comparison of metal content of e-waste plastics,elucidating aging process and metal leaching behavior over a 112-day natural light exposure period.The findings underscored that metal content in recycled plastics surpassed that in their new counterparts.Specifically,Ti content in new plastics remained below 100 mg/kg,while recycled plastics exhibited Ti content surpassing 100 mg/kg threshold.Throughout prolonged natural light exposure,metals such as Zn,Ba and Sb demonstrated a heightened likelihood of release from electronic plastics in comparison to other metals.The aging process during light exposure led to fragmentation of electronic plastics,accompanied by a reduction in particle size.Notably,the particle size reduction was more pronounced in poly acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS)and recycled ABS,experiencing reductions of 40µm and 85µm,respectively.This phenomenon was attributed to the presence of polybutadiene structural units,which proved more susceptible to aging.Along with the breaking of plastics,the ABS plastics released metal species such as Pb,Cd,Ni,Al that had not been detected in other plastics solutions.The collective evidence from this study suggested that ABS and recycled ABS electronic plastics might pose a heightened potential environmental risk compared to other electronic plastics.
基金Supported by Zhaoqing University Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students (X202410580130).
文摘This paper summarizes the mechanisms and environmental effects of interactions between microplastics and surfactants: surfactants adsorb onto microplastics surfaces through hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic forces, changing their surface properties and transport behavior. In addition, microplastics act as carriers influencing surfactant distribution. Environmental factors (pH, ionic strength, etc. ) significantly regulate this process. Current research still has limitations in areas such as desorption kinetics and combined pollution effects, necessitating in-depth studies under environmentally relevant conditions to provide a basis for risk assessment.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82470939 and No.82170921.
文摘Microplastics(MPs),defined as plastic particles with diameters less than 5 mm,have become significant global environmental contaminants.MPs accumulate in human tissues and organs,raising significant concerns about their potential biological toxicity.Evidence indicates that MPs and associated toxins disrupt stem cell self-renewal,proliferation,and differentiation processes essential for tissue regeneration and systemic homeostasis,yet research on MP-induced stem cell damage remains limited.To identify relevant and recent studies,we searched the PubMed database using title and abstract fields.This review synthesizes current evidence across organ systems,including nervous,hematopoietic,skeletal,and urinary systems,to systematically categorize phenotypic disruptions and un-derlying mechanisms in stem cells.We further evaluate the utility of stem-cell-derived organoids in modeling organ-specific MP toxicity.By consolidating fragmented findings,this work provides a critical framework for assessing MP risks to tissue regeneration and informs strategies for regenerative medicine and public health protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077120)the Special Foundation for Taishan Scholar of Shandong Province(2023)the Project of Talent Introduction and Education Program of Youth Innovation Teams in Universities of Shandong Province(No.2021-05).
文摘Microplastics(MPs) are an emerging environmental pollutant and have penetrated the most remote and primitive areas. MPs degradation has received widespread attention. Manganese(Mn) is a highly reactive metal element in the environment, yet its contribution to MPs degradation remains unclear. Herein,we simulated the aging of polyethylene MPs with Mn(Ⅱ) under aqueous conditions at pH 5 and 8 for720 days. Mn greatly promoted the MPs degradation, and the average particle sizes of polyethylene MPs were reduced from 9.2 μm to 5.9 μm after aging at pH 5 under light irradiation for 720 days. Plenty of oxygen-containing groups were generated on the MPs surfaces, and the carbonyl index remarkably increased, reaching four times that of the control without adding Mn. Mechanistically, the adsorbed Mn(Ⅱ)on the MPs surfaces were primarily oxidized to high-valence Mn(Ⅲ/Ⅳ) profited from the photoproduced radicals, followed by the MPs oxidation via Mn(Ⅲ/Ⅳ), which were reduced to regenerate Mn(Ⅱ), initiating a new redox cycling. During the degradation, dissolved organic matter was continuously released, mainly including bisphenol A and phthalic acid esters. Mn acts as a catalyst to accelerate the MPs degradation by redox cycling. Our results provide a new insight into the mechanisms of abiotic degradation of MPs in aqueous environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52100039)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.531118010896).
