Based on the quantitative analyses of abundance of planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, the ratios of calcareous to siliceous microfossils, and the determination of carbonate content...Based on the quantitative analyses of abundance of planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, the ratios of calcareous to siliceous microfossils, and the determination of carbonate contents in the surface sediments of the northeastern South China Sea, it has been found that the carbonate contents, the abundance of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton, and the ratio of calcareous microfossils decrease rapidly while the ratio of the benthic foraminifera to the total foraminiferal fauna, specific value of siliceous microfossils, and the percentage of the agglutinated tests in the benthic foraminiferal fauna increase with the water depth. The results indicate that the microfossils abundance and ratio, and the carbonate content are closely related to the carbonate lysocline and carbonate compensation depth (CCD) in the study area. In addition, the carbonate lysocline and the CCD are different between the southern and northern parts of the South China Sea. Both the lysocline and the CCD are deeper in the south with 2 600 and 3 600 m than in the north with 2 200 and 3 400 m, respectively.展开更多
Geological surveys showed that rhyolite and basalt strata with pillow structures typical for underwater volcanism form sheets over the Svecofennian basement. Original geochemical and isotope-geochemical data confirmed...Geological surveys showed that rhyolite and basalt strata with pillow structures typical for underwater volcanism form sheets over the Svecofennian basement. Original geochemical and isotope-geochemical data confirmed that the rhyolites were formed contemporaneously with the rapakivi granites of the Wiborg Massif（1 640 Ma）, and the basalts are similar to gabbro-anorthosites. Abnormally high content of K2O and relatively low content of Na2O in rhyolites and basalts are interpreted as a result of hydrothermal interaction of eruptive magmas with K-enriched hot seawater. The strata of siliceous metasedimentary rocks（microquartzites） within basaltic and rhyolitic lavas were formed in processes of chemogenic sedimentation and subsequent contact metamorphism during underwater volcanism. Microquartzites showed carbon vastly depleted of heavy isotope 13С. This is typical for rocks formed with participation of living substance. The Raman spectra of the remaining carbon-containing substance have graphite bands. In the microquartzites among basalts and rhyolites we found a community of structures with external and internal morphology similar to modern or fossilized marine microorganisms： spiral cyanobacterias, amoebas, diatoms, foraminifers, virus capsids, flagellates and multicellular organisms. It is assumed that these silificated and ferruginizated microfossils represent the Paleoproterozoic community of marine microorganisms.展开更多
This paper reports for the first time on the microfossils discovered in the black cherts of the basal part of the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation at Miaohe village, Zigui County, Hubei Province, all of which were...This paper reports for the first time on the microfossils discovered in the black cherts of the basal part of the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation at Miaohe village, Zigui County, Hubei Province, all of which were observed in thin sections. Nine genera, 9 species and 3 indeterminate species (including a new species) are described. According to these microfossils, the conclusion is made that the microfossil zone may be equivalent to the small shelly fossil assemblage zones 2—3 of the Meishucun stage. They have provided another important line of evidence for the correlation of the Sinian-Cambrian boundary strata with those of the adjacent areas.展开更多
Microfossil classification is an important discipline in subsurface exploration,for both oil&gas and Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS).The abundance and distribution of species found in sedimentary rocks provide val...Microfossil classification is an important discipline in subsurface exploration,for both oil&gas and Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS).The abundance and distribution of species found in sedimentary rocks provide valuable information about the age and depositional environment.However,the analysis is difficult and consuming,time-as it is based on manual work by human experts.Attempts to automate this process face two key challenges:(1)the input data are very large-our dataset is projected to grow to 3 billion microfossils,and(2)there are not enough labeled data to use the standard procedure of training a deep learning classifier.We propose an efficient pipeline for processing and grouping fossils by genus,or even species,from microscope slides using self-supervised learning.First we show how to efficiently extract crops from whole slide images by adapting previously trained object detection algorithms.Second,we provide a comparison of a range of self-supervised learning methods to classify and identify microfossils from very few labels.We obtain excellent results with both convolutional neural networks and vision transformers fine-tuned by self-supervision.Our approach is fast and computationally light,providing a handy tool for geologists working with microfossils.展开更多
