While oceanic and coastal acidification has gained increased attention,long-term pH trends and their drivers in large freshwater systems remain poorly understood.The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world’s largest fre...While oceanic and coastal acidification has gained increased attention,long-term pH trends and their drivers in large freshwater systems remain poorly understood.The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world’s largest freshwater system,and in many ways resemble marine ecosystems.However,unlike the open ocean and coastal waters where pH has declined due to rising atmospheric CO_(2),no significant pH trends have been observed in the Laurentian Great Lakes,despite significant ecosystem changes driven partly by the invasion of dreissenid mussels.This study examined 41 years of field observations from Lake Michigan to investigate the long-term carbonate chemistry dynamics.Observational results revealed substantial declines in both total alkalinity(TA)and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)over the four decades.Mussel shell calcification emerged as the primary mechanism behind these declines,accounting for 97%and 47%of the observed changes in TA and DIC,respectively,lowering water column pH by 0.24 units.Elevated carbon accumulation in soft mussel tissues,coupled with long-term changes in the air-water pCO_(2)gradient during summer,significantly contributed to long-term DIC variations,explaining 18%and 28%of the lake-wide DIC loss.These two mechanisms also resulted in an overall pH increase of 0.09 and 0.12 units,largely offsetting the calcification-driven pH decrease.These findings bridge a gap in acidification research for large freshwater systems and provide valuable insights for comprehensive lake-wide management strategies.展开更多
The aim of this study is to determine the level to which the public is aware about ITS(intelligent transportation systems)technologies and how they perceive the potential advantages and inhibitors of ITS in Michigan.A...The aim of this study is to determine the level to which the public is aware about ITS(intelligent transportation systems)technologies and how they perceive the potential advantages and inhibitors of ITS in Michigan.A survey was performed with 200 participants living in Michigan,in urban,suburban and rural areas.Questions covered in the survey included how often and how bad traffic congestion occurred,how familiar travelers were with ITS technologies(adaptive traffic signals,real time monitoring of the traffic)and how much support travelers would provide for ITS initiatives.Results reveal that there is a high degree of traffic congestion awareness,there is low public awareness of ITS technologies.While respondents who were aware of ITS solutions had positive views about deploying them,especially in urban areas,they were less supportive of ITS solutions than they were among those who did not know much about these.Factors including area of residence,commute time and age were perceived to influence ITS along with more positive attitudes to ITS amongst urban dwellers and younger respondents.Analysis of key barriers to ITS implementation reflected high initial costs,challenges with technical integration and users’concerns surrounding privacy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy is an important risk factor for foot ulceration and amputation.Thus,patients with diabetes should be screened for this disorder according to local guidelines.An obstacle...BACKGROUND Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy is an important risk factor for foot ulceration and amputation.Thus,patients with diabetes should be screened for this disorder according to local guidelines.An obstacle to the diagnosis of this disease may be the lack of unified diagnostic criteria due to the lack of properly validated scales used for assessment.AIM To validate both sections(A and B)of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument(MNSI)in Polish(PL)patients with diabetes.METHODS A cross-sectional study using a test(A1,B1)and re-test(A2,B2)formula was performed in 80 patients with diabetes.The gold standard used for neuropathy detection was a nerve conduction study(NCS)which was performed in all participants.Reliability of the MNSI-PL was assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha,Kuder-Richardson formula 20(KR-20),split-half reliability,the Gottman split-half tests,and correlation between first and second half was accessed.Stability was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC).For external validation,we used simple linear correlation,binomial regression,and agreement between two different tools using a Bland-Altman plot analysis.RESULTS The scale was internally consistent(Cronbach’s alpha for the full scale:0.81 for A and 0.87 for B).MNSI-PL scores in test/retest showed high stability(ICC=0.73 for A and ICC=0.97 for B).The statistically important correlations between MNSI-PL and NCS were found for B1,B2,and A1(P<0.005).The cut-off points of≥3 for section A(sensitivity of 90%-100%;specificity of 33%-40%)and≥2 for section B(sensitivity of 81%-84%;specificity of 60%-70%)were obtained during neuropathy detection.CONCLUSION The MNSI-PL is a reliable and valid instrument in screening for diabetic neuropathy.展开更多