文摘Co-exposure of pharmaceuticals and microplastics(MPs)significantly exacerbates the aquatic environmental pollution issue.While MPs are identified as carriers of pollutants,research on the adsorption behaviors of biodegradable and conventional MPs to pharmaceuticals limited.The study investigated the adsorption behavior of conventional MPs(polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate),biodegradable MPs polylactic acid(PLA)and polybutylene succinate(PBS)for sulfamethoxazole(SMX).Meanwhile,changes in physicalchemical properties,including morphology,crystallinity,hydrophobicity and structures of MPs after aging(e.g.,ultraviolet treatment)were investigated.Results exhibited that the oxygen-containing functional groups of MPs surface increased after ultraviolet treatment and enhanced the adsorption capacity for SMX,except for PLA.PLA exhibits the highest adsorption capacity,primarily due to its higher hydrophobicity and larger pore size.In contrast,PBS shows the lowest adsorption affinity for SMX because of its hydrophilicity and small pore size.The adsorption capacity of degradable MPs after aging is greater than that of non-degradable MPs.Electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction are the main mechanisms of adsorption of virgin MPs,while hydrogen bond interaction and electrostatic interaction are the primary adsorption mechanisms for aged MPs.These results contribute to understanding the co-transport and migration of SMX and MPs in the environment,and furnish the necessary data for their ecological risk assessment.
文摘Against the backdrop of the global push for environmental protection and the reduction of plastic pollution,the research and development of alternatives to daily disposable plastic products such as straws have become a hot topic in the environmental protection field.Traditional plastic straws are difficult to degrade,imposing a severe burden on the environment.Meanwhile,existing alternatives like paper straws and PLA(polylactic acid)straws also have numerous drawbacks.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477406,51878617)the horizontal scientific research project(KYY-HX-20220803)the Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Renewable Energy Infrastructure Construction Technology。
文摘The abundance of microplastics(MPs)in wastewater from three wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)were determined in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province,China.The MPs abundance was 140-350 particles per litre in the influent and 10-30 particles per litre in the effluent.Four shapes of MPs in the influent were observed,while mainly only debris was left in the effluent.The percentage of small(<100μm),medium(100-500μm),and large-sized(≥500μm)plastics in the raw leachate of the three WWTPs were 54.3%,8.6%,and 37.1%,28.6%,64.3%,and 7.1%,and 41.4%,24.1%,and 34.5%,respectively.Mainly only the size of≤100μm was left in the effluent of all.The removal efficiencies of MPs in a range of 78.6%to 96.6%were achieved.Polypropylene,polystyrene,polyethylene,polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride were the main types and detected in all wastewater samples,accounting for over 75%of all types.The plastic components contained in different industrial wastewater were more complex.The distribution of MPs was significantly positively correlated with most conventional indicators such as chemical oxygen demead,ammonia nitrogen,and total phosphorus,but not with heavy metals.Similar wastewater,different treatment processes,or similar processes but different wastewater(industrial wastewater proportion varied)could all lead to differences in MPs removal.The MPs abundance measured in this experiment was similar to some previous studies,but relatively high.The three WWTPs can discharge up to 6.0×10^(-8)-1.8×10^(-9) plastics of MPs per day,which poses potential ecological risks.This study indicates that the source control of MPs and optimizing the process design of existing WWTPs are crucial for preventing and controlling MPs pollution.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:42277262China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Grant/Award Number:WE0199A042021。
文摘Lakes are critical sinks for terrigenous microplastics(MPs),yet understanding their ecological risks remains hindered by data uncertainties and the absence of local background values.In this study,an enhanced pollution load index(PLI)model integrating stochastic mathematical methods and species sensitivity distributions(SSD)was developed.The model was applied to assess and predict the ecological risk posed by MPs in the surface water and sediments of Dongting Lake,the second-largest freshwater lake in China.Results revealed average MP abundances of 4889(range:1667-9667)items/m^(3)in surface water and 7058(range:3935-10,736)items/kg in sediments within the Dongting Lake District.Small microplastics accounted for 90%of total MP particles,predominantly as polyethylene fragments.SSD-derived predicted no-effect concentrations values were determined as 8620 items/m^(3)for water and 7022 items/kg for sediments.While surface water exhibited low MP pollution risk and sediments were classified as unpolluted,both compartments showed signs of potential pollution escalation,suggesting non-negligible ecological risks.Through conditional fragmentation modeling,primary MP sources were identified as Yangtze River upstream inputs,atmospheric deposition,and soil erosion.In conclusion,the enhanced PLI model demonstrates effective ecological risk assessment and forecasting capabilities across environmental media,providing strategic insights for lake MP pollution mitigation.