The World Summit on Ancient Micro-scopic Fossils was organized in the University of California(IGPP Centre for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life),Los Angeles,USA from 27^(th) July through 3^(rd) August,200...The World Summit on Ancient Micro-scopic Fossils was organized in the University of California(IGPP Centre for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life),Los Angeles,USA from 27^(th) July through 3^(rd) August,2008.This unique summit was supported by NASA Astrobiology Institute(NAI,USA).The International Organizing Committee Members are Professor J.William Schopf,UCLA,USA,Professor D.J.Bottjer,University of Southern California,USA.展开更多
Quantitative analyses of microfossils and stable isotopic analysis were carried out for Core SCS-12 in the southwestern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). A high-resolution paleoceanographic record for the last 13 ka...Quantitative analyses of microfossils and stable isotopic analysis were carried out for Core SCS-12 in the southwestern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). A high-resolution paleoceanographic record for the last 13 ka was revealed with the AMS 14 C dates. The southern SCS has experienced stepwise paleoceanographic changes since the last deglaciation. The oxygen isotopic stage 1/2 boundary around 12.05 ka B.P. and the end of the last deglaciation around 7.70 ka B.P. are two rapid change periods (corresponding to the termination I\-A and termination I\-B, respectively), in between is a slow change period. The authors infer that the sea level stood at -110 m before the termination I\-A, roughly the same as today after the termination I\-B, and about -50 m in between. Subsequently, the average winter sea surface temperature and salinity obviously increased while paleo-productivity decreased since 12.05 ka B.P. The early Holocene CaCO\-3 preservation spike, coupled with a high abundance of pteropoda and CaCO\-3 content, occurred around 7.70 ka B.P.展开更多
The age of the Taowan Group is still a hot topic in the Northern Qinling Orogenic Belt, because of limited fossil evidence from these strata and different ideals on the Cambrian fossils of the conglomerate beds and li...The age of the Taowan Group is still a hot topic in the Northern Qinling Orogenic Belt, because of limited fossil evidence from these strata and different ideals on the Cambrian fossils of the conglomerate beds and limestone blocks. Early Ordovician acritarchs, chitinozoa and scolecodonts occur in the siltstone and muddy slate beds of the Guoling, Sanchakou, Fengmaimiao and Goushenmiao Formations of the Taowan Group, indicating the age of the Taowan Group should be the Ordovician. These fossil assemblages consist of 7 genera and 13 species of acritarchs, 7 genera and 9 species of chitinozoa, and 2 genera and 2 species of scolecodonts.展开更多
Based on numerous microfossils in Mesozoic of North Carnarvon Basin in Australia,the Mesozoic paleoclimate and paleoenvironment were analyzed,the paleogeographic background and development model of Mesozoic high-quali...Based on numerous microfossils in Mesozoic of North Carnarvon Basin in Australia,the Mesozoic paleoclimate and paleoenvironment were analyzed,the paleogeographic background and development model of Mesozoic high-quality source rocks were investigated and discussed.Variation of microfossil species and their relative contents in Mesozoic different intervals indicates changes of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment.The paleoclimate shows a cycle variation of aridehumidearidehumid,the regression occurred in the Early TriassiceLate Triassic and the transgression occurred in the Late TriassiceLate Cretaceous.Four sedimentary facieses including delta facies,littoral facies,restricted sea facies and open sea facies were developed in the Mesozoic.The open sea was mainly developed in the Early Triassic,the delta was distributed in the MiddleeLate Triassic,the restricted sea was especially well developed in the Jurassic,and the restricted sea and open sea were mainly distributed in the Cretaceous.Characteristics of microfossil assemblage in these four sedimentary facies are dramatically different.From the delta facies,littoral facies,restricted sea facies to open sea facies,content of pollen gradually decreases,but content of the dinoflagellate+acritarch gradually increases.The delta facies and littoral facies are dominated by the pollen.In the restricted sea facies,content of the pollen is equivalent to that of the dinoflagellate+acritarch.The open sea facies is dominated by the dinoflagellate and acritarch.Supply of sediment and formation of organic matter are influenced by the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment,and type of organic matter is controlled by the microfossil assemblage.Based on the palaeogeographic background,paleoclimatic condition and microfossil assemblage,two developmental models of the Mesozoic source rocks such as the development model of terrestrial organic matter under the background of large delta and the development model of mixed organic matter under the background of the restricted sea,were proposed.展开更多
