Objective and Impact Statement:The microspheres were widely utilized in the field of life sciences,and we have developed an innovative microelectromechanical system(MEMS)-based bioprinting technology(MBT)system for th...Objective and Impact Statement:The microspheres were widely utilized in the field of life sciences,and we have developed an innovative microelectromechanical system(MEMS)-based bioprinting technology(MBT)system for the preparation of the microspheres.The microspheres can be automatically and high-throughput produced with this cutting-edge system.Introduction and Methods:This paper mainly introduced a novel,efficient,and cost-effective approach for the microsphere fabrication with the MBT system.In this work,the whole microsphere production equipment was built and the optimal conditions(like concentration,drying temperature,frequency,and voltage)for generating uniform hydroxypropyl cellulose-cyclosporine A(HPC-CsA)and poly-l-lactic acid(PLLA)microspheres were explored.Results:Results demonstrated that the optimal uniformity of HPC-CsA microspheres was achieved at 2%(w/v)HPC-CsA mixture,45°C(drying temperature),1,000 Hz(frequency),and 25 V(voltage amplitude).CsA microspheres[coefficient of variation(CV):~9%]are successfully synthesized,and the drug encapsulation rate was 84.8%.The methodology was further used to produce PLLA microspheres with a diameter of~2.55μm,and the best CV value achieved 6.84%.Conclusion:This investigation fully highlighted the integration of MEMS and bioprinting as a promising tool for the microsphere fabrication,and this MBT system had huge potential applications in pharmaceutical formulations and medical aesthetics.展开更多
In this paper, a new Kelvin-Voigt type beam model of a microelectromechanical resonator made of power-law materials taking into account internal strain-rate damping is proposed and the corresponding lumped-parameter m...In this paper, a new Kelvin-Voigt type beam model of a microelectromechanical resonator made of power-law materials taking into account internal strain-rate damping is proposed and the corresponding lumped-parameter model is derived. Analytical formulas of the lumped parameters in the model are presented. And the pull-in solution is analyzed based on the lumped-parameter model. It is demonstrated analytically and numerically that the internal damping plays an important role in the pull-in solution as well as in determination of the amplitudes and frequencies of the resonator. The hysteresis loops are provided for this model with initial conditions using numerical simulations. The approximation of the electrostatic force in the lumped-parameter model can describe the relations between amplitudes and frequencies with different values of the stiffness and damping coefficients quite well.展开更多
Computational analysis of electrostatic microelectromechanical systems （MEMS） requires an electrostatic analysis to compute the electrostatic forces acting on micromechanical structures and a mechanical analysis to ...Computational analysis of electrostatic microelectromechanical systems （MEMS） requires an electrostatic analysis to compute the electrostatic forces acting on micromechanical structures and a mechanical analysis to compute the deformation of micromechanical structures. Typically, the mechanical analysis is performed on an undeformed geometry. However, the electrostatic analysis is performed on the deformed position of microstructures. In this paper, a new efficient approach to self-consistent analysis of electrostatic MEMS in the small deformation case is presented. In this approach, when the microstructures undergo small deformations, the surface charge densities on the deformed geometry can be computed without updating the geometry of the microstructures. This algorithm is based on the linear mode shapes of a microstructure as basis functions. A boundary integral equation for the electrostatic problem is expanded into a Taylor series around the undeformed configuration, and a new coupled-field equation is presented. This approach is validated by comparing its results with the results available in the literature and ANSYS solutions, and shows attractive features comparable to ANSYS.展开更多
Microassembly platforms have attracted significant attention recently because of their potential for developing microsystems and devices for a wide range of applications.Despite their considerable poten-tial,existing ...Microassembly platforms have attracted significant attention recently because of their potential for developing microsystems and devices for a wide range of applications.Despite their considerable poten-tial,existing techniques are mainly used in laboratory research settings.This review provides an over-view of the fundamentals,techniques,and applications of microassemblies.Manipulation techniques based on magnetic,optical,acoustic fields,and mechanical systems are discussed,and control systems that rely on machine vision and force feedback are introduced.Additionally,recent applications of microassemblies in microstructure fabrication,microelectromechanical operation,and biomedical engi-neering are examined.This review also highlights unmet technical demands and emerging trends,as well as new research opportunities in this expanding field of research driven by allied technologies such as microrobotics.展开更多
Mechanical linkages are fundamentally important for the transfer of motion through assemblies of parts to perform work.Whereas their behavior in macroscale systems is well understood,there are open questions regarding...Mechanical linkages are fundamentally important for the transfer of motion through assemblies of parts to perform work.Whereas their behavior in macroscale systems is well understood,there are open questions regarding the performance and reliability of linkages with moving parts in contact within microscale systems.Measurement challenges impede experimental studies to answer such questions.In this study,we develop a novel combination of optical microscopy methods that enable the first quantitative measurements at nanometer and microradian scales of the transfer of motion through a microelectromechanical linkage.We track surface features and fluorescent nanoparticles as optical indicators of the motion of the underlying parts of the microsystem.Empirical models allow precise characterization of the electrothermal actuation of the linkage.The transfer of motion between translating and rotating links can be nearly ideal,depending on the operating conditions.The coupling and decoupling of the links agree with an ideal kinematic model to within approximately 5%,and the rotational output is perfectly repeatable to within approximately 20 microradians.However,stiction can result in nonideal kinematics,and input noise on the scale of a few millivolts produces an asymmetric interaction of electrical noise and mechanical play that results in the nondeterministic transfer of motion.Our study establishes a new approach towards testing the performance and reliability of the transfer of motion through assemblies of microscale parts,opening the door to future studies of complex microsystems.