With all the improvement in wave and hydrodynamics numerical models, the question rises in our mind that how the accuracy of the forcing functions and their input can affect the results. In this paper, a commonly used...With all the improvement in wave and hydrodynamics numerical models, the question rises in our mind that how the accuracy of the forcing functions and their input can affect the results. In this paper, a commonly used numerical third-generation wave model, SWAN is applied to predict waves in Lake Michigan. Wind data are analyzed to determine wind variation frequency over Lake Michigan. Wave predictions uncertainty due to wind local effects are compared during a period where wind has a fairly constant speed and direction over the northern and southern basins. The study shows that despite model calibration in Lake Michigan area, the model deficiency arises from ignoring wind effects in small scales. Wave prediction also emphasizes that small scale turbulence in meteorological forces can increase prediction errors by 38%. Wave frequency and coherence analysis show that both models can predict the wave variation time scale with the same accuracy. Insufficient number of meteorological stations can result in neglecting local wind effects and discrepancies in current predictions. The uncertainty of wave numerical models due to input uncertainties and model principals should be taken into account for design risk factors.展开更多
The stability analysis of an abandoned underground gypsum mine requires the determination of the mine pillar’s strength.This is especially important for flooded abandoned mines where the gypsum pillars become saturat...The stability analysis of an abandoned underground gypsum mine requires the determination of the mine pillar’s strength.This is especially important for flooded abandoned mines where the gypsum pillars become saturated and are subjected to dissolution after flooding.Further,mine pillars are subjected to blast vibrations that generate some level of macro- and micro-fracturing.Testing samples of gypsum must,therefore,simulate these conditions as close as possible.In this research,the strength of gypsum is investigated in an as-received saturated condition using uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and point load index (PLI) tests.The scale effect was investigated and new correlations were derived to describe the effect of sample size on both UCS and BTS under dry and saturated conditions.Effects of blasting on these parameters were observed and the importance of choosing the proper samples was discussed.Finally,correlations were derived for both compressive and tensile strengths under dry and saturated conditions from the PLI test results,which are commonly used as a simple substitute for the indirect determination of UCS and BTS.展开更多
Lake Michigan, the sixth largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, was utilized as a water body for assessment. Field data collected at sampling sites throughout the lake in an intensive monitoring effort ...Lake Michigan, the sixth largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, was utilized as a water body for assessment. Field data collected at sampling sites throughout the lake in an intensive monitoring effort were utilized for evaluation of the distribution of sediment measurements. An assessment of sediment nutrient and carbon measurements within Lake Michigan was completed to recognize strata resulting from the hydrodynamics of the system. Nonparametric comparison tests revealed that significant differences exist between measurements of sediment nutrients and organic carbon in the lake using strata based upon water column depth (all results demon-strated a p < 0.05, α = 0.05). Cross-validation analysis was applied to the field-collected samples, revealing that large errors occur when estimating sediment flux of carbon or nutrients at a given location in the lake without considering stratification of the distributions of these measurements. Errors in estimating sediment concentrations of nutrients and carbon specific to a location in the lake demonstrated a statistically significant increase when stratification of sediment measurements wasn’t employed among sites. For example, distributions of errors in estimating all nutrients and organic carbon concentrations, whereby distance squared inverse interpolation methods were applied, demonstrated a statistically significant increase in absence of stratification (all p < 0.001, α = 0.05). These results have implications for characterization, monitoring, and modeling sediment and water interaction as related to eutrophication, as well as to contaminant exposure and bioaccumulation for chemicals within Lake Michigan and large water bodies where stratification of the sediment based upon physics of the system exists.展开更多