THE microfossils were obtained by using 5%—7% HF acid from Qingbaikouian Dazhuang Formation in Luonan County, Shaanxi Province, with an age of 800—1000 Ma. The fossils may be one type of the oldest skeletal mierofos...THE microfossils were obtained by using 5%—7% HF acid from Qingbaikouian Dazhuang Formation in Luonan County, Shaanxi Province, with an age of 800—1000 Ma. The fossils may be one type of the oldest skeletal mierofossils.展开更多
Microfossils from the Malan Loess profiles, Miaodao Islands, have been quantitatively studied. The microfauna is composed mainly of benthic foraminifers together with a few planktonic foraminifers, ostracods, gastropo...Microfossils from the Malan Loess profiles, Miaodao Islands, have been quantitatively studied. The microfauna is composed mainly of benthic foraminifers together with a few planktonic foraminifers, ostracods, gastropods, bivalves and echinoid spines. With the exception of indigenous gastropods, benthic foraminifers, ostracods, bivalves and echinoid spines were transported from the north or northwest of the Bohai Sea in the glacial period by the prevailing winter monsoon, while planktonic foraminifers were probably driven from the Yellow Sea or even the northern East China Sea by southerly winds. The upward decrease of marine microfossil abundance and diversity in the Malan Loess profiles shows that the microfossil transportation occurred mainly at the beginning of the regression.展开更多
To determine the characteristics and potential indicators of modern typhoon deposition in a sandy lagoon off the coast of Guangdong Province(southern China),we analysed the ^(210)Pb,sedimentology,and microfossils of s...To determine the characteristics and potential indicators of modern typhoon deposition in a sandy lagoon off the coast of Guangdong Province(southern China),we analysed the ^(210)Pb,sedimentology,and microfossils of samples from ten cores obtained before and after the passage of Typhoon Rammasun in 2014.Typhoon deposition showed a thinning trend from internal areas of the lagoon to its mouth,with the maximum thickness inside the lagoon of~35 cm.These typhoon deposits are dominated by overwash and differ from sediments deposited under normal weather conditions.Under normal weather conditions,lagoon sediment has a210 Pb curve that follows a model of exponential decay,has a unimodal granularity frequency curve,and lacks organic matter and microfossils(diatoms and foraminifera).However,210 Pb is low in the typhoon deposits,the grain size is coarse,and the granularity frequency curve is obviously bimodal.There are also abundant foraminifera in the typhoon deposits.We found a clear double-layered structure in the typhoon deposits,which was caused by strong hydrodynamic disturbance that mixed sediments originally from the offshore area with those of the lagoon.The lower layer has coarse-grained particles with medium sorting,low organic matter content,and low diatom content.The upper layer has fine-grained particles with poor sorting,high organic matter content,and abundant diatoms.The rate of fragmentation of diatoms in the upper layer was very high(40%-60%).The diatom assemblage contained offshore and freshwater species carried by storm runoff.Therefore,we believe that the sediments of this typical sand bar-lagoon environment retain evidence of typhoon events along the southern China coast that is displayed in the marked sedimentological and microfossil characteristics.展开更多
The Zhangcunping area is located at the north limb of the Huangling anticline in Yichang, Hubei Prov-ince. Here, the sedimentary succession of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation is similar with that in the Weng'an...The Zhangcunping area is located at the north limb of the Huangling anticline in Yichang, Hubei Prov-ince. Here, the sedimentary succession of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation is similar with that in the Weng'an area, Guizhou Province. A large number of new microfossils (mainly acanthoacritarchs) from the Doushantuo Formation in this area are reported in this paper. The fossil assemblage shows similarity as the phosphatized biota of the Doushantuo Formation at Weng'an, Guizhou Province and the silicified biota of the Doushantuo Formation at the Yangtze Gorges, which suggests that the Zhangcunping area is a key for correlation of the Doushantuo Formation between the Weng'an area, Guizhou Province and the Yangtze Gorges. Besides, a new zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age (614.0±7.6 Ma) is first obtained from a horizon underneath the exposed surface in the middle of the Doushantuo Forma-tion in the Zhangcunping area. This age not only provides a new datum for subdivision of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, but also indicates that the age of the exposed surface in the middle of the Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Platform should be posterior to 614.0±7.6 Ma. Due to the horizon of the Weng'an biota situated above the exposed surface, the age of the Weng'an biota should be pos-terior to 614.0±7.6 Ma as well.展开更多
