As industrial pollution continues to contaminate ecosystems worldwide,researchers have engineered a breakthrough solution:a single bacterial strain that can tackle five persistent organic pollutants at once.
The gut microbiome is closely associated with human health and the development of diseases. Isolating, characterizing, and identifying gut microbes are crucial for research on the gut microbiome and essential for adva...The gut microbiome is closely associated with human health and the development of diseases. Isolating, characterizing, and identifying gut microbes are crucial for research on the gut microbiome and essential for advancing our understanding and utilization of it. Although culture-independent approaches have been developed, a pure culture is required for in-depth analysis of disease mechanisms and the development of biotherapy strategies. Currently, microbiome research faces the challenge of expanding the existing database of culturable gut microbiota and rapidly isolating target microorganisms. This review examines the advancements in gut microbe isolation and cultivation techniques, such as culturomics, droplet microfluidics, phenotypic and genomics selection, and membrane diffusion. Furthermore, we evaluate the progress made in technology for identifying gut microbes considering both non-targeted and targeted strategies. The focus of future research in gut microbial culturomics is expected to be on high-throughput, automation, and integration. Advancements in this field may facilitate strain-level investigation into the mechanisms underlying diseases related to gut microbiota.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of gut microbes regulation of the trimethylamine(TMA)/flavin containing monooxygenase 3(FMO3)/trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)pathway on platelet aggregation in acute coronary syndrome...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of gut microbes regulation of the trimethylamine(TMA)/flavin containing monooxygenase 3(FMO3)/trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)pathway on platelet aggregation in acute coronary syndrome(ACS)rats and the intervention of Huayu Qutan formula(化瘀祛痰方).METHODS:The ACS rats with syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis rats were established.Platelet,platelet aggregation,platelet activation markers and TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway were detected.Metagenomics technology was employed to analyze the characteristics of the gut microbiota.RESULTS:Huayu Qutan formula and gut microbes could inhibit high platelet reactivity and regulate the TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway.The dominant bacteria in ACS rats including but not limited to the major phyla,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,and Proteobacteria,also including some low abundance phyla,Fusobacteria,Verrucomicrobia,Spirochaetes,and Deferribacteres.The dominant bacteria in the Huayu Qutan formula group were Synergistetes,Deferribacteres,Deferribacteraceae,Faecalibacterium and Mucispirillum.In the Huayu Qutan formula combined with fecal bacteria enema group,the dominant bacteria were Verrucomicrobia,Verrucomicrobiae,Akkermansia and Verrucomicrobium.These gut microbiota were correlated with pathways such as Riboflavin metabolism and Arachidonic acid metabolism.CONCLUSION:Huayu Qutan formula may prevent ACS by modulating gut microbes Synergistetes,Faecalibacterium and Allobaculum,regulating the iron metabolism of Deferribacteres,and driving the TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway to regulate gut microbiota function,and improving platelet aggregation.Akkermansia may serve as a promising probiotic,which could drive TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway to regulate Arachidonic acid metabolism to improve platelet aggregation.The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the theory of"the heart is connected with the small intestine".展开更多
Three typical rural-suburban-urban artificial wetlands Pinus elliottii forest in Nanchang City were selected as research objects to mensurate the soil nutrient content.And the annual average values and seasonal change...Three typical rural-suburban-urban artificial wetlands Pinus elliottii forest in Nanchang City were selected as research objects to mensurate the soil nutrient content.And the annual average values and seasonal changes of microbes in forest soil were analyzed.The results showed that soil bulk density,total phosphorus （TP） and pH increased,while soil organic carbon （SOC）,total nitrogen （TN） declined with rural-to-urban gradient.At different eco-boundary,annual average values showed that actinomycetes quantity bacteria quantity fungi quantity.Total microbe number was urban suburb rural areas.The number of bacteria and fungi was urban suburbs rural areas,but the number of actinomycetes was suburb urban rural areas.Eco-boundary,season and microbes actinomycetes and fungi reached an extreme significant level （P 0.001）.Bacteria in soil at different eco-boundary had significant effects,but season had no significant effect on bacteria.Eco-boundary and season had a very significant interaction on actinomycetes and fungi （P 0.001）,but they had no significant interaction on bacteria （P 0.05）.Eco-boundary showed significantly positive correlation with actinomycetes and fungi （P 0.001）,but season had no significant corelation with microbes.In conclusion,urbanization process caused the physical-chemical properties changes of forest soil and affected the amount of soil microbes obviously.展开更多
[Objective] The research aimed to lay the foundation for high-efficiency biological degradation microbial inoculums. [Method] under the 60℃ temperature the cellulolytic microbes in pig manure were isolated and determ...[Objective] The research aimed to lay the foundation for high-efficiency biological degradation microbial inoculums. [Method] under the 60℃ temperature the cellulolytic microbes in pig manure were isolated and determined the CMCase and Fpase,then proceeded the 16S rRNA gene analysis. [Result]The results showed that:BC1 and BC3 strains characterized higher carboxymethyl cellulose enzyme activity and higher filter paper activity,but their difference was small,then the 16S rDNA sequence of BC1 and BC3 strains were related to pseudomonas sp. (98% and 99% similarities,respectively).[Conclusion] the experiment laid foundation for high-efficiency biological heating agent.展开更多
It has been estimated that a typical gram of soilcontains around 90 100 million bacteria and about200 000 fungi, with the majority of these organismsbeing located around the roots of plants. This locali-zation reflect...It has been estimated that a typical gram of soilcontains around 90 100 million bacteria and about200 000 fungi, with the majority of these organismsbeing located around the roots of plants. This locali-zation reflects the fact that plant roots typically exudea large fraction of the carbon that they fix by photo-synthesis, and soil microbes utilize this exuded carbonas a food source.展开更多
