Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instru...Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instruments that underlie the assessment of their production and handling safety have been described.Studies of a large number of compounds have revealed relationships between their sensitivity parameters and structure of individual compounds and compositions.The range of change of physical and chemical characteristics for the compounds we examined covers the entire region of their existence.Theoretical methodology and equations have been formulated to estimate the impact and friction sensitivity parameters of energetic materials and to evaluate the technological safety in use.The developed methodology is characterized by high-accuracy calculations and prediction of sensitivity parameters.展开更多
The harmful algal bloom primarily caused by Microcystis aeruginosa(M.aeruginosa)has become one of the serious biological pollution issues in actual water,which has received intense attention worldwide.Over the past ye...The harmful algal bloom primarily caused by Microcystis aeruginosa(M.aeruginosa)has become one of the serious biological pollution issues in actual water,which has received intense attention worldwide.Over the past years,increasing number of publications have reported that metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)based functional materials exhibited significant inhibition against M.aeruginosa via multiple mechanisms,but no review papers systematically presented progresses regarding MOFs-based materials for M.aeruginosa control up to now.With this review paper,we summarized the state-of-the-art studies of MOFsbased materials for M.aeruginosa removal,comparing and discussing the design strategies of MOFs-based materials and their antimicrobial mechanisms.Meanwhile,we discussed methods for evaluating the water purification performances of MOFs-based materials against M.aeruginosa.Finally,the perspectives for design of novel MOFs-based functional materials and application scenarios were proposed to provide an outlook on areas where greater efforts should be made in the future.展开更多
To effectively select risk control schemes in uncertain environments,this paper has proposed an analysis and evaluation method based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.Firstly,enterprises have adopted the br...To effectively select risk control schemes in uncertain environments,this paper has proposed an analysis and evaluation method based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.Firstly,enterprises have adopted the brainstorming method and the Delphi method to identify risks in engineering projects,and organized the identified risks in the form of checklists to facilitate further analysis.Secondly,the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory was introduced to determine the comparison matrix of each risk factor and its weight.Furthermore,the top five risk factors in terms of weight ranking were taken as the evaluation factors for the selection of risk control plans.The plans were scored through the weighted scoring method,and the optimal risk control plan was determined based on the score.Finally,the feasibility of the proposed selection technology was verified through A research example of the risk control plan assessment for the construction project of Enterprise A.展开更多
There are many factors affecting the quality of fruit and vegetable agricultural products,such as environmental factors and agricultural management measures.The influencing factors and quality evaluation methods of fr...There are many factors affecting the quality of fruit and vegetable agricultural products,such as environmental factors and agricultural management measures.The influencing factors and quality evaluation methods of fruit and vegetable agricultural products were summarized,and its development trends were prospected.展开更多
Algorithms are the primary component of Artificial Intelligence(AI).The algorithm is the process in AI that imitates the human mind to solve problems.Currently evaluating the performance of AI is achieved by evaluatin...Algorithms are the primary component of Artificial Intelligence(AI).The algorithm is the process in AI that imitates the human mind to solve problems.Currently evaluating the performance of AI is achieved by evaluating AI algorithms by metric scores on data sets.However the evaluation of algorithms in AI is challenging because the evaluation of the same type of algorithm has many data sets and evaluation metrics.Different algorithms may have individual strengths and weaknesses in evaluation metric scores on separate data sets,lacking the credibility and validity of the evaluation.Moreover,evaluation of algorithms requires repeated experiments on different data sets,reducing the attention of researchers to the research of the algorithms itself.Crucially,this approach to evaluating comparative metric scores does not take into account the algorithm’s ability to solve problems.And the classical algorithm evaluation of time and space complexity is not suitable for evaluating AI algorithms.Because classical algorithms input is infinite numbers,whereas AI algorithms input is a data set,which is limited and multifarious.According to the AI algorithm evaluation without response to the problem solving capability,this paper summarizes the features of AI algorithm evaluation and proposes an AI evaluation method that incorporates the problem-solving capabilities of algorithms.展开更多