The identification and characterization of the phosphate preservation of the spherical microfossils in the Ediacaran Doushantuo time and the Early Cambrian has long been controversial.Modern artificial simulation expe...The identification and characterization of the phosphate preservation of the spherical microfossils in the Ediacaran Doushantuo time and the Early Cambrian has long been controversial.Modern artificial simulation experiments of phosphate animal eggs can provide scientific evidence to settle the aforementioned disputes.This experiment simulated environmental changes to observe the early morphological changes of the Bluntnose black bream eggs(Megalobrama amblycephala).It was found that the eggs can show a different morphology in the phosphate environment and that these eggs exhibited considerable morphological variations under different conditions.Thus,those eggs cannot be ascribed to the same species based only on the features.The experimental results are expected to provide a useful reference for the identification of phosphatized microfossils and provide a more empirical basis for their genesis.展开更多
Microfossil assemblage and pollen zone characteristics in Core B10 recorded the history of environmental changes in the southern Yellow Sea since Wiirm Subinterglaciation. Environmental variations reflected by these g...Microfossil assemblage and pollen zone characteristics in Core B10 recorded the history of environmental changes in the southern Yellow Sea since Wiirm Subinterglaciation. Environmental variations reflected by these glacial and interglacial sediments coincide with general characteristics of paleoenvironmental and sedimentary changes in the Yellow Sea. In the section of 550-520 cm, microfossil foraminifera have low abundance and diversity, and pollens are composed mainly of those of herbaceous vegetation, indicating climate change during Wiirm Subinterglaciation. In the section of 520-140 cm, the changes from a few microfossils to no microfossils reflect the sedimentary environment variation from coastal to terrestrial facies. Paleoclimate reflected by pollen also underwent the changes from conifer-broadleaf mixed forest to grassland, indicating the climate changes from temperate and cool type to warm and dry one. In the section of 140-0 cm, the general microfossil characteristics are the gradual increase in abundance with most species being neritic species, the major pollen being ligneous pollen and the rapid increase in small Hystrichosphaera content, which indicates that the air temperature increased and the sea level gradually rose.展开更多
Foraminifera are shell-bearing microorganisms that are commonly found in marine deposits on the seabed.They are important indicators in many analyses,are used in climate change research,monitoring marine environments,...Foraminifera are shell-bearing microorganisms that are commonly found in marine deposits on the seabed.They are important indicators in many analyses,are used in climate change research,monitoring marine environments,evolutionary studies,and are also frequently used in the oil and gas industry.Although some research has focused on automating the classification of foraminifera images,few have addressed the uncertainty in these classifications.Although foraminifera classification is not a safety-critical task,estimating uncertainty is crucial to avoid misclassifications that could overlook rare and ecologically significant species that are informative indicators of the environment in which they lived.Uncertainty estimation in deep learning has gained significant attention and many methods have been developed.However,evaluating the performance of these methods in practical settings remains a challenge.To create a benchmark for uncertainty estimation in the classification of foraminifera,we administered a multiple choice questionnaire containing classification tasks to four senior geologists.By analyzing their responses,we generated human-derived uncertainty estimates for a test set of 260 images of foraminifera and sediment grains.These uncertainty estimates served as a baseline for comparison when training neural networks in classification.We then trained multiple deep neural networks using a range of uncertainty quantification methods to classify and state the uncertainty about the classifications.The results of the deep learning uncertainty quantification methods were then analyzed and compared with the human benchmark,to see how the methods performed individually and how the methods aligned with humans.Our results show that human-level performance can be achieved with deep learning and that test-time data augmentation and ensembling can help improve both uncertainty estimation and classification performance.Our results also show that human uncertainty estimates are helpful indicators for detecting classification errors and that deep learning-based uncertainty estimates can improve calibration and classification accuracy.展开更多