Some strains and culture of bacteria which are able to decolorize dyes and degrade polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) were isolated and selected. A pilot scale facultative anaerobic-aerobic biological process was applied for trea...Some strains and culture of bacteria which are able to decolorize dyes and degrade polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) were isolated and selected. A pilot scale facultative anaerobic-aerobic biological process was applied for treatment of textile wastewater containing dyes and PVA. Activated carbon adsorption was used as a tertiary treatment stage, and residual sludge from clarifier returned to the anaerobic reactor again. The pilot test were carried out with two systems. One was inoculated by acclimated sludge, and the another was adding the mixed culture of dye-decoloring and PVA-degrading bacteria for forming biological films, the latter was observed to be more effective than the former. The test has run normally for ten months with a COD loading of 2.13 kg/m3/day, a BOD5 loading of 0.34 kg/m3/day in anaerobic reactor; a COD loading of 1.71 kg/m3/day, a BOD5 loading 0.44 kg/m3/day in aerobic reactor. The pollutants removal efficiency by adding microbes was about 20% higher than that by acclimated sludge. The average removal efficiency of COD stood about 92%, BOD5 97%, PVA 90% and decolorization 80%. The other parameters of effluent quality are also satisfactory.展开更多
The quantity of soil microbes and the structure of ammonium oxidizing bacterial （AOB） community were analyzed using the dilution plate counting and most probable number method （MPN）, and denaturing gradient gel el...The quantity of soil microbes and the structure of ammonium oxidizing bacterial （AOB） community were analyzed using the dilution plate counting and most probable number method （MPN）, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）, respectively. Fertilizer application tended to increase the number of soil microbes and alter the AOB community compared to the control with no fertilizer application （CK）. Among the eight fertilizer treatments, soil samples from the treatments of mineral fertilizers （e.g., N, P, K） in combination with farmyard manure （M） had greater number.s of soil microbes and more complex structure of AOB community than those receiving mineral fertilizers alone. The principal component analyses （PCA） for ammonium oxidizing bacterial community structure showed that the eight fertilizer treatments could be divided into two PCA groups （PCA1 and PCA2）. For the soil sampled after rice harvest, PCA1 included NP, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was consisted of CK, N, M and NPK fertilizer treatments. For soil samples collected after wheat harvest, PCA1 was consisted of M, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was composed of CK, N, NP and NPK fertilizer treatments. For a given rotation, the richness of AOB community in PCA1 was greater than that in PCA2. In addition, AOB community structure was more complex in the soil after rice harvest than that after wheat harvest. The results indicated that different fertilizer treatments resulted in substantial changes of soil microbe number and AOB community. Furthermore, mineral fertilizers （N, NP, NPK） combined with farmyard manure were effective for increasing the quantity of soil microbes, enriching AOB community, and improving the soil biofertility.展开更多
Production and storage-transportation of crude oil can not only give rise to soil pollution but also destroy ecological environment. Degradation of microbes for oily soil was studied with the instnunent, Geofina Hydro...Production and storage-transportation of crude oil can not only give rise to soil pollution but also destroy ecological environment. Degradation of microbes for oily soil was studied with the instnunent, Geofina Hydrocarbon Meter (GHM), by experimental analysis qualitatively and quantitatively in the paper. Analytical result showed that the crude oil could be considerably degraded by eating-oil microbes in oily soil and the number of eating-oil microbes increased while the working hours of oil-well risi...展开更多
Diversity analysis on secondary metabolites of Antarctic microbes, Rhodococcus sp. NJ-008 and Pseudomonas sp. NJ-011, together with the structural elucidation of some purified compounds, has been carried out for under...Diversity analysis on secondary metabolites of Antarctic microbes, Rhodococcus sp. NJ-008 and Pseudomonas sp. NJ-011, together with the structural elucidation of some purified compounds, has been carried out for understanding of their chemical constituents. The methanol extracts of Rhodococcus sp. NJ-008 and Pseudomonas sp. NJ-011 were subjected to HPLC-TOF MS test for diversity analysis on secondary metabolites, respectively. The chemical constituents of NJ-011 are mainly N-containing compounds including some alkaloids and short polypeptides, while those of NJ-008 are not N-containing ones. Three compounds were also isolated and identified from extract of NJ011 by different column chromatography and preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated as b-carboline (1), 3-benzylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (2) and 3-isobutylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (3) by comparison of TOF MS, 1Hand 13C-NMR data with those reported. More microbial material of Pseudomonas sp. NJ-011 should be needed for exploration of the minor constituents with complicated structures.展开更多
Microbes were cultured from the samples at various depths in a weathering profile of RE-bearing granite in Gonghe RE mine, Guangdong Province. The cultured microbes, existing at a depth of 0.2 similar to 12 in and bei...Microbes were cultured from the samples at various depths in a weathering profile of RE-bearing granite in Gonghe RE mine, Guangdong Province. The cultured microbes, existing at a depth of 0.2 similar to 12 in and being more plentiful within 3 in in the profile, include bacteria ( Bacillus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Alkaligenes, Neisseria, Staphylococcus and anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium), fungi ( Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium, Mucor and Saccharomycete) and actinomyces. Experiments were made under room temperature by using solutions of the cultured microbes and their metabolites, compared with distilled water and the culture solution without microbes, to leach RE from the sample of the weathering crust. The results are shown by the experiments: (1) The mixed microbes cultured from the profile and their metabolites increase the quantity of RE leached from the sample and reduce the pH of the solutions. (2) The ability to leach RE from the sample varies with various microbes, decreasing in a sequence of fungi ( Mucor, saccharomycete, Aspegillus and Penicillium), zymotic bacilli (Enterobacter, Escherichia etc.), Staphylococcus, zymotic Bacillus, actinomyces and Alkaligenes. (3) The RE leached with bacteria is mainly related to the pH value of the solutions influenced by the metabolites of the bacteria; whereas that leached with fungi is mainly related to the adsorption and imbibition of RE by the fungi and the complexing of RE with their metabolites. (4) Compared with that leached with ammonium sulfate, the fractionation of the RE leached with microbes is characterized by higher delta (Ce), lower delta (Eu) and lower ratios of N-La/Sm and N-Gd/Yb . The result of the fractionation of RE accords with the distribution of RE in the various layers of a profile of weathering crust of granite in South China. The experimental results indicate that microbes and their metabolites should play a positive role in the mobilization, migration and fractionation of RE in the weathering crust in South China.展开更多