The formation water sample in oil and gas fields may be polluted in processes of testing, trial production, collection, storage, transportation and analysis, making the properties of formation water not be reflected t...The formation water sample in oil and gas fields may be polluted in processes of testing, trial production, collection, storage, transportation and analysis, making the properties of formation water not be reflected truly. This paper discusses identification methods and the data credibility evaluation method for formation water in oil and gas fields of petroliferous basins within China. The results of the study show that: (1) the identification methods of formation water include the basic methods of single factors such as physical characteristics, water composition characteristics, water type characteristics, and characteristic coefficients, as well as the comprehensive evaluation method of data credibility proposed on this basis, which mainly relies on the correlation analysis sodium chloride coefficient and desulfurization coefficient and combines geological background evaluation;(2) The basic identifying methods for formation water enable the preliminary identification of hydrochemical data and the preliminary screening of data on site, the proposed comprehensive method realizes the evaluation by classifying the CaCl2-type water into types A-I to A-VI and the NaHCO3-type water into types B-I to B-IV, so that researchers can make in-depth evaluation on the credibility of hydrochemical data and analysis of influencing factors;(3) When the basic methods are used to identify the formation water, the formation water containing anions such as CO_(3)^(2-), OH- and NO_(3)^(-), or the formation water with the sodium chloride coefficient and desulphurization coefficient not matching the geological setting, are all invaded with surface water or polluted by working fluid;(4) When the comprehensive method is used, the data credibility of A-I, A-II, B-I and B-II formation water can be evaluated effectively and accurately only if the geological setting analysis in respect of the factors such as formation environment, sampling conditions, condensate water, acid fluid, leaching of ancient weathering crust, and ancient atmospheric fresh water, is combined, although such formation water is believed with high credibility.展开更多
A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach (SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in lab...A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach (SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in laboratory through collection soil samples of study site. Ten treatments of application different fertilizers were designed such as CK, optimum treatment (N, P, K, Zn), N(P, K, Zn), P(N, K, Zn), K(N, P, Zn), +Mg(N, P, K, Zn, Mg), Zn (N,P,K), +2P(N, 2P, K, Zn), +2K(N, P, 2K, Zn), and 2N+2P+2K(2N, 2P, 2K, Zn) for field experiment to test the effect on tree height, diameter (DBH) growth, and dry weight of poplar. The results showed that there was no significant difference in tree heights between treatments with different fertilizers, diameter growth of poplar trees in treatments of lack of N and Zn was significantly slower than that of trees in optimum treatment, and dry weight of poplar dropped significantly for treatment of CK as well as treatments without application N and Zn. It is concluded that N and Zn were main limiting factor for poplar growth. Results from laboratory analysis and field experiment were uniform per-fectly, which proved that SNSA was reliable in evaluating soil nutrient status of poplar plantation.展开更多
[Objective] This study was to provide references for the evaluation of water quality in aquaculture ponds by evaluating the pond water quality using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight. [Meth...[Objective] This study was to provide references for the evaluation of water quality in aquaculture ponds by evaluating the pond water quality using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight. [Method] The fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method based on entropy weight was used to evaluate the water quality in the ponds with Ukraine scale carp （Cyprinus carpio） as the main cultivated fish. The average size of the fish was 71.4 g/ind, and totally three groups of pond were set with the population density of 6 000, 9 000, 12 000 ind/hm2. [Result] According to the GB3838-2002 Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water of China, the water quality of 6 000 ind/hm2 group was Grade I, and the water quality of 9 000 and 12 000 ind/hm2 were Grade V. [Conclusion] With the increasing of feeding density, the pond water quality would worsen, however, there is no difference on water quality between 9 000 and 12 000 ind/hm2 groups.展开更多
In the process of designing self-elevating drilling unit, it is important, yet complicated, to use comparison and filtering to select the optimum scheme from the feasible ones. In this research, an index system and me...In the process of designing self-elevating drilling unit, it is important, yet complicated, to use comparison and filtering to select the optimum scheme from the feasible ones. In this research, an index system and methodology for the evaluation of self-elevating drilling unit was proposed. Based on this, a multi-objective combinatorial optimization model was developed, using the improved grey relation Analysis （GRA）, in which the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） was used to determine the weights of the evaluating indices. It considered the connections within the indices, reflecting the objective nature of things, and also considered the subjective interests of ship owners and the needs of designers. The evaluation index system and evaluation method can be used in the selection of an optimal scheme and advanced assessment. A case study shows the index system and evaluation method are scientific, reasonable, and easy to put into practice. At the same time, such an evaluation index system and evaluation method will be helpful for making decisions for other mobile platforms.展开更多