A new diverse assemblage of microorganisms has been discovered in black bedded, nodular and lenticular cherts and dark chert of domical stromatolites in dolostone of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Lingqiu County, northe...A new diverse assemblage of microorganisms has been discovered in black bedded, nodular and lenticular cherts and dark chert of domical stromatolites in dolostone of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Lingqiu County, northern Taihang Mountains. The geologic relationships, biostratigraphic correlations, and available radiometric age determinations place the age of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation at approximately 1400-1600 million years in age. Eight new species, three unnamed species, and two emended genera of oscillatoriacean, nostocacean, and chroococcacean cyanobacteria are described. These data coupled with reports of others indicate that the diversity of taxa in the Gaoyuzhuang Formation reaches 100 species. The Gaoyuzhuang Formation contains one of the richest Mesoproterozoic communities of microfossils. The following new and emended taxa are described: Oscillatoriaceae: Eophormidium orculiformis sp. nov., E, sp,, Siphonophycus caudataceous sp, nov., Palaeolyngbya complanata sp, nov., P. capitata sp. nov., P. sp. and Oscillatoriopsis sp.. Nostocaceae: Veteronostocale vaginata sp, nov.. Chroococcaceae: Maculosphaera giganta sp. nov. and Gloeotheceopsis grandis sp. nov. Incertae sedis: Myxcxoccoides limpida sp. nov.展开更多
文摘Based on the quantitative analyses of abundance of planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, the ratios of calcareous to siliceous microfossils, and the determination of carbonate contents in the surface sediments of the northeastern South China Sea, it has been found that the carbonate contents, the abundance of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton, and the ratio of calcareous microfossils decrease rapidly while the ratio of the benthic foraminifera to the total foraminiferal fauna, specific value of siliceous microfossils, and the percentage of the agglutinated tests in the benthic foraminiferal fauna increase with the water depth. The results indicate that the microfossils abundance and ratio, and the carbonate content are closely related to the carbonate lysocline and carbonate compensation depth (CCD) in the study area. In addition, the carbonate lysocline and the CCD are different between the southern and northern parts of the South China Sea. Both the lysocline and the CCD are deeper in the south with 2 600 and 3 600 m than in the north with 2 200 and 3 400 m, respectively.
基金supported in part by grant from International Science Foundation [ISF,NY,USA] N RI E000grants of Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) (Nos.95-05-15305,97-05-65446,and 3.15.865.2013)
文摘Geological surveys showed that rhyolite and basalt strata with pillow structures typical for underwater volcanism form sheets over the Svecofennian basement. Original geochemical and isotope-geochemical data confirmed that the rhyolites were formed contemporaneously with the rapakivi granites of the Wiborg Massif（1 640 Ma）, and the basalts are similar to gabbro-anorthosites. Abnormally high content of K2O and relatively low content of Na2O in rhyolites and basalts are interpreted as a result of hydrothermal interaction of eruptive magmas with K-enriched hot seawater. The strata of siliceous metasedimentary rocks（microquartzites） within basaltic and rhyolitic lavas were formed in processes of chemogenic sedimentation and subsequent contact metamorphism during underwater volcanism. Microquartzites showed carbon vastly depleted of heavy isotope 13С. This is typical for rocks formed with participation of living substance. The Raman spectra of the remaining carbon-containing substance have graphite bands. In the microquartzites among basalts and rhyolites we found a community of structures with external and internal morphology similar to modern or fossilized marine microorganisms： spiral cyanobacterias, amoebas, diatoms, foraminifers, virus capsids, flagellates and multicellular organisms. It is assumed that these silificated and ferruginizated microfossils represent the Paleoproterozoic community of marine microorganisms.
基金This paper is a part of the results of project "Stratotype Section of the Sinian System in China" funded by the China National Foundation of Natural Science. Prof. Xing Yusheng, the leader of the project, also took part in the field work.
文摘This paper reports for the first time on the microfossils discovered in the black cherts of the basal part of the Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation at Miaohe village, Zigui County, Hubei Province, all of which were observed in thin sections. Nine genera, 9 species and 3 indeterminate species (including a new species) are described. According to these microfossils, the conclusion is made that the microfossil zone may be equivalent to the small shelly fossil assemblage zones 2—3 of the Meishucun stage. They have provided another important line of evidence for the correlation of the Sinian-Cambrian boundary strata with those of the adjacent areas.
基金supported by the Research Council of Norway,through its Centre for Research-based Innovation funding scheme (grant no.309439),and Consortium Partners.