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)direct writing based on the meniscus-confined electrodeposition of copper metal wires was used in this study to develop vertical capacitive microelectromechanical switches.Vertical microelectromec...Three-dimensional(3D)direct writing based on the meniscus-confined electrodeposition of copper metal wires was used in this study to develop vertical capacitive microelectromechanical switches.Vertical microelectromechanical switches reduce the form factor and increase the area density of such devices in integrated circuits.We studied the electromechanical characteristics of such vertical switches by exploring the dependence of switching voltage on various device structures,particularly with regard to the length,wire diameter,and the distance between the two wires.A simple model was found to match the experimental measurements made in this study.We found that the electrodeposited copper microwires exhibit a good elastic modulus close to that of bulk copper.By optimizing the 3D structure of the electrodes,a volatile electromechanical switch with a sub-5 V switching voltage was demonstrated in a vertical microscale switch with a gap distance as small as 100 nm created with a pair of copper wires with diameters of~1μm and heights of 25μm.This study establishes an innovative approach to construct microelectromechanical systems with arbitrary 3D microwire structures for various applications,including the demonstrated volatile and nonvolatile microswitches.展开更多
A solenoid-type inductor for high frequency application is realized using a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technique.In order to achieve a high inductance value and Q-factor,UV-LIGA,dry etching technique,fine...A solenoid-type inductor for high frequency application is realized using a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technique.In order to achieve a high inductance value and Q-factor,UV-LIGA,dry etching technique,fine polishing and electroplating technique are adopted.The dimensions of the inductor are 1500μm×900μm×70μm,having 41 turns with a coil width of 20μm separated by 20μm spaces and a high aspect ratio of 3.5∶1.The maximum measured inductance of the inductor is 6.17nH with a Q-factor of about 6.展开更多
This paper presents a novel approach to identify and correct the gross errors in the microelectromechanical system （MEMS） gyroscope used in ground vehicles by means of time series analysis. According to the characte...This paper presents a novel approach to identify and correct the gross errors in the microelectromechanical system （MEMS） gyroscope used in ground vehicles by means of time series analysis. According to the characteristics of autocorrelation function （ACF） and partial autocorrelation function （PACF）, an autoregressive integrated moving average （ARIMA） model is roughly constructed. The rough model is optimized by combining with Akaike＇s information criterion （A/C）, and the parameters are estimated based on the least squares algorithm. After validation testing, the model is utilized to forecast the next output on the basis of the previous measurement. When the difference between the measurement and its prediction exceeds the defined threshold, the measurement is identified as a gross error and remedied by its prediction. A case study on the yaw rate is performed to illustrate the developed algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively distinguish gross errors and make some reasonable remedies.展开更多
Microreaction technology is one of the most innovative and rapid developing fields in chemical engineering, synthesis and process technology. Many expectations toward enhanced product selectivity, yield and purity, im...Microreaction technology is one of the most innovative and rapid developing fields in chemical engineering, synthesis and process technology. Many expectations toward enhanced product selectivity, yield and purity, improved safety, and access to new products and processes are directed to the microreaction technology. Microfluidic mixer is the most important component in microfluidic devices. Based on various principles, active and passive micromixers have been designed and investigated. This review is focused on the recent developments in microfluidic mixers. An overview of the flow phenomena and mixing characteristics in active and passive micromixers is presented, including the types of physical phenomena and their utilization in micromixers. Due to the simple fabrication technology and the easy implementation in a complex microfluidic system, T-micromixer is highlighted as an example to illustrate the effect of design and operating parameters on mixing efficiency and fuid flow inside microfluidic mixers.展开更多
Design and simulation results of a novel multifunctional electronic calibration kit based on microelectromechanical system(MEMS)single-pole double-throw(SPDT)switches are presented in this paper.The short-open-load-th...Design and simulation results of a novel multifunctional electronic calibration kit based on microelectromechanical system(MEMS)single-pole double-throw(SPDT)switches are presented in this paper.The short-open-load-through(SOLT)calibration states can be completed simultaneously by using the MEMS electronic calibration,and the electronic calibrator can be reused 10^(6) times.The simulation results show that this novel electronic calibration can be used in a frequency range of 0.1 GHz–20 GHz,the return loss is less than 0.18 dB and 0.035 dB in short-circuit and open-circuit states,respectively,and the insertion loss in through(thru)state is less than 0.27 dB.On the other hand,the size of this novel calibration kit is only 6 mm×2.8 mm×0.8 mm.Our results demonstrate that the calibrator with integrated radiofrequency microelectromechanical system(RF MEMS)switches can not only provide reduced size,loss,and calibration cost compared with traditional calibration kit but also improves the calibration accuracy and efficiency.It has great potential applications in millimeter-wave measurement and testing technologies,such as device testing,vector network analyzers,and RF probe stations.展开更多