AIM: To test the methodical and pre-analytical performance of a new multiplex cancer biomarker panel using magnetic beads. METHODS: The MILLIPLEX? MAP Human Circulating Cancer Biomarker Magnetic Bead Panel 1 comprises...AIM: To test the methodical and pre-analytical performance of a new multiplex cancer biomarker panel using magnetic beads. METHODS: The MILLIPLEX? MAP Human Circulating Cancer Biomarker Magnetic Bead Panel 1 comprises the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, total prostate-specific antigen, cancer antigen 15-3, cancer antigen 19-9, cancer antigen 125, cytokeratine 19-fragment, β-human chorionic gonadotropin, human epididymis protein 4, osteopontin, prolactin, the cell death and angiogenesis markers soluble Fas, soluble Fas-ligand, tumor necrosis factor related apoptosisinducing ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor andthe immunological markers interleukin-6(IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor α, fibroblast growth factor-2, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, leptin, hepatocyte growth factor, and stem cell factor. We determined intra- and inter-assay imprecision as well as dilution linearity using quality controls and serum pools. Furthermore, the stability of the 24 biomarkers examined in this panel was ascertained by testing the influence of different storage temperatures and time span before centrifugation.RESULTS: For all markers measured in the synthetic internal quality controls, the intra-assay imprecision ranged between 2.26% and 9.41%, while for 20 of 24 measured markers in the physiological serum pools, it ranged between 1.68% and 12.87%. The inter-assay imprecision ranged between 1.48%-17.12% for 23 biomarkers in synthetic, and between 4.59%-23.88% for 18 biomarkers in physiological quality controls. Here, single markers with very low concentration levels had increased imprecision rates. Dilution linearity was acceptable(70%-130% recovery) for 20 biomarkers. Regarding pre-analytical influencing factors, most markers were stable if blood centrifugation was delayed or if serum was stored for up to 24 h at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ after centrifugation. Comparable results were obtained in serum and plasma for most markers. However, great changes were observed for single markers.CONCLUSION: MILLIPLEX? MAP Human Circulating Cancer Biomarker Magnetic Bead Panel 1 assay is a stable and precise method for detection of most biomarkers included in the kit. However, single markers have to be interpreted with care.展开更多
For natural water, method of water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is presented. Two important parts are improved, the weights determining and fuzzy membership functions. Th...For natural water, method of water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is presented. Two important parts are improved, the weights determining and fuzzy membership functions. The coefficient of variation of each indicator is used to determine the weight instead of traditional calculating superscales method. On the other hand, fuzzy matter-elements are constructed, and normal membership degrees are used instead of traditional trapezoidal ones. The composite fuzzy matter-elements with associated coefficient are constructed through associated transformation. The levels of natural water quality are determined according to the principle of maximum correlation. The improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is applied to evaluate water quality of the Luokou mainstream estuary at the first ten weeks in 2011 with the coefficient of variatiola method determining the weights. Water quality of Luokou mainstream estuary is dropping from level I to level II. The results of the improved evaluation method are basically the same as the official water quality. The variation coefficient method can reduce the workload, and overcome the adverse effects from abnormal values, compared with the traditional calculating superscales method. The results of improved fuzzy matter- element evaluation method are more credible than the ones of the traditional evaluation method. The improved evaluation method can use information of monitoring data more scientifically and comprehensively, and broaden a new evaluation method for water quality assessment.展开更多
The water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir has attracted considerable attention from the Chinese public and government since the announcement of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Diversion Project （SN...The water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir has attracted considerable attention from the Chinese public and government since the announcement of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Diversion Project （SNWDP）, which commenced transferring water in 2014. Integrated research on the evaluation, prediction, and protection of water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was carried out in this study in order to improve environmental management. Based on 120 water samples, wherein 17 water quality indices were measured at 20 monitoring sites, a single factor evaluation method was used to evaluate the current status of water quality. The results show that the main indices influencing the water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir are total phosphorus （TP）, permanganate index （CODM,）, dissolved oxygen （DO）, and five-day biochemical oxygen demand （BODs）, and the concentrations of TP, BODs, ammonia nitrogen （NH3--N）, CODM,, DO, and anionic surfactant （Surfa） do not reach the specified standard levels in the tributaries. Seasonal Mann--Kendall tests indicated that the CODMn concentration shows a highly significant increasing trend, and the TP concentration shows a significant increasing trend in the Danjiangkou Reservoir. The distribution of the main water quality indices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was predicted using a two-dimensional water quality numerical model, and showed that the sphere of influence from the tributaries can spread across half of the Han Reservoir if the pollutants are not controlled. Cluster analysis （CA） results suggest that the Shending River is heavily polluted, that the Jianghe, Sihe, and Jianhe rivers are moderately polluted, and that they should be the focus of environmental remediation.展开更多