基金supported by the National Youth Foundation of China(No.52000064)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U20A20323)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2023JJ0013)the Special Funding for the Construction of Hunan’s Innovative Province(No.2021SK2040)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2021RC3133)the National Youth Foundation of China(No.52300227)the HunanMunicipal Natural Science Foundation(No.2023JJ41048)the Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.kq2208423).
文摘Microplastics(MPs)are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous occurrence and propensity to interact and concentrate various waterborne contaminants from aqueous surroundings.Studies on the interaction and joint toxicity of MPs on engineered nanoparticles(ENPs)are exhaustive,but limited research on the effect of MPs on the properties of ENPs in multisolute systems.Here,the effect of MPs on adsorption ability of ENPs to antibiotics was investigated for the first time.The results demonstrated that MPs enhanced the adsorption affinity of ENPs to antibiotics and MPs before and after aging showed different effects on ENPs.Aged polyamide prevented aggregation of ZnONPs by introducing negative charges,whereas virgin polyamide affected ZnONPs with the help of electrostatic attraction.FT-IR and XPS analyses were used to probe the physicochemical interactions between ENPs and MPs.The results showed no chemical interaction and electrostatic interactionwas the dominant force between them.Furthermore,the adsorption rate of antibiotics positively correlated with pH and humic acid but exhibited a negative correlation with ionic strength.Our study highlights that ENPs are highly capable of accumulating and transporting antibiotics in the presence of MPs,which could result in a widespread distribution of antibiotics and an expansion of their environmental risks and toxic effects on biota.It also improves our understanding of the mutual interaction of various co-existing contaminants in aqueous environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21906179 and 22074098)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2021ZYD0047)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘As emerging pollutants,microplastics have recently received considerable attention owing to detection in various organisms and environments.Mass production and widespread use of plastic products increase their potential risks to humans owing to their persistent,mobile,and toxic properties.Numerous methods have been used to identify and quantify the various forms of microplastics,however,unified standards do not exist.In this review,we systematically summarize the sources,migration,transformation,and analytical methods for microplastics in diverse ecosystems,particularly the most recent sampling and identification techniques.Additionally,the environmental effects and health hazards of microplastics on aquatic and terrestrial systems,as well as human beings are discussed.We also present management strategies for reducing microplastics in a broader social and policy context.This review aims to provide an overview of the migration,transformation,sampling,analysis,and environmental effects of microplastics,which addresses knowledge gaps in microplastic pollution and provides proposals for key research gaps.
基金Supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board,No.CRG/2022/002149Indian Council of Medical Research,No.ICMR/02/833/IGP-2024.
文摘Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD),formerly referred to as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,is a major cause of end-stage liver disease worldwide.Numerous studies have demonstrated that the liver is predominantly influenced by environmental and lifestyle risk factors that lead to obesity and diabetes,excessive alcohol consumption,and exposure to environmental pollutants.Microplastics(MPs)are a significant global concern,having been detected in human blood,lungs,kidneys,and liver,and may have deleterious effects on these tissues.Although the effects of MP exposure on the liver have only been partially elucidated,further research is necessary to integrate the direct and extrahepatic effects of MPs on the pathogenesis of MASLD.This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of MPs on hepatic metabolism,including their effects on mitochondrial homeostasis and the endocrine system,with potential implications for the progression of MASLD.
基金supported by the Natural Science Talent Funding of Guizhou University(202132,202318)the Innovative Talent Team Project of Seedling Breeding and plantation cultivation for Precious Tree Species in Guizhou(Qiankehe Platform Talents-CXTD[2023]006).