This paper investigates the effects of material and dimension parameters on the frequency splitting,frequency drift,and quality factor(Q)of aluminium nitride(AlN)-on-n-doped/pure silicon(Si)microelectromechanical syst...This paper investigates the effects of material and dimension parameters on the frequency splitting,frequency drift,and quality factor(Q)of aluminium nitride(AlN)-on-n-doped/pure silicon(Si)microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)disk resonators through analysis and simulation.These parameters include the crystallographic orientation,dopant,substrate thickness,and temperature.The resonators operate in the elliptical,higher order,and flexural modes.The simulation results show that i)the turnover points of the resonators exist at 55°C,-50°C,40°C,and-10°C for n-doped silicon with the doping concentration of 2×1019 cm-3 and the Si thickness of 3.5μm,and these points are shifted with the substrate thickness and mode variations;ii)compared with pure Si,the modal-frequency splitting for n-doped Si is higher and increases from 5%to 10%for all studied modes;iii)Q of the resonators depends on the temperature and dopant.Therefore,the turnover,modal-frequency splitting,and Q of the resonators depend on the thickness and material of the substrate and the temperature.This work offers an analysis and design platform for high-performance MEMS gyroscopes as well as oscillators in terms of the temperature compensation by n-doped Si.展开更多
A release method of microobjects is presented based on the piezoelectric vibration.To achieve an effective release,the piezoelectric vibration is added to overcome adhesion force happened in the microoperation.This te...A release method of microobjects is presented based on the piezoelectric vibration.To achieve an effective release,the piezoelectric vibration is added to overcome adhesion force happened in the microoperation.This technique employs inertia force to overcome adhesion force,thereby achieving 90%repeatability with a releasing accuracy of 4± 0.5μm,which was experimentally quantified through the manipulation of 20—80μm polystyrene spheres under an optical microscope.Experimental results confirmed that this adhesion control technique was independent of substrate.Theoretical analyses were conducted to understand the releasing mechanism.Therefore,the micromanipulation system proved to be effective for active releasing of micromanipulation.A novel gripper structure with triple finger is devised.In the design,three cantilevers are considered as the end effectors of the fingers,driven by piezoelectric ceramic transducer(PZT).Tungsten tipped probes are used to pick and place the micro objects.展开更多
Thin film is a widely used structure in the present microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and plays a vital role in many functional devices. However, the great size difference between the film's thickness and its ...Thin film is a widely used structure in the present microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and plays a vital role in many functional devices. However, the great size difference between the film's thickness and its planar dimensions makes it difficult to study the thin film performance numerically. In this work, a scaling transformation was presented to make the different dimensional sizes equivalent, and thereby, to improve the grid quality considerably. Two numerical experiments were studied to validate the present scaling transformation method. The numerical results indicated that the largest grid size difference can be decreased to one to two orders of magnitude by using the present scaling transformation, and the memory required by the numerical simulation, i.e., the total grid number, could be reduced by about two to three orders of magnitude, while the numerical accuracies with and without this scaling transformation were nearly the same.展开更多
We report the study on a short wavelength-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser utilizing a monolithically integrated bridge tuning microelectromechanical system. A deformable-bridge top mirror suspended abov...We report the study on a short wavelength-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser utilizing a monolithically integrated bridge tuning microelectromechanical system. A deformable-bridge top mirror suspended above an active region is utilized. Applied bridge-substrate bias produces an electrostatic force which reduces the spacing of air-gap and tunes the resonant wavelength toward a shorter wavelength （blue-shift）, Good laser characteristics are obtained： such as continuous tuning ranges over 11 nm near 940 nm for 0-9 V tuning bias, the peak output power near 1 mW and the full-width-half-maximum limited to approximately 3.2-6.8 rim. A detailed simulation of the micromechanical and optical characteristics of these devices is performed, and the ratio of bridge displacement to wavelength shift has been found to be 3：1.展开更多
This paper details the design and simulation of a novel low-loss four-bit reconfigurable bandpass filter that integrates microelectromechanical system(MEMS)switches and comb resonators.A T-shaped reconfigurable resona...This paper details the design and simulation of a novel low-loss four-bit reconfigurable bandpass filter that integrates microelectromechanical system(MEMS)switches and comb resonators.A T-shaped reconfigurable resonator is reconfigured in a'one resonator,multiple MEMS switches'configuration and used to gate the load capacitances of comb resonators so that a multiple-frequency filtering function is realized within the 7-16 GHz frequency range.In addition,the insertion loss of the filter is less than 1.99 dB,the out-of-band rejection is more than 18.30 dB,and the group delay is less than 0.25 ns.On the other hand,the size of this novel filter is only 4.4 mm×2.5 mm×0.4 mm.Our results indicate that this MEMS reconfigurable filter,which can switch 16 central frequency bands through eight switches,achieves a low insertion loss compared to those of traditional MEMS filters.In addition,the advantages of small size are obtained while achieving high integration.展开更多