文摘Microfossil classification is an important discipline in subsurface exploration,for both oil&gas and Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS).The abundance and distribution of species found in sedimentary rocks provide valuable information about the age and depositional environment.However,the analysis is difficult and consuming,time-as it is based on manual work by human experts.Attempts to automate this process face two key challenges:(1)the input data are very large-our dataset is projected to grow to 3 billion microfossils,and(2)there are not enough labeled data to use the standard procedure of training a deep learning classifier.We propose an efficient pipeline for processing and grouping fossils by genus,or even species,from microscope slides using self-supervised learning.First we show how to efficiently extract crops from whole slide images by adapting previously trained object detection algorithms.Second,we provide a comparison of a range of self-supervised learning methods to classify and identify microfossils from very few labels.We obtain excellent results with both convolutional neural networks and vision transformers fine-tuned by self-supervision.Our approach is fast and computationally light,providing a handy tool for geologists working with microfossils.
文摘The World Summit on Ancient Micro-scopic Fossils was organized in the University of California(IGPP Centre for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life),Los Angeles,USA from 27^(th) July through 3^(rd) August,2008.This unique summit was supported by NASA Astrobiology Institute(NAI,USA).The International Organizing Committee Members are Professor J.William Schopf,UCLA,USA,Professor D.J.Bottjer,University of Southern California,USA.
文摘Quantitative analyses of microfossils and stable isotopic analysis were carried out for Core SCS-12 in the southwestern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). A high-resolution paleoceanographic record for the last 13 ka was revealed with the AMS 14 C dates. The southern SCS has experienced stepwise paleoceanographic changes since the last deglaciation. The oxygen isotopic stage 1/2 boundary around 12.05 ka B.P. and the end of the last deglaciation around 7.70 ka B.P. are two rapid change periods (corresponding to the termination I\-A and termination I\-B, respectively), in between is a slow change period. The authors infer that the sea level stood at -110 m before the termination I\-A, roughly the same as today after the termination I\-B, and about -50 m in between. Subsequently, the average winter sea surface temperature and salinity obviously increased while paleo-productivity decreased since 12.05 ka B.P. The early Holocene CaCO\-3 preservation spike, coupled with a high abundance of pteropoda and CaCO\-3 content, occurred around 7.70 ka B.P.
基金the Geological Surveying Project of China (Grant No. 1212010611807)the Natural the Major Project of Science and Technologic Support and the National Major Project of Developing Basic Research (Grant No. 2002CB412608)
文摘The age of the Taowan Group is still a hot topic in the Northern Qinling Orogenic Belt, because of limited fossil evidence from these strata and different ideals on the Cambrian fossils of the conglomerate beds and limestone blocks. Early Ordovician acritarchs, chitinozoa and scolecodonts occur in the siltstone and muddy slate beds of the Guoling, Sanchakou, Fengmaimiao and Goushenmiao Formations of the Taowan Group, indicating the age of the Taowan Group should be the Ordovician. These fossil assemblages consist of 7 genera and 13 species of acritarchs, 7 genera and 9 species of chitinozoa, and 2 genera and 2 species of scolecodonts.
基金The work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2011ZX05030).
文摘Based on numerous microfossils in Mesozoic of North Carnarvon Basin in Australia,the Mesozoic paleoclimate and paleoenvironment were analyzed,the paleogeographic background and development model of Mesozoic high-quality source rocks were investigated and discussed.Variation of microfossil species and their relative contents in Mesozoic different intervals indicates changes of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment.The paleoclimate shows a cycle variation of aridehumidearidehumid,the regression occurred in the Early TriassiceLate Triassic and the transgression occurred in the Late TriassiceLate Cretaceous.Four sedimentary facieses including delta facies,littoral facies,restricted sea facies and open sea facies were developed in the Mesozoic.The open sea was mainly developed in the Early Triassic,the delta was distributed in the MiddleeLate Triassic,the restricted sea was especially well developed in the Jurassic,and the restricted sea and open sea were mainly distributed in the Cretaceous.Characteristics of microfossil assemblage in these four sedimentary facies are dramatically different.From the delta facies,littoral facies,restricted sea facies to open sea facies,content of pollen gradually decreases,but content of the dinoflagellate+acritarch gradually increases.The delta facies and littoral facies are dominated by the pollen.In the restricted sea facies,content of the pollen is equivalent to that of the dinoflagellate+acritarch.The open sea facies is dominated by the dinoflagellate and acritarch.Supply of sediment and formation of organic matter are influenced by the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment,and type of organic matter is controlled by the microfossil assemblage.Based on the palaeogeographic background,paleoclimatic condition and microfossil assemblage,two developmental models of the Mesozoic source rocks such as the development model of terrestrial organic matter under the background of large delta and the development model of mixed organic matter under the background of the restricted sea,were proposed.