Water is one of the most essential resources required to sustain life. However, it could be detrimental to the health of those without access to water that is properly treated. Although the Safe Drinking Water Act of ...Water is one of the most essential resources required to sustain life. However, it could be detrimental to the health of those without access to water that is properly treated. Although the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 set regulations to protect citizens from naturally occurring and man-made contaminants, some people are still without clean and safe water, which is speculated to be because of their race. This research examines the disproportionality of available clean water provided by government sources in Michigan and its correlation with race and household income. In the study, it has been found that one of the leading causes of water contamination is industrial activity, with the automobile industry being responsible for approximately 300 million tons of lead contamination in water, and that the manufacturing company’s locations mostly centered in minority and low-income areas. Lower income cities, such as Hamtramck and Benton Harbor, have an average of 14.8 drinking water standard violations with the highest being 99 total violations, while higher income cities, like Novi and Bloomfield hills, have an average of 4 violations. Cities, like Flint and Detroit, which have a higher minority population, are 10 times more likely to have a water standard violation, and the minority population is proportionally related to the possibility of industrial manufacturing being located in those areas. These communities also face a higher risk of birth defects, developmental issues in children, and organ failure in adults, due to continuous exposure to water contaminants. Race as a direct causation could not be proven, but there are links to direct correlation through historical redlining and housing trends.展开更多
目的观察木丹颗粒和复方丹参滴丸治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变(diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN)的临床疗效。方法选取2023年5月—2024年4月在郑州颐和医院、河南省人民医院就诊的DPN患者180例,随机分为木丹颗粒组(木丹颗粒联合硫辛...目的观察木丹颗粒和复方丹参滴丸治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变(diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN)的临床疗效。方法选取2023年5月—2024年4月在郑州颐和医院、河南省人民医院就诊的DPN患者180例,随机分为木丹颗粒组(木丹颗粒联合硫辛酸治疗,85例),复方丹参滴丸组(复方丹参滴丸联合硫辛酸治疗,26例),硫辛酸组(单纯硫辛酸治疗,69例),疗程8周。主要观察指标为三组治疗前后密西根糖尿病周围神经病变评分(michigan diabetic neuropathy score,MDNS);次要观察指标为多伦多临床评分(Toronto clinical scoring system scores,TCSS)、中医临床证候评分(traditional chinese medicine syndrome scores,TCM)及血清超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平变化。收集三组患者的年龄、性别比例、病程、血压、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、合并症(冠心病、高血压、高脂血症)、吸烟饮酒史等临床资料及相关生化指标。结果三组患者MDNS、TCSS、TCM评分总分治疗后均较治疗前降低,木丹颗粒组和复方丹参滴丸组治疗后评分低于硫辛酸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),木丹颗粒组和复方丹参滴丸组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。木丹颗粒组和复方丹参滴丸组治疗后MDNS、TCSS、TCM评分总有效率(90.58%和88.46%、94.11%和96.15%、92.94%和92.30%)均高于硫辛酸组(66.67%、76.81%、73.91%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但木丹颗粒组和复方丹参滴丸组总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组治疗后血清SOD水平均较治疗前升高,且研究组血清SOD水平高于硫辛酸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。三组患者病程、血压、BMI、FBG、HbA1c、CHO、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、ALT和AST等水平无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论木丹颗粒和复方丹参滴丸均可有效改善2型糖尿病周围神经病变,两者和硫辛酸联用疗效相近。展开更多
In Michigan,the US“car capital of the world”where major automakers first started,there's a special island called Mackinac Island.This small island,only 9.8 square kilometers in size,has a strict rule:no cars are...In Michigan,the US“car capital of the world”where major automakers first started,there's a special island called Mackinac Island.This small island,only 9.8 square kilometers in size,has a strict rule:no cars are allowed here—not even golf carts.Around 600 people live on the island all year round,and horses are the real“kings”that keep daily life running.展开更多
本文提出了一种新的数据挖掘分类方法——免疫克隆分类算法（Immune Clonal Algorithm for Classification，ICAC）．ICAC是一种基于免疫克隆算法的搜索机制和Michigan方法模型的规则提取和分类方法．与遗传分类算法不同，ICAC是一种自...本文提出了一种新的数据挖掘分类方法——免疫克隆分类算法（Immune Clonal Algorithm for Classification，ICAC）．ICAC是一种基于免疫克隆算法的搜索机制和Michigan方法模型的规则提取和分类方法．与遗传分类算法不同，ICAC是一种自下而上的分类算法．ICAC虽然着眼于规则的进化，但是从编码到免疫算子的设计都立足于训练样本，可避免进化过程中产生无意义规则，且产生的规则是可解释的．文中将算法用于UCI数据集，并与现有的基于非遗传算法、遗传算法和分布式遗传算法的分类方法进行了比较实验．结果表明，ICAC是一种有效的分类算法．展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.43277051)the Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education(No.B230203006).