The karst mountainous area is an ecologically fragile region with prominent humanland contradictions.The resource-environment carrying capacity(RECC)of this region needs to be further clarified.The development of remo...The karst mountainous area is an ecologically fragile region with prominent humanland contradictions.The resource-environment carrying capacity(RECC)of this region needs to be further clarified.The development of remote sensing(RS)and geographic information system(GIS)provides data sources and processing platform for RECC monitoring.This study analyzed and established the evaluation index system of RECC by considering particularity in the karst mountainous area of Southwest China;processed multisource RS data(Sentinel-2,Aster-DEM and Landsat-8)to extract the spatial distributions of nine key indexes by GIS techniques(information classification,overlay analysis and raster calculation);proposed the methods of index integration and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the RECC by GIS;and took a typical area,Guangnan County in Yunnan Province of China,as an experimental area to explore the effectiveness of the indexes and methods.The results showed that:(1)The important indexes affecting the RECC of karst mountainous area are water resources,tourism resources,position resources,geographical environment and soil erosion environment.(2)Data on cultivated land,construction land,minerals,transportation,water conservancy,ecosystem services,topography,soil erosion and rocky desertification can be obtained from RS data.GIS techniques integrate the information into the RECC results.The data extraction and processing methods are feasible on evaluating RECC.(3)The RECC of Guangnan County was in the mid-carrying level in 2018.The midcarrying and low-carrying levels were the main types,accounting for more than 80.00%of the total study area.The areas with high carrying capacity were mainly distributed in the northern regions of the northwest-southeast line of the county,and other areas have a low carrying capacity comparatively.The coordination between regional resource-environment status and socioeconomic development is the key to improve RECC.This study explores the evaluation index system of RECC in karst mountainous area and the application of multisource RS data and GIS techniques in the comprehensive evaluation.The methods can be applied in related fields to provide suggestions for data/information extraction and integration,and sustainable development.展开更多
Actual sea condition testing and inspection and evaluation method research are carried out for tidal energy devices to provide scientific and effective technical support for the ocean high-tech achievement transformat...Actual sea condition testing and inspection and evaluation method research are carried out for tidal energy devices to provide scientific and effective technical support for the ocean high-tech achievement transformation and marine renewable energy development. By analyzing three core indicators, including the power output characteristics of the tidal current device, the generating capacity, energy conversion efficiency, proposed the test contents and evaluation methods of indicators are proposed in this paper; and based on the research of wind farms, power quality testing and assessment methods of offshore tidal energy device are proposed; given the security access to the test contents of tidal current energy device, tidal current energy device running conditions in the testing ground are comprehensively assessed.展开更多
The deformation characteristic of bland in deep drawing is discussed. It is pointed out that the friction and lubrication conditions in for drawing are different from that in mechanical motion or machine work or other...The deformation characteristic of bland in deep drawing is discussed. It is pointed out that the friction and lubrication conditions in for drawing are different from that in mechanical motion or machine work or other plastic process. The common test methods in laboratories are analyzed. It shows that though all those test methods can test the friction coefficient, the probe test method is most suitable for the research of friction and lubrication and the process in deep drawing, for this method is identical with the actual work condition either from the test principle or deformation status of the blank. Last the successful application in the deep drawing simulator newly developed the the probe method are intro- duced in detail.展开更多
The impact of unstable supercooled water droplets suspended in the cloud on the solid will cause its surface to freeze,and the flight safety of the aircraft will be seriously affected when flying in this environment.A...The impact of unstable supercooled water droplets suspended in the cloud on the solid will cause its surface to freeze,and the flight safety of the aircraft will be seriously affected when flying in this environment.Aircraft icing protection system is an important device to reduce icing accidents and improve aircraft safety performance,which is of great significance to ensure flight safety.Based on the energy source,this paper proposes a general strategy for constructing an aircraft icing protection system,including Active Anti-icing and De-icing(AAD)system,Passive Antiicing and De-icing(PAD)system and Composite Anti-icing and De-icing(CAD)system.The principle,scope of application,advantages and disadvantages of aircraft anti-icing and de-icing technologies such as electric pulse de-icing,low-frequency piezoelectric de-icing,and hydrophobic material anti-icing are explored in detail,and the corresponding improvement measures are proposed.The future development of aircraft anti-icing and de-icing technology is prospected,and some new ideas are provided for the improvement of aircraft anti-icing and de-icing technology.展开更多