文摘As ubiquitous environmental contaminants,microplastics(MPs)have garnered global concern due to their persistence,bioaccumulation potential,and multifaceted threats to ecosystem health.These particles threaten terrestrial ecosystems via soil contamination;however,research on their phytotoxicity remains predominantly focused on herbaceous plants.The responses of woody plants to MPs and their interspecific differences are severely unexplored.Here,two important ecological and economical tree species in southern China,Pinus massoniana(P.massoniana)and Schima superba(S.superba),were selected to explore the ecotoxicity effects of polyethylene(PE)and polypropylene(PP)MPs(the two most abundant species in the soil)on seedling growth characteristics,specific leaf area(SLA)and biomass allocation at 0%,1%,5%and 10%concentration gradients in the 120-day potted experiment.The results showed that the inhibition effect of MPs was concentration and tree species-dependent.Seedling height,basal diameter,and total biomass of P.massoniana decreased significantly with increased concentration,while S.superba showed a non-significant growth effect at 1%concentration.The SLA was generally increased,revealing that plants enhanced their light capture ability through leaf morphological plasticity to compensate for the loss of carbon assimilation.There were interspecific differences in root investment strategies:the root-shoot ratio of P.massoniana was significantly reduced by 48.43%under 10%PP treatment.In comparison,the root-shoot ratio of S.superba was significantly reduced by maintaining a higher root-shoot ratio(65.26%higher than that of P.massoniana on average)and phased resource allocation(5%concentration biomass is higher than 10%)partially alleviated the toxic pressure.Collectively,our results indicate that the ecotoxicity of MPs was mainly driven by concentration and was not correlated with type(PE/PP),while the differences in tree species response were closely related to their resource allocation strategies and morphological plasticity.These findings imply that MPs contamination can differently impact the growth and development of dominant tree species,potentially altering the structure,diversity,and function of forest ecosystems.This study systematically revealed the growth response mechanism of native common tree species to MPs pollution and provided a theoretical basis for sustainable management of plantations and toxicological risk assessment of forest ecosystems.
基金supported by the Major Projects of Natural Science Research for University and Colleges in Jiangsu Province(No.21KJA240001)the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2018348)+2 种基金partially by the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(No.CX(22)3199)the Projects for the High-Quality Development of Fishery Industry of Yancheng City(No.YCSCYJ20210014)supported financially by the projects for‘Six Talents’of Jiangsu Province(No.NY115)。
文摘Microplastics(MPs)pollution has become a worldwide environmental problem.The study about the effects of microplastics on fish,especially on the fish immune system is limited.In the present study,the transcriptome of soiny mullet(Liza haematocheila)larvae at 7 d and 14 d post 0.5μm MPs exposure were analyzed by DNBSEQ platform.A total number of 96585 unigenes were obtained with average length of 1925 bp.Approximately 72.48%(70004),76.80%(74176),and 62.94%(60787)unigenes were matched with the annotated sequences for non-redundant(NR),NCBI nucleotide(NT)and Swissprot database,respectively.Compared with control group,1336 differently expressed genes(DEGs)were identified at 7 d post MPs exposure.As the MPs exposure time extended to 14 d,the number of DEGs in the MPs exposure group reached to 3561.Further,KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that several immune-related pathways,such as interleukin(IL)-17 signaling pathway,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway,were affected by MPs exposure.In addition,apoptosis signaling pathway was also enriched under MPs exposure.These results demonstrated that MPs can alter the expressions of immune-related genes,providing basis for understanding the immune toxicity of MPs on fish and other vertebrates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42075107)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2022YJSDC05)+1 种基金the China Scholarship Council (No.202206430058)the Yueqi Scholar Fund of China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing).