The presence of chemical warfare agents(CWAs)in the environment is a serious threat to human safety,but there are many problems with the currently available detection methods for CWAs.For example,gas chromatography–m...The presence of chemical warfare agents(CWAs)in the environment is a serious threat to human safety,but there are many problems with the currently available detection methods for CWAs.For example,gas chromatography–mass spectrometry cannot be used for in-field detection owing to the rather large size of the equipment required,while commercial sensors have the disadvantages of low sensitivity and poor selectivity.Here,we develop a portable gas sensing instrument for CWA detection that consists of a MEMSfabricated micro-preconcentrator(μPC)and a film bulk acoustic resonator(FBAR)gas sensor.The μPC is coated with a nanoporous metal–organic framework material to enrich the target,while the FBAR provides rapid detection without the need for extra carrier gas.Dimethyl methylphosphonate(DMMP),a simulant of the chemical warfare agent sarin,is used to test the performance of the instrument.Experimental results show that the μPC provides effective sample pretreatment,while the FBAR gas sensor has good sensitivity to DMMP vapor.The combination of μPC and FBAR in one instrument gives full play to their respective advantages,reducing the limit of detection of the analyte.Moreover,both the μPC and the FBAR are fabricated using a CMOS-compatible approach,and the prototype instrument is compact in size with high portability and thus has potential for application to in-field detection of CWAs.展开更多
Maximizing quality factor (Q) is essential to improve the performance of micro hemispherical shell resonators (μHSRs) which can be used in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) gyroscopes to measure angular rotation.S...Maximizing quality factor (Q) is essential to improve the performance of micro hemispherical shell resonators (μHSRs) which can be used in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) gyroscopes to measure angular rotation.Several energy dissipation mechanisms limit Q,where thermoelastic dissipation (TED) is the major one and studied in this paper.Fully coupled thermo-mechanical equations for calculating TED are formulated,and then temperature distribution in a deformed μHSR and its quality factor related to TED (QTED) are obtained by solving the equations through a finite-element method (FEM).It has been found that different fabrication process conditions can obtain various geometrical parameters in our previous studies.In order to provide guidelines for the design and fabrication of μHSRs,the effects of their geometry on resonant frequency (f0) and QTED are studied.The change of anchor height and small enough anchor radius have no effect on both f0 and QTED,but the shell size including its radius,thickness and height has significant impact on f0 and QTED.It is found that whether a μHSR has lower f0 and higher QTED or higher f0 and higher QTED can be achieved by changing these geometrical parameters.The results presented in this paper can also be applied to other similar resonators.展开更多
A new analytical model of a 3-degree-of-freedom （3-DOF） gyro-accelerometer system consisting of a 1-DOF drive and 2-DOF sense modes is presented. The model constructs lumped differential equations associated with ea...A new analytical model of a 3-degree-of-freedom （3-DOF） gyro-accelerometer system consisting of a 1-DOF drive and 2-DOF sense modes is presented. The model constructs lumped differential equations associated with each DOFof the system by vector analysis. The coupled differential equations thus established are solved analytically for their responses in both the time and frequency domains. Considering these frequency response equations, novel device design concepts are derived by forcing the sense phase to zero, which leads to a certain relationship between the structural frequencies, thereby causing minimization of the damping effect on the performance of the system. Furthermore, the feasibility of the present gyro-accelerometer structure is studied using a unique discriminatory scheme for the detection of both gyro action and linear acceleration at their events. This scheme combines the formulated settled transient solution of the gyro-accelerometer with the processes of synchronous demodulation and filtration, which leads to the in-phase and quadrature components of the system＇s output signal. These two components can be utilized in the detection of angular motion and linear acceleration. The obtained analytical results are validated by simulation in a MATLAB/Simulink environment, and it is found that the results are in excellent agreement with each other.展开更多
The fast pace of today’s world has presented several challenges in the area of healthcare. Depression, hypertension, diabetes, cancers and several infectious diseases are just some of the common outcomes associated w...The fast pace of today’s world has presented several challenges in the area of healthcare. Depression, hypertension, diabetes, cancers and several infectious diseases are just some of the common outcomes associated with the high speed stress-filled lifestyle. Early diagnosis has been the goal for prompt arrest and management of these health conditions. This has been a challenge in recent times. However, great scientific advancement with improved potential in medical diagnosis has equally been a giant stride in times like these. Early disease detection even before symptoms’ presentation, improved imaging of internal body structure, as well as ease of diagnostic procedures, have been developed with the help of a new branch of laboratory medicine termed nanodiagnostics. Use of microchips, biosensors, nanorobots, nano identification of single celled structures, and microelectromechanical systems are current techniques being developed for use in nanodiagnostics. This piece of write up takes a panoramic view of available nanotechnological advances in current use for medical diagnosis and projecting into future possibilities and potentials for an improved health care delivery.展开更多
Based on MEMS technology,immunosensor with an'Au,Pt,Pt'three-microelectrode system enclosed in a SU-8 micro pool was fabricated.Employing SAMs technique,the Au electrode was modified by cysteamine(Cys)to assem...Based on MEMS technology,immunosensor with an'Au,Pt,Pt'three-microelectrode system enclosed in a SU-8 micro pool was fabricated.Employing SAMs technique,the Au electrode was modified by cysteamine(Cys)to assemble gold nanopanicles(nanogold)layer,subsequently,a layer of protein G(PG)was immobilized on nanogold layer to further capture antibody orientedly.Compared with the immunosensors using bulky gold electrode and direct PG binding to electrode immobilization technique for antibody,it has attractive advantages,such as miniaturization,good compatibility,broad linear range for human immunoglobulin(HIgG)and easy to be designed into array.展开更多
基金sponsored by Shanghai Pujiang Program(23PJ1423400)Shanghai Rising-Star Program(23QB1405100)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0707004 and SQ2021YFF0700202).