Bacteria are ubiquitous in built environments(BE)and different human body sites.Among the myriad of microbes,the pathogenic bacteria are of great interest to public health and safety,which were the cause of many publi...Bacteria are ubiquitous in built environments(BE)and different human body sites.Among the myriad of microbes,the pathogenic bacteria are of great interest to public health and safety,which were the cause of many public health emergency outbreak.展开更多
BOD measurements in presence of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver and cadmium are reported using wastewater from dairy industry as a seed. Extent of inhibition in BOD is studied for variables like, concen-tration o...BOD measurements in presence of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver and cadmium are reported using wastewater from dairy industry as a seed. Extent of inhibition in BOD is studied for variables like, concen-tration of metal ions (0.2 mM to 1.4 mM), pH (3 to 8) and temperature of incubation (15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃ and 35℃). Results of BOD inhibition are supported by absorbance measurement (OD600) studies of microbial matter preserved in Luriya broth medium. OD measurement results are used to derive minimum inhibitory concentration, i.e., threshold concentration of each metal showing toxicity towards microbes. Sil-ver is found to be the most toxic element.展开更多
The action of etching and damage by 20 keV N+ beam on the cells of Deinococcus radiodurans and Escherichia coli was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of ...The action of etching and damage by 20 keV N+ beam on the cells of Deinococcus radiodurans and Escherichia coli was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of free radicals. The results showed that N+ implantation exerted the direct action of etching and damage of momentum transferring and the indirect action of the free radicals of energy deposition on their cells, many microholes were found on the surface of cells' wall and /or membrane by SEM, the damaged DNA was determined using DNA unwinding technique, and the signal of free radicals was measured by ESR. The degree of damage to cells by ion beam gradually increased with the increase implantation dose. With the post-treatment of 2 mmol/l caffeine and 0.5 mmol / l Na2-EDTA, the survival rate of D.radiodurans and E.coli further decreased in the order of caffeine > Na2-EDTA > control, and this suggested that low energy ion beam could be implanted into nucleus, doing a damage to DNA and resulting in the mutation of organisms.展开更多
Biorecycling microbes, which have critical functionalities in natural cycles, are essential to sustain eco-system of the earth. Any alterations in these cycles caused by the mutations of microbes could be a potential ...Biorecycling microbes, which have critical functionalities in natural cycles, are essential to sustain eco-system of the earth. Any alterations in these cycles caused by the mutations of microbes could be a potential threat to life on earth. Antibiotics leached from pharmaceutical waste, animal food and agribusiness prod- ucts are accumulating in the environment. Metal nanoparticles are also accumulating in environment because of their extensive use as biocidal agent in domestic products. Interaction of antibiotics and metal nanoparticles with eco-ffiendly microorganisms has a potential to alter the ecosystem of the earth. In this article, we have studied the antibacterial activities of silver and copper nanoparticles and their for- mulations with antibiotics, tetracycline, and kanamycin against biorecycling microbes, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Strong synergistic effect of metal nanoparticles on the antimicrobial ac- tivities of commercial antibiotics has been observed. Antimicrobial activity of tetracycline improves by 286%-346% and 0%-28% when being tested in the presence of 250 ppm of silver and copper nanoparticles, respectively. For kanamycin, the improvement is 154%-289% for silver and 3%-20% for copper nanoparticles. Irrespective of the antibiotics and tested organisms, synergy is more prominent for silver nanoparticles even at their minimum active concentration （100 ppm）. This study demonstrates that the combination of metal nanoparticles with antibiotics could be more fatal to ecosystem than either the metal nanoparticles or the antibiotics alone.展开更多
Low phosphorus (P) availability is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in red soils across southeastern China. Many non\|symbiotic microorganisms in rhizosphere can enhance P solubility, but little...Low phosphorus (P) availability is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in red soils across southeastern China. Many non\|symbiotic microorganisms in rhizosphere can enhance P solubility, but little is known about the magnitude of their phosphorus\|solubilizing ability (PSA) and the difference in phosphorus\|solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) among plant species. The number of phosphorus\|solubilizing microorganisms and their PSA in rhizosphere soils of 19 weed species in a citrus orchard on red soil at Changshan, Zhejiang, China, were investigated. Inorganic P (powdered phosphate rock, PR) and organic P (lecithin, OP) were respectively used as the sole P\|source to examine the PSA of isolated microbes. The PS actinomycetes community varied greatly among the different weed rhizospheres while the PS fungus community showed to be most stable to the weed rhizosphere. The highest number of PR\|PS and OP\|PS bacteria was found in rhizosphere soil of \%Mollugo pentaphyll\%, and the highest number of PR\|PS and OP\|PS actinomycetes was found in rhizosphere soil of \%Polygonum lapathifolium\%. The highest number of PR\|PS fungi was found in \%Erigeron annuus\% and \%Mollugo pentaphyll\% rhizosphere soil, and the highest number of OP\|PS fungi was found in rhizosphere soil of \%Mazus stachydifolius\%. \%Mazus stachydifolius\% showed the strongest PR\|PS ability (6340.75μg) while \%Eragrostis pilosa\% showed the strongest OP\|PS ability (1301.84μg). The PR\|PS ability and OP\|PS ability of \%Mollugo pentaphyll\% was 4432.87μg and 1122.05μg respectively. A significant correlation between the number of PR\|PSM and OP\|PSM was found. Significant correlation was only found between the PR\|PS fungi number and its PSA( r =0.75, P <0.05) and between the number of OP\|PS fungi and its PSA( r =0.87, P <0.01}). It indicated that plant species had significant influence on components of the non\|symbiotic PSM community and their activity in its rhizosphere soil. Fungi play a leading role in phosphorus solubilization in weed rhizopshere. It suggested that weed conservation could benefit soil microbe development in agroecosystems, especially in the initial stage of agroecosystem development because there is less organic carbon in bare soil. The results suggested that weed conservation could increase PSA of PSM.展开更多