文摘Airborne microplastics(MPs)are important pollutants that have been present in the environment for many years and are characterized by their universality,persistence,and potential toxicity.This study investigated the effects of terrestrial and marine transport of MPs in the atmosphere of a coastal city and compared the difference between daytime and nighttime.Laser direct infrared imaging(LDIR)and polarized light microscopy were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of MPs,including number concentration,chemical types,shape,and size.Backward trajectories were used to distinguish the air masses from marine and terrestrial transport.Twenty chemical types were detected by LDIR,with rubber(16.7%)and phenol-formaldehyde resin(PFR;14.8%)being major components.Three main morphological types of MPs were identified,and fragments(78.1%)are the dominant type.MPs in the atmosphere were concentrated in the small particle size segment(20-50μm).The concentration of MPs in the air mass from marine transport was 14.7 items/m^(3)-lower than that from terrestrial transport(32.0 items/m^(3)).The number concentration of airborne MPs was negatively correlated with relative humidity.MPs from terrestrial transport were mainly rubber(20.2%),while those from marine transport were mainly PFR(18%).MPs in the marine transport air mass were more aged and had a lower number concentration than those in the terrestrial transport air mass.The number concentration of airborne MPs is higher during the day than at night.These findings could contribute to the development of targeted control measures and methods to reduce MP pollution.
文摘As an emerging pollutant,the impact of microplastics’physical properties on key biogeochemical cycles remains unclear.This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of four particle sizes(25,150,200,500μm)of polyethylene microplastics(PE-MPs)on nitrogen transformation in river systems through a 120-day indoor micro-cultivation experiment.Results indicate that microplastic addition significantly enhanced nitrogen partitioning from the water phase to sediments,leading to reduced total nitrogen and nitrate concentrations in overlying water.Small-sized(25μm)microplastics strongly promoted ammonium nitrogen accumulation in sediments during long-term exposure,while large-sized(500μm)microplastics induced dramatic fluctuations in sediment total nitrogen content,revealing complex adsorption-desorption dynamics.Correlation analysis indicates that sediment ammonium accumulation is significantly positively correlated with iron content.This study reveals that microplastics primarily disrupt nitrogen transformation processes by altering sediment microenvironments and providing microbial attachment sites,ultimately inhibiting nitrification and leading to the accumulation of nitrogen in the sediment as reduced ammonium salts.The study emphasizes that microplastic size is a key physical parameter governing its interference with the nitrogen cycle,providing crucial evidence for scientifically assessing its ecological risks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52200187)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20220530160411025)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515030273)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(No.2023JJ10012)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(No.2023JJ10012).
文摘P-arsanilic acid(AA)has received widespread attention because of its conversion to more toxic inorganic arsenic compounds(arsenate and arsenite)in the natural ecosystems.Its removal process and mechanisms with co-existence of microplastics remain unkown.In this study,biochar loaded with nano zero-valent iron(nZVI)particles(ISBC)was prepared by using iron scrap obtained from a steel works and wood chips collected from a wood processing plant.The advanced oxidation system of sodium persulfate(PDS)activated by ISBC was applied for AA degradation and inorganic arsenic control in aqueous media.More than 99%of the AA was completely degraded by the ISBC/PDS system,and the As(III)on AA was almost completely oxidized to As(V)and finally removed by ISBC.HCO_(3)−inhibited the removal of AA by the ISBC/PDS system,while Cl^(−)had a dual effect that showing inhibition at low concentrations yet promotion at high concentrations.The effect of microplastics on the degradation of AA by the ISBC/PDS system was further investigated due to the potential for combined microplastic and organic arsenic contamination in rural/remote areas.Microplastics were found to have little effect on AA degradation in the ISBC/PDS system,while affect the transport of inorganic arsenic generated from AA degradation.Overall,this study provides new insights and methods for efficient removal of p-arsanilic acid from water with coexisting microplastics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52293444 and 22076209)the Key R&D Project of Ningxia(No.2021BEG02006).
文摘Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous in the environment,continuously undergo aging processes and release toxic chemical substances.Understanding the environmental behaviors of MPs is critical to accurately evaluate their long-term ecological risk.Generalized twodimensional correlation spectroscopy(2D-COS)is a powerful tool for MPs studies,which can dig more comprehensive information hiding in the conventional one-dimensional spectra,such as infrared(IR)and Raman spectra.The recent applications of 2D-COS in analyzing the behaviors and fates of MPs in the environment,including their aging processes,and interactions with natural organicmatter(NOM)or other chemical substances,were summarized systematically.The main requirements and limitations of current approaches for exploring these processes are discussed,and the corresponding strategies to address these limitations and drawbacks are proposed as well.Finally,new trends of 2D-COS are prospected for analyzing the properties and behaviors of MPs in both natural and artificial environmental processes.