文摘Objective and Impact Statement:The microspheres were widely utilized in the field of life sciences,and we have developed an innovative microelectromechanical system(MEMS)-based bioprinting technology(MBT)system for the preparation of the microspheres.The microspheres can be automatically and high-throughput produced with this cutting-edge system.Introduction and Methods:This paper mainly introduced a novel,efficient,and cost-effective approach for the microsphere fabrication with the MBT system.In this work,the whole microsphere production equipment was built and the optimal conditions(like concentration,drying temperature,frequency,and voltage)for generating uniform hydroxypropyl cellulose-cyclosporine A(HPC-CsA)and poly-l-lactic acid(PLLA)microspheres were explored.Results:Results demonstrated that the optimal uniformity of HPC-CsA microspheres was achieved at 2%(w/v)HPC-CsA mixture,45°C(drying temperature),1,000 Hz(frequency),and 25 V(voltage amplitude).CsA microspheres[coefficient of variation(CV):~9%]are successfully synthesized,and the drug encapsulation rate was 84.8%.The methodology was further used to produce PLLA microspheres with a diameter of~2.55μm,and the best CV value achieved 6.84%.Conclusion:This investigation fully highlighted the integration of MEMS and bioprinting as a promising tool for the microsphere fabrication,and this MBT system had huge potential applications in pharmaceutical formulations and medical aesthetics.
基金This work was supported by the Nazarbayev University research,rapid response fixed astronomical telescope for gamma ray bust observation(Grant OPCRP2020002).
文摘In this paper, a new Kelvin-Voigt type beam model of a microelectromechanical resonator made of power-law materials taking into account internal strain-rate damping is proposed and the corresponding lumped-parameter model is derived. Analytical formulas of the lumped parameters in the model are presented. And the pull-in solution is analyzed based on the lumped-parameter model. It is demonstrated analytically and numerically that the internal damping plays an important role in the pull-in solution as well as in determination of the amplitudes and frequencies of the resonator. The hysteresis loops are provided for this model with initial conditions using numerical simulations. The approximation of the electrostatic force in the lumped-parameter model can describe the relations between amplitudes and frequencies with different values of the stiffness and damping coefficients quite well.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 50675034)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No SBK200920386)
文摘Computational analysis of electrostatic microelectromechanical systems （MEMS） requires an electrostatic analysis to compute the electrostatic forces acting on micromechanical structures and a mechanical analysis to compute the deformation of micromechanical structures. Typically, the mechanical analysis is performed on an undeformed geometry. However, the electrostatic analysis is performed on the deformed position of microstructures. In this paper, a new efficient approach to self-consistent analysis of electrostatic MEMS in the small deformation case is presented. In this approach, when the microstructures undergo small deformations, the surface charge densities on the deformed geometry can be computed without updating the geometry of the microstructures. This algorithm is based on the linear mode shapes of a microstructure as basis functions. A boundary integral equation for the electrostatic problem is expanded into a Taylor series around the undeformed configuration, and a new coupled-field equation is presented. This approach is validated by comparing its results with the results available in the literature and ANSYS solutions, and shows attractive features comparable to ANSYS.
基金supported by Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2021SHZDZX)also in part supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(20DZ2220400).
文摘Microassembly platforms have attracted significant attention recently because of their potential for developing microsystems and devices for a wide range of applications.Despite their considerable poten-tial,existing techniques are mainly used in laboratory research settings.This review provides an over-view of the fundamentals,techniques,and applications of microassemblies.Manipulation techniques based on magnetic,optical,acoustic fields,and mechanical systems are discussed,and control systems that rely on machine vision and force feedback are introduced.Additionally,recent applications of microassemblies in microstructure fabrication,microelectromechanical operation,and biomedical engi-neering are examined.This review also highlights unmet technical demands and emerging trends,as well as new research opportunities in this expanding field of research driven by allied technologies such as microrobotics.
基金C.R.C.acknowledges support under the Cooperative Research Agreement between the University of Maryland and the NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology,award number 70ANB10H193,through the University of Maryland.