Bruguiera sexangula （Lout） Poir., a threatened mangrove tree, was inoculated with beneficial microbes in a nursery to assess any improvements in growth and bio- mass. From soil samples from the rhizosphere of B. sex...Bruguiera sexangula （Lout） Poir., a threatened mangrove tree, was inoculated with beneficial microbes in a nursery to assess any improvements in growth and bio- mass. From soil samples from the rhizosphere of B. sexangula in a mangrove forest in Panangadu of Kerala India, nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense were isolated. The phosphatesolubilising bacterium Bacillus megaterium and potassiummobilizing bacteria Frateruria aurantia were also isolated and cultured on suitable media. Later, ripe propagules of B. sexangula were collected from matured trees and raised in sterilized soil bags （13 × 25 cm） containing sterilized soil and sand （2：1 ratio）. The cultured beneficial microbes were propagated and used to inoculate the ripe propagules of B. sexangula and maintained in the nursery for 6 months. After 6 months, growth and biomass of the inoculated propagules were greater than for the uninoculated control propagules. Shoot length, number of leaves, stem girth and root length were also significantly greater than in the controls. This study showed that the mangrove-specific beneficial microbes influenced the growth of B. sexangula展开更多
Intestinal microbes are closely related to vital host functions such as digestion and nutrient absorption,which play important roles in enhancing host adaptability.As a natural“laboratory”,caves provide an outstandi...Intestinal microbes are closely related to vital host functions such as digestion and nutrient absorption,which play important roles in enhancing host adaptability.As a natural“laboratory”,caves provide an outstanding model for understanding the significance of gut microbes and feeding habits in the habitat adaptability of hosts.However,research on the relationship between gut microbes,feeding habits,and the adaptability of troglobites remains insufficient.In this study,we compared the characteristics of the intestinal microbes of Sinocyclocheilus cavefish and surface fish and further established the relationship between intestinal and habitat microbes.Furthermore,we conducted environmental DNA(eDNA)(metabarcoding)analysis of environmental samples to clarify the composition of potential food resources in the habitats of the Sinocyclocheilus cavefish and surface fish.Results showed that the structure of the Sinocyclocheilus gut microbes was more related to ecological type(habitat type)than phylogenetic relationships.While horizontal transfer of habitat microbes was a source of gut microbes,hosts also showed strong selection for inherent microbes as dominant microorganisms.Differences in the composition and structure of gut microbes,especially dominant microbes,may enhance the adaptability of the two Sinocyclocheilus fish types from the perspectives of food intake,nutrient utilization,and harmful substance metabolism,suggesting that food resources,predation patterns,intestinal flora,digestive and absorptive capacity,and feeding habits and preferences are linked to habitat adaptability.These results should facilitate our understanding of the significance of fish gut microbes to habitat adaptation and provide a new perspective for studying the adaptive mechanisms of cavefish.展开更多
Laboratory and in situ experiments were done to investigate the influences of cultivation on temperate semi arid grassland (for 17 years spring wheat planted once every two years without fertilization) on soil N ...Laboratory and in situ experiments were done to investigate the influences of cultivation on temperate semi arid grassland (for 17 years spring wheat planted once every two years without fertilization) on soil N 2O emission and quantitative variations of related soil microbes. In the laboratory (25℃ and soil moisture 18%), cultivation increased soil transformations of fertilizer nitrogen (100 μg N/g as NaNO 3, urea, or as urea with dicyandiamide 1 μg N/g). The N 2O emissions from the cultivated and uncultivated soils with or without nitrogen additions were relatively low, and mainly originated from the nitrification. The soil N 2O emission due to cultivation decreased somewhat upon no fertilization or NaNO 3 addition, but significantly upon urea addition. The role of dicyandiamide as nitrification inhibitor was only considerable in the cultivated soil, and had small influence on decreasing N 2O emission in the two soils. The influence of cultivation on soil N 2O emission was also reflected by the number variations of microbes related with soil nitrogen transformation in the two soils. Compared to the uncultivated grassland, in situ ammonifiers and denitrifiers in the cultivated grassland quantitatively averagely increased, and aerobic no symbiotic azotobacters were quantitatively similar, leading to the continued decrease of organic matter content and the decrease of N 2O emission from the cultivated grassland soil.展开更多
Present study deals with the straight impact of hypobaric hypoxia on the quantity and composition of some predominant fecal microflora and its functional aspects. For that, isolated fecal contents of rat were exposed ...Present study deals with the straight impact of hypobaric hypoxia on the quantity and composition of some predominant fecal microflora and its functional aspects. For that, isolated fecal contents of rat were exposed to two different simulated air pressures （70 kPa and 40 kPa） for different time durations （1, 3, and 5 h） and the bacterial community composition was compared with normobaric groups （101.3 kPa）. It was found that the total anaerobes, Escherichio coli, Enterbocters spp., Bi^idobocterium spp., CIostridium spp. were increased whereas total aerobes were decreased at both hypobaric treatments. The increased number of amplicon was detected in the pressure-treated groups than the control that clearly mentioned the disruption of microbiota structure at different simulated hypobaric-hypoxia. The amylase, protease, tannase, 13-glucuronidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased at these atmospheric pressures. Thus, the present investigation demonstrates that the hypobaric hypoxia is an important environmental factor which can strongly modulate the composition of intestinal flora as well as microfiora-derived functional aspects.展开更多
文摘As industrial pollution continues to contaminate ecosystems worldwide,researchers have engineered a breakthrough solution:a single bacterial strain that can tackle five persistent organic pollutants at once.