文摘While oceanic and coastal acidification has gained increased attention,long-term pH trends and their drivers in large freshwater systems remain poorly understood.The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world’s largest freshwater system,and in many ways resemble marine ecosystems.However,unlike the open ocean and coastal waters where pH has declined due to rising atmospheric CO_(2),no significant pH trends have been observed in the Laurentian Great Lakes,despite significant ecosystem changes driven partly by the invasion of dreissenid mussels.This study examined 41 years of field observations from Lake Michigan to investigate the long-term carbonate chemistry dynamics.Observational results revealed substantial declines in both total alkalinity(TA)and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)over the four decades.Mussel shell calcification emerged as the primary mechanism behind these declines,accounting for 97%and 47%of the observed changes in TA and DIC,respectively,lowering water column pH by 0.24 units.Elevated carbon accumulation in soft mussel tissues,coupled with long-term changes in the air-water pCO_(2)gradient during summer,significantly contributed to long-term DIC variations,explaining 18%and 28%of the lake-wide DIC loss.These two mechanisms also resulted in an overall pH increase of 0.09 and 0.12 units,largely offsetting the calcification-driven pH decrease.These findings bridge a gap in acidification research for large freshwater systems and provide valuable insights for comprehensive lake-wide management strategies.
文摘The aim of this study is to determine the level to which the public is aware about ITS(intelligent transportation systems)technologies and how they perceive the potential advantages and inhibitors of ITS in Michigan.A survey was performed with 200 participants living in Michigan,in urban,suburban and rural areas.Questions covered in the survey included how often and how bad traffic congestion occurred,how familiar travelers were with ITS technologies(adaptive traffic signals,real time monitoring of the traffic)and how much support travelers would provide for ITS initiatives.Results reveal that there is a high degree of traffic congestion awareness,there is low public awareness of ITS technologies.While respondents who were aware of ITS solutions had positive views about deploying them,especially in urban areas,they were less supportive of ITS solutions than they were among those who did not know much about these.Factors including area of residence,commute time and age were perceived to influence ITS along with more positive attitudes to ITS amongst urban dwellers and younger respondents.Analysis of key barriers to ITS implementation reflected high initial costs,challenges with technical integration and users’concerns surrounding privacy.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Health Subvention from the IT Simple System of the Wroclaw Medical University by Wroclaw Medical University,No.SUBZ.C310.22.075the MCDTR grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,No.P30DK092926.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy is an important risk factor for foot ulceration and amputation.Thus,patients with diabetes should be screened for this disorder according to local guidelines.An obstacle to the diagnosis of this disease may be the lack of unified diagnostic criteria due to the lack of properly validated scales used for assessment.AIM To validate both sections(A and B)of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument(MNSI)in Polish(PL)patients with diabetes.METHODS A cross-sectional study using a test(A1,B1)and re-test(A2,B2)formula was performed in 80 patients with diabetes.The gold standard used for neuropathy detection was a nerve conduction study(NCS)which was performed in all participants.Reliability of the MNSI-PL was assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha,Kuder-Richardson formula 20(KR-20),split-half reliability,the Gottman split-half tests,and correlation between first and second half was accessed.Stability was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC).For external validation,we used simple linear correlation,binomial regression,and agreement between two different tools using a Bland-Altman plot analysis.RESULTS The scale was internally consistent(Cronbach’s alpha for the full scale:0.81 for A and 0.87 for B).MNSI-PL scores in test/retest showed high stability(ICC=0.73 for A and ICC=0.97 for B).The statistically important correlations between MNSI-PL and NCS were found for B1,B2,and A1(P<0.005).The cut-off points of≥3 for section A(sensitivity of 90%-100%;specificity of 33%-40%)and≥2 for section B(sensitivity of 81%-84%;specificity of 60%-70%)were obtained during neuropathy detection.CONCLUSION The MNSI-PL is a reliable and valid instrument in screening for diabetic neuropathy.