文摘Mechanical linkages are fundamentally important for the transfer of motion through assemblies of parts to perform work.Whereas their behavior in macroscale systems is well understood,there are open questions regarding the performance and reliability of linkages with moving parts in contact within microscale systems.Measurement challenges impede experimental studies to answer such questions.In this study,we develop a novel combination of optical microscopy methods that enable the first quantitative measurements at nanometer and microradian scales of the transfer of motion through a microelectromechanical linkage.We track surface features and fluorescent nanoparticles as optical indicators of the motion of the underlying parts of the microsystem.Empirical models allow precise characterization of the electrothermal actuation of the linkage.The transfer of motion between translating and rotating links can be nearly ideal,depending on the operating conditions.The coupling and decoupling of the links agree with an ideal kinematic model to within approximately 5%,and the rotational output is perfectly repeatable to within approximately 20 microradians.However,stiction can result in nonideal kinematics,and input noise on the scale of a few millivolts produces an asymmetric interaction of electrical noise and mechanical play that results in the nondeterministic transfer of motion.Our study establishes a new approach towards testing the performance and reliability of the transfer of motion through assemblies of microscale parts,opening the door to future studies of complex microsystems.
基金We also acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11574331 and 11374311)the Ningbo Science and Technology Bureau(2015B11002,2015A610017,2012A610121)the Jiangsu Key R&D program(BE2015104).
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)direct writing based on the meniscus-confined electrodeposition of copper metal wires was used in this study to develop vertical capacitive microelectromechanical switches.Vertical microelectromechanical switches reduce the form factor and increase the area density of such devices in integrated circuits.We studied the electromechanical characteristics of such vertical switches by exploring the dependence of switching voltage on various device structures,particularly with regard to the length,wire diameter,and the distance between the two wires.A simple model was found to match the experimental measurements made in this study.We found that the electrodeposited copper microwires exhibit a good elastic modulus close to that of bulk copper.By optimizing the 3D structure of the electrodes,a volatile electromechanical switch with a sub-5 V switching voltage was demonstrated in a vertical microscale switch with a gap distance as small as 100 nm created with a pair of copper wires with diameters of~1μm and heights of 25μm.This study establishes an innovative approach to construct microelectromechanical systems with arbitrary 3D microwire structures for various applications,including the demonstrated volatile and nonvolatile microswitches.
文摘A solenoid-type inductor for high frequency application is realized using a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technique.In order to achieve a high inductance value and Q-factor,UV-LIGA,dry etching technique,fine polishing and electroplating technique are adopted.The dimensions of the inductor are 1500μm×900μm×70μm,having 41 turns with a coil width of 20μm separated by 20μm spaces and a high aspect ratio of 3.5∶1.The maximum measured inductance of the inductor is 6.17nH with a Q-factor of about 6.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61273236)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK2010239)the Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No.200802861061)
文摘This paper presents a novel approach to identify and correct the gross errors in the microelectromechanical system （MEMS） gyroscope used in ground vehicles by means of time series analysis. According to the characteristics of autocorrelation function （ACF） and partial autocorrelation function （PACF）, an autoregressive integrated moving average （ARIMA） model is roughly constructed. The rough model is optimized by combining with Akaike＇s information criterion （A/C）, and the parameters are estimated based on the least squares algorithm. After validation testing, the model is utilized to forecast the next output on the basis of the previous measurement. When the difference between the measurement and its prediction exceeds the defined threshold, the measurement is identified as a gross error and remedied by its prediction. A case study on the yaw rate is performed to illustrate the developed algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively distinguish gross errors and make some reasonable remedies.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2006AA030202,2006AA05Z316)
文摘Microreaction technology is one of the most innovative and rapid developing fields in chemical engineering, synthesis and process technology. Many expectations toward enhanced product selectivity, yield and purity, improved safety, and access to new products and processes are directed to the microreaction technology. Microfluidic mixer is the most important component in microfluidic devices. Based on various principles, active and passive micromixers have been designed and investigated. This review is focused on the recent developments in microfluidic mixers. An overview of the flow phenomena and mixing characteristics in active and passive micromixers is presented, including the types of physical phenomena and their utilization in micromixers. Due to the simple fabrication technology and the easy implementation in a complex microfluidic system, T-micromixer is highlighted as an example to illustrate the effect of design and operating parameters on mixing efficiency and fuid flow inside microfluidic mixers.
基金Project supported by the National Defense Technology Industry Strong,China (Grant No. JCKY2018408B006)the Information System New Items Project,China (Grant Nos. 2018XW0026 and 2019XW0010)the Information System Pre-research Project,China (Grant No. 31513060101)
文摘Design and simulation results of a novel multifunctional electronic calibration kit based on microelectromechanical system(MEMS)single-pole double-throw(SPDT)switches are presented in this paper.The short-open-load-through(SOLT)calibration states can be completed simultaneously by using the MEMS electronic calibration,and the electronic calibrator can be reused 10^(6) times.The simulation results show that this novel electronic calibration can be used in a frequency range of 0.1 GHz–20 GHz,the return loss is less than 0.18 dB and 0.035 dB in short-circuit and open-circuit states,respectively,and the insertion loss in through(thru)state is less than 0.27 dB.On the other hand,the size of this novel calibration kit is only 6 mm×2.8 mm×0.8 mm.Our results demonstrate that the calibrator with integrated radiofrequency microelectromechanical system(RF MEMS)switches can not only provide reduced size,loss,and calibration cost compared with traditional calibration kit but also improves the calibration accuracy and efficiency.It has great potential applications in millimeter-wave measurement and testing technologies,such as device testing,vector network analyzers,and RF probe stations.