文摘The gut microbiome is closely associated with human health and the development of diseases. Isolating, characterizing, and identifying gut microbes are crucial for research on the gut microbiome and essential for advancing our understanding and utilization of it. Although culture-independent approaches have been developed, a pure culture is required for in-depth analysis of disease mechanisms and the development of biotherapy strategies. Currently, microbiome research faces the challenge of expanding the existing database of culturable gut microbiota and rapidly isolating target microorganisms. This review examines the advancements in gut microbe isolation and cultivation techniques, such as culturomics, droplet microfluidics, phenotypic and genomics selection, and membrane diffusion. Furthermore, we evaluate the progress made in technology for identifying gut microbes considering both non-targeted and targeted strategies. The focus of future research in gut microbial culturomics is expected to be on high-throughput, automation, and integration. Advancements in this field may facilitate strain-level investigation into the mechanisms underlying diseases related to gut microbiota.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Project:based on the Theory of“the Heart is in Harmony with the Small Intestine”to Explore the Influence and Mechanism of Gut Microbes on High Platelet Reactivity of Acute Coronary Syndrome with Phlegm and Blood Stasis Syndrome(No.82104841)Education Department of Liaoning Province Young Science and Technology Talents"Seedling"Project:to Explore the Effect and Mechanism of Huayu Qutan Formula on Platelet Function in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients with Phlegm and Blood Stasis Syndrome after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention based on Intestinal Microbiome(No.L202039)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of gut microbes regulation of the trimethylamine(TMA)/flavin containing monooxygenase 3(FMO3)/trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)pathway on platelet aggregation in acute coronary syndrome(ACS)rats and the intervention of Huayu Qutan formula(化瘀祛痰方).METHODS:The ACS rats with syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis rats were established.Platelet,platelet aggregation,platelet activation markers and TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway were detected.Metagenomics technology was employed to analyze the characteristics of the gut microbiota.RESULTS:Huayu Qutan formula and gut microbes could inhibit high platelet reactivity and regulate the TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway.The dominant bacteria in ACS rats including but not limited to the major phyla,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,and Proteobacteria,also including some low abundance phyla,Fusobacteria,Verrucomicrobia,Spirochaetes,and Deferribacteres.The dominant bacteria in the Huayu Qutan formula group were Synergistetes,Deferribacteres,Deferribacteraceae,Faecalibacterium and Mucispirillum.In the Huayu Qutan formula combined with fecal bacteria enema group,the dominant bacteria were Verrucomicrobia,Verrucomicrobiae,Akkermansia and Verrucomicrobium.These gut microbiota were correlated with pathways such as Riboflavin metabolism and Arachidonic acid metabolism.CONCLUSION:Huayu Qutan formula may prevent ACS by modulating gut microbes Synergistetes,Faecalibacterium and Allobaculum,regulating the iron metabolism of Deferribacteres,and driving the TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway to regulate gut microbiota function,and improving platelet aggregation.Akkermansia may serve as a promising probiotic,which could drive TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway to regulate Arachidonic acid metabolism to improve platelet aggregation.The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the theory of"the heart is connected with the small intestine".
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(2007GQN1935)~~
文摘Three typical rural-suburban-urban artificial wetlands Pinus elliottii forest in Nanchang City were selected as research objects to mensurate the soil nutrient content.And the annual average values and seasonal changes of microbes in forest soil were analyzed.The results showed that soil bulk density,total phosphorus （TP） and pH increased,while soil organic carbon （SOC）,total nitrogen （TN） declined with rural-to-urban gradient.At different eco-boundary,annual average values showed that actinomycetes quantity bacteria quantity fungi quantity.Total microbe number was urban suburb rural areas.The number of bacteria and fungi was urban suburbs rural areas,but the number of actinomycetes was suburb urban rural areas.Eco-boundary,season and microbes actinomycetes and fungi reached an extreme significant level （P 0.001）.Bacteria in soil at different eco-boundary had significant effects,but season had no significant effect on bacteria.Eco-boundary and season had a very significant interaction on actinomycetes and fungi （P 0.001）,but they had no significant interaction on bacteria （P 0.05）.Eco-boundary showed significantly positive correlation with actinomycetes and fungi （P 0.001）,but season had no significant corelation with microbes.In conclusion,urbanization process caused the physical-chemical properties changes of forest soil and affected the amount of soil microbes obviously.