文摘With all the improvement in wave and hydrodynamics numerical models, the question rises in our mind that how the accuracy of the forcing functions and their input can affect the results. In this paper, a commonly used numerical third-generation wave model, SWAN is applied to predict waves in Lake Michigan. Wind data are analyzed to determine wind variation frequency over Lake Michigan. Wave predictions uncertainty due to wind local effects are compared during a period where wind has a fairly constant speed and direction over the northern and southern basins. The study shows that despite model calibration in Lake Michigan area, the model deficiency arises from ignoring wind effects in small scales. Wave prediction also emphasizes that small scale turbulence in meteorological forces can increase prediction errors by 38%. Wave frequency and coherence analysis show that both models can predict the wave variation time scale with the same accuracy. Insufficient number of meteorological stations can result in neglecting local wind effects and discrepancies in current predictions. The uncertainty of wave numerical models due to input uncertainties and model principals should be taken into account for design risk factors.
文摘The stability analysis of an abandoned underground gypsum mine requires the determination of the mine pillar’s strength.This is especially important for flooded abandoned mines where the gypsum pillars become saturated and are subjected to dissolution after flooding.Further,mine pillars are subjected to blast vibrations that generate some level of macro- and micro-fracturing.Testing samples of gypsum must,therefore,simulate these conditions as close as possible.In this research,the strength of gypsum is investigated in an as-received saturated condition using uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and point load index (PLI) tests.The scale effect was investigated and new correlations were derived to describe the effect of sample size on both UCS and BTS under dry and saturated conditions.Effects of blasting on these parameters were observed and the importance of choosing the proper samples was discussed.Finally,correlations were derived for both compressive and tensile strengths under dry and saturated conditions from the PLI test results,which are commonly used as a simple substitute for the indirect determination of UCS and BTS.
文摘Lake Michigan, the sixth largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, was utilized as a water body for assessment. Field data collected at sampling sites throughout the lake in an intensive monitoring effort were utilized for evaluation of the distribution of sediment measurements. An assessment of sediment nutrient and carbon measurements within Lake Michigan was completed to recognize strata resulting from the hydrodynamics of the system. Nonparametric comparison tests revealed that significant differences exist between measurements of sediment nutrients and organic carbon in the lake using strata based upon water column depth (all results demon-strated a p < 0.05, α = 0.05). Cross-validation analysis was applied to the field-collected samples, revealing that large errors occur when estimating sediment flux of carbon or nutrients at a given location in the lake without considering stratification of the distributions of these measurements. Errors in estimating sediment concentrations of nutrients and carbon specific to a location in the lake demonstrated a statistically significant increase when stratification of sediment measurements wasn’t employed among sites. For example, distributions of errors in estimating all nutrients and organic carbon concentrations, whereby distance squared inverse interpolation methods were applied, demonstrated a statistically significant increase in absence of stratification (all p < 0.001, α = 0.05). These results have implications for characterization, monitoring, and modeling sediment and water interaction as related to eutrophication, as well as to contaminant exposure and bioaccumulation for chemicals within Lake Michigan and large water bodies where stratification of the sediment based upon physics of the system exists.