文摘This paper investigates the effects of material and dimension parameters on the frequency splitting,frequency drift,and quality factor(Q)of aluminium nitride(AlN)-on-n-doped/pure silicon(Si)microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)disk resonators through analysis and simulation.These parameters include the crystallographic orientation,dopant,substrate thickness,and temperature.The resonators operate in the elliptical,higher order,and flexural modes.The simulation results show that i)the turnover points of the resonators exist at 55°C,-50°C,40°C,and-10°C for n-doped silicon with the doping concentration of 2×1019 cm-3 and the Si thickness of 3.5μm,and these points are shifted with the substrate thickness and mode variations;ii)compared with pure Si,the modal-frequency splitting for n-doped Si is higher and increases from 5%to 10%for all studied modes;iii)Q of the resonators depends on the temperature and dopant.Therefore,the turnover,modal-frequency splitting,and Q of the resonators depend on the thickness and material of the substrate and the temperature.This work offers an analysis and design platform for high-performance MEMS gyroscopes as well as oscillators in terms of the temperature compensation by n-doped Si.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(No.61673287,No.61433010)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(No.2015AA042601)
文摘A release method of microobjects is presented based on the piezoelectric vibration.To achieve an effective release,the piezoelectric vibration is added to overcome adhesion force happened in the microoperation.This technique employs inertia force to overcome adhesion force,thereby achieving 90%repeatability with a releasing accuracy of 4± 0.5μm,which was experimentally quantified through the manipulation of 20—80μm polystyrene spheres under an optical microscope.Experimental results confirmed that this adhesion control technique was independent of substrate.Theoretical analyses were conducted to understand the releasing mechanism.Therefore,the micromanipulation system proved to be effective for active releasing of micromanipulation.A novel gripper structure with triple finger is devised.In the design,three cantilevers are considered as the end effectors of the fingers,driven by piezoelectric ceramic transducer(PZT).Tungsten tipped probes are used to pick and place the micro objects.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60576020,No.60606014).
文摘Thin film is a widely used structure in the present microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and plays a vital role in many functional devices. However, the great size difference between the film's thickness and its planar dimensions makes it difficult to study the thin film performance numerically. In this work, a scaling transformation was presented to make the different dimensional sizes equivalent, and thereby, to improve the grid quality considerably. Two numerical experiments were studied to validate the present scaling transformation method. The numerical results indicated that the largest grid size difference can be decreased to one to two orders of magnitude by using the present scaling transformation, and the memory required by the numerical simulation, i.e., the total grid number, could be reduced by about two to three orders of magnitude, while the numerical accuracies with and without this scaling transformation were nearly the same.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 60506012）, the Fok Ying-Tong Foundation （Grant No 101062）, the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing China （Grant No KZ200510005003）, the Science Star of Beijing China （Grant No 2005A11）, and the Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher Learning Under the Jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality China （Grant No 20051D0501502）.Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the staff of M0CVD, Zhou Deshu, and Han Jinru for technical assistance. The authors also thank Professor Academician Chen Lianghui, Professor Tan Manqing and Mr Wang Xuming at the Institute of Semiconductors, CAS for technological support in device fabrication.
文摘We report the study on a short wavelength-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser utilizing a monolithically integrated bridge tuning microelectromechanical system. A deformable-bridge top mirror suspended above an active region is utilized. Applied bridge-substrate bias produces an electrostatic force which reduces the spacing of air-gap and tunes the resonant wavelength toward a shorter wavelength （blue-shift）, Good laser characteristics are obtained： such as continuous tuning ranges over 11 nm near 940 nm for 0-9 V tuning bias, the peak output power near 1 mW and the full-width-half-maximum limited to approximately 3.2-6.8 rim. A detailed simulation of the micromechanical and optical characteristics of these devices is performed, and the ratio of bridge displacement to wavelength shift has been found to be 3：1.
基金Project supported by the National Defense Technology Industry Strong Foundation Project of China (Grant No. JCKY2018* * **06)the Information System New items Project (Grant Nos. 2018****26 and 2019****10)the Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement for their support
文摘This paper details the design and simulation of a novel low-loss four-bit reconfigurable bandpass filter that integrates microelectromechanical system(MEMS)switches and comb resonators.A T-shaped reconfigurable resonator is reconfigured in a'one resonator,multiple MEMS switches'configuration and used to gate the load capacitances of comb resonators so that a multiple-frequency filtering function is realized within the 7-16 GHz frequency range.In addition,the insertion loss of the filter is less than 1.99 dB,the out-of-band rejection is more than 18.30 dB,and the group delay is less than 0.25 ns.On the other hand,the size of this novel filter is only 4.4 mm×2.5 mm×0.4 mm.Our results indicate that this MEMS reconfigurable filter,which can switch 16 central frequency bands through eight switches,achieves a low insertion loss compared to those of traditional MEMS filters.In addition,the advantages of small size are obtained while achieving high integration.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Nos.62174119 and 21861132001)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFE0118700)+2 种基金Tianjin Applied Basic Research and Advanced Technology(17JCJQJC43600)the 111 Project(B07014)the Foundation for Talent Scientists of Nanchang Institute for Micro-technology of Tianjin University.