基金Supported by Foundation of Henan Educational Committee(2010B530001)~~
文摘[Objective] The research aimed to lay the foundation for high-efficiency biological degradation microbial inoculums. [Method] under the 60℃ temperature the cellulolytic microbes in pig manure were isolated and determined the CMCase and Fpase,then proceeded the 16S rRNA gene analysis. [Result]The results showed that:BC1 and BC3 strains characterized higher carboxymethyl cellulose enzyme activity and higher filter paper activity,but their difference was small,then the 16S rDNA sequence of BC1 and BC3 strains were related to pseudomonas sp. (98% and 99% similarities,respectively).[Conclusion] the experiment laid foundation for high-efficiency biological heating agent.
文摘It has been estimated that a typical gram of soilcontains around 90 100 million bacteria and about200 000 fungi, with the majority of these organismsbeing located around the roots of plants. This locali-zation reflects the fact that plant roots typically exudea large fraction of the carbon that they fix by photo-synthesis, and soil microbes utilize this exuded carbonas a food source.
文摘Some strains and culture of bacteria which are able to decolorize dyes and degrade polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) were isolated and selected. A pilot scale facultative anaerobic-aerobic biological process was applied for treatment of textile wastewater containing dyes and PVA. Activated carbon adsorption was used as a tertiary treatment stage, and residual sludge from clarifier returned to the anaerobic reactor again. The pilot test were carried out with two systems. One was inoculated by acclimated sludge, and the another was adding the mixed culture of dye-decoloring and PVA-degrading bacteria for forming biological films, the latter was observed to be more effective than the former. The test has run normally for ten months with a COD loading of 2.13 kg/m3/day, a BOD5 loading of 0.34 kg/m3/day in anaerobic reactor; a COD loading of 1.71 kg/m3/day, a BOD5 loading 0.44 kg/m3/day in aerobic reactor. The pollutants removal efficiency by adding microbes was about 20% higher than that by acclimated sludge. The average removal efficiency of COD stood about 92%, BOD5 97%, PVA 90% and decolorization 80%. The other parameters of effluent quality are also satisfactory.
基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2006BAD05B06 and 2006BAD 02A14-13)
文摘The quantity of soil microbes and the structure of ammonium oxidizing bacterial （AOB） community were analyzed using the dilution plate counting and most probable number method （MPN）, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）, respectively. Fertilizer application tended to increase the number of soil microbes and alter the AOB community compared to the control with no fertilizer application （CK）. Among the eight fertilizer treatments, soil samples from the treatments of mineral fertilizers （e.g., N, P, K） in combination with farmyard manure （M） had greater number.s of soil microbes and more complex structure of AOB community than those receiving mineral fertilizers alone. The principal component analyses （PCA） for ammonium oxidizing bacterial community structure showed that the eight fertilizer treatments could be divided into two PCA groups （PCA1 and PCA2）. For the soil sampled after rice harvest, PCA1 included NP, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was consisted of CK, N, M and NPK fertilizer treatments. For soil samples collected after wheat harvest, PCA1 was consisted of M, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was composed of CK, N, NP and NPK fertilizer treatments. For a given rotation, the richness of AOB community in PCA1 was greater than that in PCA2. In addition, AOB community structure was more complex in the soil after rice harvest than that after wheat harvest. The results indicated that different fertilizer treatments resulted in substantial changes of soil microbe number and AOB community. Furthermore, mineral fertilizers （N, NP, NPK） combined with farmyard manure were effective for increasing the quantity of soil microbes, enriching AOB community, and improving the soil biofertility.
基金Supported by the nature scientific fund of Heilongjiang province(No.110210).
文摘Production and storage-transportation of crude oil can not only give rise to soil pollution but also destroy ecological environment. Degradation of microbes for oily soil was studied with the instnunent, Geofina Hydrocarbon Meter (GHM), by experimental analysis qualitatively and quantitatively in the paper. Analytical result showed that the crude oil could be considerably degraded by eating-oil microbes in oily soil and the number of eating-oil microbes increased while the working hours of oil-well risi...
文摘Diversity analysis on secondary metabolites of Antarctic microbes, Rhodococcus sp. NJ-008 and Pseudomonas sp. NJ-011, together with the structural elucidation of some purified compounds, has been carried out for understanding of their chemical constituents. The methanol extracts of Rhodococcus sp. NJ-008 and Pseudomonas sp. NJ-011 were subjected to HPLC-TOF MS test for diversity analysis on secondary metabolites, respectively. The chemical constituents of NJ-011 are mainly N-containing compounds including some alkaloids and short polypeptides, while those of NJ-008 are not N-containing ones. Three compounds were also isolated and identified from extract of NJ011 by different column chromatography and preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated as b-carboline (1), 3-benzylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (2) and 3-isobutylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (3) by comparison of TOF MS, 1Hand 13C-NMR data with those reported. More microbial material of Pseudomonas sp. NJ-011 should be needed for exploration of the minor constituents with complicated structures.
文摘Microbes were cultured from the samples at various depths in a weathering profile of RE-bearing granite in Gonghe RE mine, Guangdong Province. The cultured microbes, existing at a depth of 0.2 similar to 12 in and being more plentiful within 3 in in the profile, include bacteria ( Bacillus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Alkaligenes, Neisseria, Staphylococcus and anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium), fungi ( Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium, Mucor and Saccharomycete) and actinomyces. Experiments were made under room temperature by using solutions of the cultured microbes and their metabolites, compared with distilled water and the culture solution without microbes, to leach RE from the sample of the weathering crust. The results are shown by the experiments: (1) The mixed microbes cultured from the profile and their metabolites increase the quantity of RE leached from the sample and reduce the pH of the solutions. (2) The ability to leach RE from the sample varies with various microbes, decreasing in a sequence of fungi ( Mucor, saccharomycete, Aspegillus and Penicillium), zymotic bacilli (Enterobacter, Escherichia etc.), Staphylococcus, zymotic Bacillus, actinomyces and Alkaligenes. (3) The RE leached with bacteria is mainly related to the pH value of the solutions influenced by the metabolites of the bacteria; whereas that leached with fungi is mainly related to the adsorption and imbibition of RE by the fungi and the complexing of RE with their metabolites. (4) Compared with that leached with ammonium sulfate, the fractionation of the RE leached with microbes is characterized by higher delta (Ce), lower delta (Eu) and lower ratios of N-La/Sm and N-Gd/Yb . The result of the fractionation of RE accords with the distribution of RE in the various layers of a profile of weathering crust of granite in South China. The experimental results indicate that microbes and their metabolites should play a positive role in the mobilization, migration and fractionation of RE in the weathering crust in South China.