文摘Water is one of the most essential resources required to sustain life. However, it could be detrimental to the health of those without access to water that is properly treated. Although the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 set regulations to protect citizens from naturally occurring and man-made contaminants, some people are still without clean and safe water, which is speculated to be because of their race. This research examines the disproportionality of available clean water provided by government sources in Michigan and its correlation with race and household income. In the study, it has been found that one of the leading causes of water contamination is industrial activity, with the automobile industry being responsible for approximately 300 million tons of lead contamination in water, and that the manufacturing company’s locations mostly centered in minority and low-income areas. Lower income cities, such as Hamtramck and Benton Harbor, have an average of 14.8 drinking water standard violations with the highest being 99 total violations, while higher income cities, like Novi and Bloomfield hills, have an average of 4 violations. Cities, like Flint and Detroit, which have a higher minority population, are 10 times more likely to have a water standard violation, and the minority population is proportionally related to the possibility of industrial manufacturing being located in those areas. These communities also face a higher risk of birth defects, developmental issues in children, and organ failure in adults, due to continuous exposure to water contaminants. Race as a direct causation could not be proven, but there are links to direct correlation through historical redlining and housing trends.
文摘目的观察木丹颗粒和复方丹参滴丸治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变(diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN)的临床疗效。方法选取2023年5月—2024年4月在郑州颐和医院、河南省人民医院就诊的DPN患者180例,随机分为木丹颗粒组(木丹颗粒联合硫辛酸治疗,85例),复方丹参滴丸组(复方丹参滴丸联合硫辛酸治疗,26例),硫辛酸组(单纯硫辛酸治疗,69例),疗程8周。主要观察指标为三组治疗前后密西根糖尿病周围神经病变评分(michigan diabetic neuropathy score,MDNS);次要观察指标为多伦多临床评分(Toronto clinical scoring system scores,TCSS)、中医临床证候评分(traditional chinese medicine syndrome scores,TCM)及血清超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平变化。收集三组患者的年龄、性别比例、病程、血压、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、合并症(冠心病、高血压、高脂血症)、吸烟饮酒史等临床资料及相关生化指标。结果三组患者MDNS、TCSS、TCM评分总分治疗后均较治疗前降低,木丹颗粒组和复方丹参滴丸组治疗后评分低于硫辛酸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),木丹颗粒组和复方丹参滴丸组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。木丹颗粒组和复方丹参滴丸组治疗后MDNS、TCSS、TCM评分总有效率(90.58%和88.46%、94.11%和96.15%、92.94%和92.30%)均高于硫辛酸组(66.67%、76.81%、73.91%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但木丹颗粒组和复方丹参滴丸组总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组治疗后血清SOD水平均较治疗前升高,且研究组血清SOD水平高于硫辛酸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。三组患者病程、血压、BMI、FBG、HbA1c、CHO、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、ALT和AST等水平无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论木丹颗粒和复方丹参滴丸均可有效改善2型糖尿病周围神经病变,两者和硫辛酸联用疗效相近。
文摘In Michigan,the US“car capital of the world”where major automakers first started,there's a special island called Mackinac Island.This small island,only 9.8 square kilometers in size,has a strict rule:no cars are allowed here—not even golf carts.Around 600 people live on the island all year round,and horses are the real“kings”that keep daily life running.
文摘本文提出了一种新的数据挖掘分类方法——免疫克隆分类算法（Immune Clonal Algorithm for Classification，ICAC）．ICAC是一种基于免疫克隆算法的搜索机制和Michigan方法模型的规则提取和分类方法．与遗传分类算法不同，ICAC是一种自下而上的分类算法．ICAC虽然着眼于规则的进化，但是从编码到免疫算子的设计都立足于训练样本，可避免进化过程中产生无意义规则，且产生的规则是可解释的．文中将算法用于UCI数据集，并与现有的基于非遗传算法、遗传算法和分布式遗传算法的分类方法进行了比较实验．结果表明，ICAC是一种有效的分类算法．