文摘THE microfossils were obtained by using 5%—7% HF acid from Qingbaikouian Dazhuang Formation in Luonan County, Shaanxi Province, with an age of 800—1000 Ma. The fossils may be one type of the oldest skeletal mierofossils.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Microfossils from the Malan Loess profiles, Miaodao Islands, have been quantitatively studied. The microfauna is composed mainly of benthic foraminifers together with a few planktonic foraminifers, ostracods, gastropods, bivalves and echinoid spines. With the exception of indigenous gastropods, benthic foraminifers, ostracods, bivalves and echinoid spines were transported from the north or northwest of the Bohai Sea in the glacial period by the prevailing winter monsoon, while planktonic foraminifers were probably driven from the Yellow Sea or even the northern East China Sea by southerly winds. The upward decrease of marine microfossil abundance and diversity in the Malan Loess profiles shows that the microfossil transportation occurred mainly at the beginning of the regression.
基金the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41930538)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41306083)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFE0124700)the Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources of China(Grant Nos.2019018,2019026,and 2020017)。
文摘To determine the characteristics and potential indicators of modern typhoon deposition in a sandy lagoon off the coast of Guangdong Province(southern China),we analysed the ^(210)Pb,sedimentology,and microfossils of samples from ten cores obtained before and after the passage of Typhoon Rammasun in 2014.Typhoon deposition showed a thinning trend from internal areas of the lagoon to its mouth,with the maximum thickness inside the lagoon of~35 cm.These typhoon deposits are dominated by overwash and differ from sediments deposited under normal weather conditions.Under normal weather conditions,lagoon sediment has a210 Pb curve that follows a model of exponential decay,has a unimodal granularity frequency curve,and lacks organic matter and microfossils(diatoms and foraminifera).However,210 Pb is low in the typhoon deposits,the grain size is coarse,and the granularity frequency curve is obviously bimodal.There are also abundant foraminifera in the typhoon deposits.We found a clear double-layered structure in the typhoon deposits,which was caused by strong hydrodynamic disturbance that mixed sediments originally from the offshore area with those of the lagoon.The lower layer has coarse-grained particles with medium sorting,low organic matter content,and low diatom content.The upper layer has fine-grained particles with poor sorting,high organic matter content,and abundant diatoms.The rate of fragmentation of diatoms in the upper layer was very high(40%-60%).The diatom assemblage contained offshore and freshwater species carried by storm runoff.Therefore,we believe that the sediments of this typical sand bar-lagoon environment retain evidence of typhoon events along the southern China coast that is displayed in the marked sedimentological and microfossil characteristics.
基金Supported jointly by the Basic Foundation of scientific research work from Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (Grant No. J0716)Science and Technology of China for fundamental work (Grant No. 2006FY120300-2)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40772013 and 40672022)China Geological Survey (1212010611801-3)
文摘The Zhangcunping area is located at the north limb of the Huangling anticline in Yichang, Hubei Prov-ince. Here, the sedimentary succession of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation is similar with that in the Weng'an area, Guizhou Province. A large number of new microfossils (mainly acanthoacritarchs) from the Doushantuo Formation in this area are reported in this paper. The fossil assemblage shows similarity as the phosphatized biota of the Doushantuo Formation at Weng'an, Guizhou Province and the silicified biota of the Doushantuo Formation at the Yangtze Gorges, which suggests that the Zhangcunping area is a key for correlation of the Doushantuo Formation between the Weng'an area, Guizhou Province and the Yangtze Gorges. Besides, a new zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age (614.0±7.6 Ma) is first obtained from a horizon underneath the exposed surface in the middle of the Doushantuo Forma-tion in the Zhangcunping area. This age not only provides a new datum for subdivision of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, but also indicates that the age of the exposed surface in the middle of the Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Platform should be posterior to 614.0±7.6 Ma. Due to the horizon of the Weng'an biota situated above the exposed surface, the age of the Weng'an biota should be pos-terior to 614.0±7.6 Ma as well.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41030209 and 41272020)the National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB835001)
文摘The identification and characterization of the phosphate preservation of the spherical microfossils in the Ediacaran Doushantuo time and the Early Cambrian has long been controversial.Modern artificial simulation experiments of phosphate animal eggs can provide scientific evidence to settle the aforementioned disputes.This experiment simulated environmental changes to observe the early morphological changes of the Bluntnose black bream eggs(Megalobrama amblycephala).It was found that the eggs can show a different morphology in the phosphate environment and that these eggs exhibited considerable morphological variations under different conditions.Thus,those eggs cannot be ascribed to the same species based only on the features.The experimental results are expected to provide a useful reference for the identification of phosphatized microfossils and provide a more empirical basis for their genesis.
