Follicular lymphoma(FL)is the most common indolent B-cell lymphoma(BCL)globally.Recently,its incidence has increased in Europe,the United States,and Asia,with the number of gastrointestinal FL cases expected to increa...Follicular lymphoma(FL)is the most common indolent B-cell lymphoma(BCL)globally.Recently,its incidence has increased in Europe,the United States,and Asia,with the number of gastrointestinal FL cases expected to increase.Genetic abnormalities related to t(14;18)translocation,BCL2 overexpression,NF-κB pathway-related factors,histone acetylases,and histone methyltransferases cause FL and enhance its proliferation.Meanwhile,microRNAs are commonly used in diagnosing FL and predicting patient prognosis.Many clinical trials on novel therapeutics targeting these genetic abnormalities and immunomodulatory mechanisms have been conducted,resulting in a marked improvement in therapeutic outcomes for FL.Although developing these innovative therapeutic agents targeting specific genetic mutations and immune pathways has provided hope for curative options,FL treatment has become more complex,requiring combinatorial therapeutic regimens.However,optimal treatment combinations have not yet been achieved,highlighting the importance of a complete understanding regarding the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal FL.Accordingly,this article reviews key research on the molecular pathogenesis of nodal FL and novel therapies targeting the causative genetic mutations.Moreover,the results of clinical trials are summarized,with a particular focus on treating nodal and gastrointestinal FLs.展开更多
Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient needed for plant growth and development. The availability of nitrogen in the soil fluctuates greatly in both time and space. Crop plants, except leguminous plants, depend o...Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient needed for plant growth and development. The availability of nitrogen in the soil fluctuates greatly in both time and space. Crop plants, except leguminous plants, depend on supply of nitrogen as fertilizers. Large quantities of nitrogen fertilizers are applied to crop plants, but only 33% of it is utilized by the plant. Plants have developed efficient mechanisms to sense the varying levels of nitrogen forms and uptake them. They also have well developed mechanisms to assimilate the incoming nitrogen immediately or translocate to different parts of the plant wherever it is needed. Maintenance of nitrogen homeostasis is essential to avoid toxicity. Apart from translocation and assimilation, plants have developed different mechanisms, nitrogen efflux;vacuolar nitrogen storage and downward transport of nitrogen from aerial parts to roots, for maintaining nitrogen homeostasis. In crop plants the “grain yield per unit of available nitrogen in the soil” is referred as the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for which remobilization of nitrogen, mediated by various transporters plays a crucial role. All these processes are tightly regulated by proteins and microRNA in response to both external and internal nitrogen levels, carbon status of the plant and hormones. As most crop plants are non-leguminous and depend on soil nitrogen, more production could be achieved if crop plants can be made to utilize the available nitrogen efficiently. The recent explosion of research information and the mechanisms behind nitrogen sensing, signaling, transport and utilization enables biotechnological interventions for better nitrogen nutrition of crop plants. This review discusses such possibilities in the context of recent understanding of nitrogen nutrition and the genomic revolution sweeping the crop science.展开更多
文摘Follicular lymphoma(FL)is the most common indolent B-cell lymphoma(BCL)globally.Recently,its incidence has increased in Europe,the United States,and Asia,with the number of gastrointestinal FL cases expected to increase.Genetic abnormalities related to t(14;18)translocation,BCL2 overexpression,NF-κB pathway-related factors,histone acetylases,and histone methyltransferases cause FL and enhance its proliferation.Meanwhile,microRNAs are commonly used in diagnosing FL and predicting patient prognosis.Many clinical trials on novel therapeutics targeting these genetic abnormalities and immunomodulatory mechanisms have been conducted,resulting in a marked improvement in therapeutic outcomes for FL.Although developing these innovative therapeutic agents targeting specific genetic mutations and immune pathways has provided hope for curative options,FL treatment has become more complex,requiring combinatorial therapeutic regimens.However,optimal treatment combinations have not yet been achieved,highlighting the importance of a complete understanding regarding the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal FL.Accordingly,this article reviews key research on the molecular pathogenesis of nodal FL and novel therapies targeting the causative genetic mutations.Moreover,the results of clinical trials are summarized,with a particular focus on treating nodal and gastrointestinal FLs.
文摘Nitrogen is the most important macronutrient needed for plant growth and development. The availability of nitrogen in the soil fluctuates greatly in both time and space. Crop plants, except leguminous plants, depend on supply of nitrogen as fertilizers. Large quantities of nitrogen fertilizers are applied to crop plants, but only 33% of it is utilized by the plant. Plants have developed efficient mechanisms to sense the varying levels of nitrogen forms and uptake them. They also have well developed mechanisms to assimilate the incoming nitrogen immediately or translocate to different parts of the plant wherever it is needed. Maintenance of nitrogen homeostasis is essential to avoid toxicity. Apart from translocation and assimilation, plants have developed different mechanisms, nitrogen efflux;vacuolar nitrogen storage and downward transport of nitrogen from aerial parts to roots, for maintaining nitrogen homeostasis. In crop plants the “grain yield per unit of available nitrogen in the soil” is referred as the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for which remobilization of nitrogen, mediated by various transporters plays a crucial role. All these processes are tightly regulated by proteins and microRNA in response to both external and internal nitrogen levels, carbon status of the plant and hormones. As most crop plants are non-leguminous and depend on soil nitrogen, more production could be achieved if crop plants can be made to utilize the available nitrogen efficiently. The recent explosion of research information and the mechanisms behind nitrogen sensing, signaling, transport and utilization enables biotechnological interventions for better nitrogen nutrition of crop plants. This review discusses such possibilities in the context of recent understanding of nitrogen nutrition and the genomic revolution sweeping the crop science.