基金the support of grant 2021YFF0704500 from National Key R&D Program of Chinagrants 31771463 and 32070086 from the National Nature Science Foundation of Chinathe support of P&G-CAS Collaborative Research fund
文摘Bacteria are ubiquitous in built environments(BE)and different human body sites.Among the myriad of microbes,the pathogenic bacteria are of great interest to public health and safety,which were the cause of many public health emergency outbreak.
文摘BOD measurements in presence of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver and cadmium are reported using wastewater from dairy industry as a seed. Extent of inhibition in BOD is studied for variables like, concen-tration of metal ions (0.2 mM to 1.4 mM), pH (3 to 8) and temperature of incubation (15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃ and 35℃). Results of BOD inhibition are supported by absorbance measurement (OD600) studies of microbial matter preserved in Luriya broth medium. OD measurement results are used to derive minimum inhibitory concentration, i.e., threshold concentration of each metal showing toxicity towards microbes. Sil-ver is found to be the most toxic element.
基金This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of china (19605005)
文摘The action of etching and damage by 20 keV N+ beam on the cells of Deinococcus radiodurans and Escherichia coli was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of free radicals. The results showed that N+ implantation exerted the direct action of etching and damage of momentum transferring and the indirect action of the free radicals of energy deposition on their cells, many microholes were found on the surface of cells' wall and /or membrane by SEM, the damaged DNA was determined using DNA unwinding technique, and the signal of free radicals was measured by ESR. The degree of damage to cells by ion beam gradually increased with the increase implantation dose. With the post-treatment of 2 mmol/l caffeine and 0.5 mmol / l Na2-EDTA, the survival rate of D.radiodurans and E.coli further decreased in the order of caffeine > Na2-EDTA > control, and this suggested that low energy ion beam could be implanted into nucleus, doing a damage to DNA and resulting in the mutation of organisms.
基金financially supported by the University Grants Commission,New Delhi(scheme No.F.No.42-850/2013(SR))
文摘Biorecycling microbes, which have critical functionalities in natural cycles, are essential to sustain eco-system of the earth. Any alterations in these cycles caused by the mutations of microbes could be a potential threat to life on earth. Antibiotics leached from pharmaceutical waste, animal food and agribusiness prod- ucts are accumulating in the environment. Metal nanoparticles are also accumulating in environment because of their extensive use as biocidal agent in domestic products. Interaction of antibiotics and metal nanoparticles with eco-ffiendly microorganisms has a potential to alter the ecosystem of the earth. In this article, we have studied the antibacterial activities of silver and copper nanoparticles and their for- mulations with antibiotics, tetracycline, and kanamycin against biorecycling microbes, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Strong synergistic effect of metal nanoparticles on the antimicrobial ac- tivities of commercial antibiotics has been observed. Antimicrobial activity of tetracycline improves by 286%-346% and 0%-28% when being tested in the presence of 250 ppm of silver and copper nanoparticles, respectively. For kanamycin, the improvement is 154%-289% for silver and 3%-20% for copper nanoparticles. Irrespective of the antibiotics and tested organisms, synergy is more prominent for silver nanoparticles even at their minimum active concentration （100 ppm）. This study demonstrates that the combination of metal nanoparticles with antibiotics could be more fatal to ecosystem than either the metal nanoparticles or the antibiotics alone.
文摘Low phosphorus (P) availability is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in red soils across southeastern China. Many non\|symbiotic microorganisms in rhizosphere can enhance P solubility, but little is known about the magnitude of their phosphorus\|solubilizing ability (PSA) and the difference in phosphorus\|solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) among plant species. The number of phosphorus\|solubilizing microorganisms and their PSA in rhizosphere soils of 19 weed species in a citrus orchard on red soil at Changshan, Zhejiang, China, were investigated. Inorganic P (powdered phosphate rock, PR) and organic P (lecithin, OP) were respectively used as the sole P\|source to examine the PSA of isolated microbes. The PS actinomycetes community varied greatly among the different weed rhizospheres while the PS fungus community showed to be most stable to the weed rhizosphere. The highest number of PR\|PS and OP\|PS bacteria was found in rhizosphere soil of \%Mollugo pentaphyll\%, and the highest number of PR\|PS and OP\|PS actinomycetes was found in rhizosphere soil of \%Polygonum lapathifolium\%. The highest number of PR\|PS fungi was found in \%Erigeron annuus\% and \%Mollugo pentaphyll\% rhizosphere soil, and the highest number of OP\|PS fungi was found in rhizosphere soil of \%Mazus stachydifolius\%. \%Mazus stachydifolius\% showed the strongest PR\|PS ability (6340.75μg) while \%Eragrostis pilosa\% showed the strongest OP\|PS ability (1301.84μg). The PR\|PS ability and OP\|PS ability of \%Mollugo pentaphyll\% was 4432.87μg and 1122.05μg respectively. A significant correlation between the number of PR\|PSM and OP\|PSM was found. Significant correlation was only found between the PR\|PS fungi number and its PSA( r =0.75, P <0.05) and between the number of OP\|PS fungi and its PSA( r =0.87, P <0.01}). It indicated that plant species had significant influence on components of the non\|symbiotic PSM community and their activity in its rhizosphere soil. Fungi play a leading role in phosphorus solubilization in weed rhizopshere. It suggested that weed conservation could benefit soil microbe development in agroecosystems, especially in the initial stage of agroecosystem development because there is less organic carbon in bare soil. The results suggested that weed conservation could increase PSA of PSM.