文摘Microfossil assemblage and pollen zone characteristics in Core B10 recorded the history of environmental changes in the southern Yellow Sea since Wiirm Subinterglaciation. Environmental variations reflected by these glacial and interglacial sediments coincide with general characteristics of paleoenvironmental and sedimentary changes in the Yellow Sea. In the section of 550-520 cm, microfossil foraminifera have low abundance and diversity, and pollens are composed mainly of those of herbaceous vegetation, indicating climate change during Wiirm Subinterglaciation. In the section of 520-140 cm, the changes from a few microfossils to no microfossils reflect the sedimentary environment variation from coastal to terrestrial facies. Paleoclimate reflected by pollen also underwent the changes from conifer-broadleaf mixed forest to grassland, indicating the climate changes from temperate and cool type to warm and dry one. In the section of 140-0 cm, the general microfossil characteristics are the gradual increase in abundance with most species being neritic species, the major pollen being ligneous pollen and the rapid increase in small Hystrichosphaera content, which indicates that the air temperature increased and the sea level gradually rose.
基金funded by the Norwegian Research Council(IKTPLUSS-IKT og digital innovasjon,project no.332901).
文摘Foraminifera are shell-bearing microorganisms that are commonly found in marine deposits on the seabed.They are important indicators in many analyses,are used in climate change research,monitoring marine environments,evolutionary studies,and are also frequently used in the oil and gas industry.Although some research has focused on automating the classification of foraminifera images,few have addressed the uncertainty in these classifications.Although foraminifera classification is not a safety-critical task,estimating uncertainty is crucial to avoid misclassifications that could overlook rare and ecologically significant species that are informative indicators of the environment in which they lived.Uncertainty estimation in deep learning has gained significant attention and many methods have been developed.However,evaluating the performance of these methods in practical settings remains a challenge.To create a benchmark for uncertainty estimation in the classification of foraminifera,we administered a multiple choice questionnaire containing classification tasks to four senior geologists.By analyzing their responses,we generated human-derived uncertainty estimates for a test set of 260 images of foraminifera and sediment grains.These uncertainty estimates served as a baseline for comparison when training neural networks in classification.We then trained multiple deep neural networks using a range of uncertainty quantification methods to classify and state the uncertainty about the classifications.The results of the deep learning uncertainty quantification methods were then analyzed and compared with the human benchmark,to see how the methods performed individually and how the methods aligned with humans.Our results show that human-level performance can be achieved with deep learning and that test-time data augmentation and ensembling can help improve both uncertainty estimation and classification performance.Our results also show that human uncertainty estimates are helpful indicators for detecting classification errors and that deep learning-based uncertainty estimates can improve calibration and classification accuracy.
文摘A new diverse assemblage of microorganisms has been discovered in black bedded, nodular and lenticular cherts and dark chert of domical stromatolites in dolostone of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Lingqiu County, northern Taihang Mountains. The geologic relationships, biostratigraphic correlations, and available radiometric age determinations place the age of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation at approximately 1400-1600 million years in age. Eight new species, three unnamed species, and two emended genera of oscillatoriacean, nostocacean, and chroococcacean cyanobacteria are described. These data coupled with reports of others indicate that the diversity of taxa in the Gaoyuzhuang Formation reaches 100 species. The Gaoyuzhuang Formation contains one of the richest Mesoproterozoic communities of microfossils. The following new and emended taxa are described: Oscillatoriaceae: Eophormidium orculiformis sp. nov., E, sp,, Siphonophycus caudataceous sp, nov., Palaeolyngbya complanata sp, nov., P. capitata sp. nov., P. sp. and Oscillatoriopsis sp.. Nostocaceae: Veteronostocale vaginata sp, nov.. Chroococcaceae: Maculosphaera giganta sp. nov. and Gloeotheceopsis grandis sp. nov. Incertae sedis: Myxcxoccoides limpida sp. nov.