文摘The presence of chemical warfare agents(CWAs)in the environment is a serious threat to human safety,but there are many problems with the currently available detection methods for CWAs.For example,gas chromatography–mass spectrometry cannot be used for in-field detection owing to the rather large size of the equipment required,while commercial sensors have the disadvantages of low sensitivity and poor selectivity.Here,we develop a portable gas sensing instrument for CWA detection that consists of a MEMSfabricated micro-preconcentrator(μPC)and a film bulk acoustic resonator(FBAR)gas sensor.The μPC is coated with a nanoporous metal–organic framework material to enrich the target,while the FBAR provides rapid detection without the need for extra carrier gas.Dimethyl methylphosphonate(DMMP),a simulant of the chemical warfare agent sarin,is used to test the performance of the instrument.Experimental results show that the μPC provides effective sample pretreatment,while the FBAR gas sensor has good sensitivity to DMMP vapor.The combination of μPC and FBAR in one instrument gives full play to their respective advantages,reducing the limit of detection of the analyte.Moreover,both the μPC and the FBAR are fabricated using a CMOS-compatible approach,and the prototype instrument is compact in size with high portability and thus has potential for application to in-field detection of CWAs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61574093)the National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Nano/Micro Fabrication(No.614280504010317)+1 种基金the Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund(No.16GFZJJ01-309),the Space Advanced Technology Joint Research Innovation Fund(No.USCAST2016-5)the Professional Technical Service Platform of Shanghai(No.19DZ2291103)。
文摘Maximizing quality factor (Q) is essential to improve the performance of micro hemispherical shell resonators (μHSRs) which can be used in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) gyroscopes to measure angular rotation.Several energy dissipation mechanisms limit Q,where thermoelastic dissipation (TED) is the major one and studied in this paper.Fully coupled thermo-mechanical equations for calculating TED are formulated,and then temperature distribution in a deformed μHSR and its quality factor related to TED (QTED) are obtained by solving the equations through a finite-element method (FEM).It has been found that different fabrication process conditions can obtain various geometrical parameters in our previous studies.In order to provide guidelines for the design and fabrication of μHSRs,the effects of their geometry on resonant frequency (f0) and QTED are studied.The change of anchor height and small enough anchor radius have no effect on both f0 and QTED,but the shell size including its radius,thickness and height has significant impact on f0 and QTED.It is found that whether a μHSR has lower f0 and higher QTED or higher f0 and higher QTED can be achieved by changing these geometrical parameters.The results presented in this paper can also be applied to other similar resonators.
文摘A new analytical model of a 3-degree-of-freedom （3-DOF） gyro-accelerometer system consisting of a 1-DOF drive and 2-DOF sense modes is presented. The model constructs lumped differential equations associated with each DOFof the system by vector analysis. The coupled differential equations thus established are solved analytically for their responses in both the time and frequency domains. Considering these frequency response equations, novel device design concepts are derived by forcing the sense phase to zero, which leads to a certain relationship between the structural frequencies, thereby causing minimization of the damping effect on the performance of the system. Furthermore, the feasibility of the present gyro-accelerometer structure is studied using a unique discriminatory scheme for the detection of both gyro action and linear acceleration at their events. This scheme combines the formulated settled transient solution of the gyro-accelerometer with the processes of synchronous demodulation and filtration, which leads to the in-phase and quadrature components of the system＇s output signal. These two components can be utilized in the detection of angular motion and linear acceleration. The obtained analytical results are validated by simulation in a MATLAB/Simulink environment, and it is found that the results are in excellent agreement with each other.
文摘The fast pace of today’s world has presented several challenges in the area of healthcare. Depression, hypertension, diabetes, cancers and several infectious diseases are just some of the common outcomes associated with the high speed stress-filled lifestyle. Early diagnosis has been the goal for prompt arrest and management of these health conditions. This has been a challenge in recent times. However, great scientific advancement with improved potential in medical diagnosis has equally been a giant stride in times like these. Early disease detection even before symptoms’ presentation, improved imaging of internal body structure, as well as ease of diagnostic procedures, have been developed with the help of a new branch of laboratory medicine termed nanodiagnostics. Use of microchips, biosensors, nanorobots, nano identification of single celled structures, and microelectromechanical systems are current techniques being developed for use in nanodiagnostics. This piece of write up takes a panoramic view of available nanotechnological advances in current use for medical diagnosis and projecting into future possibilities and potentials for an improved health care delivery.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 90307014）.
文摘Based on MEMS technology,immunosensor with an'Au,Pt,Pt'three-microelectrode system enclosed in a SU-8 micro pool was fabricated.Employing SAMs technique,the Au electrode was modified by cysteamine(Cys)to assemble gold nanopanicles(nanogold)layer,subsequently,a layer of protein G(PG)was immobilized on nanogold layer to further capture antibody orientedly.Compared with the immunosensors using bulky gold electrode and direct PG binding to electrode immobilization technique for antibody,it has attractive advantages,such as miniaturization,good compatibility,broad linear range for human immunoglobulin(HIgG)and easy to be designed into array.