基金funded by the Program of Department of Science and Technology,New Delhi,Government of India(No.IF110661)
文摘Bruguiera sexangula （Lout） Poir., a threatened mangrove tree, was inoculated with beneficial microbes in a nursery to assess any improvements in growth and bio- mass. From soil samples from the rhizosphere of B. sexangula in a mangrove forest in Panangadu of Kerala India, nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense were isolated. The phosphatesolubilising bacterium Bacillus megaterium and potassiummobilizing bacteria Frateruria aurantia were also isolated and cultured on suitable media. Later, ripe propagules of B. sexangula were collected from matured trees and raised in sterilized soil bags （13 × 25 cm） containing sterilized soil and sand （2：1 ratio）. The cultured beneficial microbes were propagated and used to inoculate the ripe propagules of B. sexangula and maintained in the nursery for 6 months. After 6 months, growth and biomass of the inoculated propagules were greater than for the uninoculated control propagules. Shoot length, number of leaves, stem girth and root length were also significantly greater than in the controls. This study showed that the mangrove-specific beneficial microbes influenced the growth of B. sexangula
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260310,31560111)Top Young Talents Program of the Ten-Thousand Plan of Yunnan Province(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-024)Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Provincial Education Department,China(2020Y0014)。
文摘Intestinal microbes are closely related to vital host functions such as digestion and nutrient absorption,which play important roles in enhancing host adaptability.As a natural“laboratory”,caves provide an outstanding model for understanding the significance of gut microbes and feeding habits in the habitat adaptability of hosts.However,research on the relationship between gut microbes,feeding habits,and the adaptability of troglobites remains insufficient.In this study,we compared the characteristics of the intestinal microbes of Sinocyclocheilus cavefish and surface fish and further established the relationship between intestinal and habitat microbes.Furthermore,we conducted environmental DNA(eDNA)(metabarcoding)analysis of environmental samples to clarify the composition of potential food resources in the habitats of the Sinocyclocheilus cavefish and surface fish.Results showed that the structure of the Sinocyclocheilus gut microbes was more related to ecological type(habitat type)than phylogenetic relationships.While horizontal transfer of habitat microbes was a source of gut microbes,hosts also showed strong selection for inherent microbes as dominant microorganisms.Differences in the composition and structure of gut microbes,especially dominant microbes,may enhance the adaptability of the two Sinocyclocheilus fish types from the perspectives of food intake,nutrient utilization,and harmful substance metabolism,suggesting that food resources,predation patterns,intestinal flora,digestive and absorptive capacity,and feeding habits and preferences are linked to habitat adaptability.These results should facilitate our understanding of the significance of fish gut microbes to habitat adaptation and provide a new perspective for studying the adaptive mechanisms of cavefish.
文摘Laboratory and in situ experiments were done to investigate the influences of cultivation on temperate semi arid grassland (for 17 years spring wheat planted once every two years without fertilization) on soil N 2O emission and quantitative variations of related soil microbes. In the laboratory (25℃ and soil moisture 18%), cultivation increased soil transformations of fertilizer nitrogen (100 μg N/g as NaNO 3, urea, or as urea with dicyandiamide 1 μg N/g). The N 2O emissions from the cultivated and uncultivated soils with or without nitrogen additions were relatively low, and mainly originated from the nitrification. The soil N 2O emission due to cultivation decreased somewhat upon no fertilization or NaNO 3 addition, but significantly upon urea addition. The role of dicyandiamide as nitrification inhibitor was only considerable in the cultivated soil, and had small influence on decreasing N 2O emission in the two soils. The influence of cultivation on soil N 2O emission was also reflected by the number variations of microbes related with soil nitrogen transformation in the two soils. Compared to the uncultivated grassland, in situ ammonifiers and denitrifiers in the cultivated grassland quantitatively averagely increased, and aerobic no symbiotic azotobacters were quantitatively similar, leading to the continued decrease of organic matter content and the decrease of N 2O emission from the cultivated grassland soil.
基金Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),New Delhi for providing the fellowshipthe Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS),the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO),Government of India,for their consecutive financial support
文摘Present study deals with the straight impact of hypobaric hypoxia on the quantity and composition of some predominant fecal microflora and its functional aspects. For that, isolated fecal contents of rat were exposed to two different simulated air pressures （70 kPa and 40 kPa） for different time durations （1, 3, and 5 h） and the bacterial community composition was compared with normobaric groups （101.3 kPa）. It was found that the total anaerobes, Escherichio coli, Enterbocters spp., Bi^idobocterium spp., CIostridium spp. were increased whereas total aerobes were decreased at both hypobaric treatments. The increased number of amplicon was detected in the pressure-treated groups than the control that clearly mentioned the disruption of microbiota structure at different simulated hypobaric-hypoxia. The amylase, protease, tannase, 13-glucuronidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased at these atmospheric pressures. Thus, the present investigation demonstrates that the hypobaric hypoxia is an important environmental factor which can strongly modulate the composition of intestinal flora as well as microfiora-derived functional aspects.