The existing researches of the evaluation method of ride comfort of vehicle mainly focus on the level of human feelings to vibration. The level of human feelings to vibration is influenced by many factors, however, th...The existing researches of the evaluation method of ride comfort of vehicle mainly focus on the level of human feelings to vibration. The level of human feelings to vibration is influenced by many factors, however, the ride comfort according to the common principle of probability and statistics and simple binary logic is tmable to reflect these uncertainties. The random fuzzy evaluation model from people subjective response to vibration is adopted in the paper, these uncertainties are analyzed from the angle of psychological physics. Discussing the traditional evaluation of ride comfort during vehicle vibration, a fuzzily random evaluation model on the basis of annoyance rate is proposed for the human body＇s subjective response to vibration, with relevant fuzzy membership function and probability distribution given. A half-car four degrees of freedom suspension vibration model is described, subject to irregular excitations from the road surface, with the aid of software Matlab/Simulink. A new kind of evaluation method for ride comfort of vehicles is proposed in the paper, i.e., the annoyance rate evaluation method. The genetic algorithm and neural network control theory are used to control the system. Simulation results are obtained, such as the comparison of comfort reaction to vibration environments between before and after control, relationship of annoyance rate to vibration frequency and weighted acceleration, based on ISO 2631 / 1 （1982）, ISO 2631-1 （1997） and annoyance rate evaluation method, respectively. Simulated assessment results indicate that the proposed active suspension systems prove to be effective in the vibration isolation of the suspension system, and the subjective response of human being can be promoted from very uncomfortable to a little uncomfortable. Furthermore, the novel evaluation method based on annoyance rate can further estimate quantitatively the number of passengers who feel discomfort due to vibration. A new analysis method of vehicle comfort is presented.展开更多
Taking a high-speed train in China as an example,using computer simulation technology and comparing with the test data,the three current methods including linear stability analysis method,nonlinear stability analysis ...Taking a high-speed train in China as an example,using computer simulation technology and comparing with the test data,the three current methods including linear stability analysis method,nonlinear stability analysis method and the field testing criterion are studied to evaluate stability of high-speed trains.A new stability evaluation method is proposed which can be used to evaluate lateral stability of high-speed vehicle based on the codes of UIC 515and UIC 518.From the viewpoint of taking the most unfavorable track conditions into account and improving the safety margin,the new method uses the root mean square of bogie lateral acceleration as a criterion to evaluate the lateral stability of high-speed trains.Numerical example shows that the proposed method not only considers the forced vibration caused by track irregularities in the actual practice,but also takes the instability self-excited vibration into account,so it can realize early warning of bogie slight unstable oscillation,meanwhile the method itself does not involve complex algorithms which has the possibility of engineering applications.展开更多
Internal erosion occurs when fine particles escape from the soil driven by seepage flow,which is considered to be the crucial factor causing the failure of earth structures filled with gravelly soil.The objective of t...Internal erosion occurs when fine particles escape from the soil driven by seepage flow,which is considered to be the crucial factor causing the failure of earth structures filled with gravelly soil.The objective of this paper is to suggest an appropriate method to assess internal erosion potential of gravelly soil.By analyzing the sensitivity of soil material to internal erosion,the variable(Dc15/df85)max and the content of coarse particles(Pc)are selected as the evaluation indexes(Dc15 and df85 are the diameters of 15%mass passing in the coarse component and 85%mass passing in the fine component,respectively).A series of gravelly soils with different particle size distributions are tested for internal erosion by the self-made permeameter.Based on the test results,an evaluation method for the internal erosion of gravelly soil is proposed.Gravelly soil is prone to internal erosion when 60%≤Pc<95%and(Dc15/df85)max≥9.5.The proposed method shows good accuracy in evaluating the internal erosion of 36 soil samples from other studies,which confirms the reliability of the method.The proposed method makes it possible to accurately assess internal erosion of gravelly soil,and an alternative method is provided for engineers to determine whether there is a risk of internal erosion in earth structures consisting of gravelly soil.展开更多
The instability of slope blocks occurred frequently along traffic corridor in Southeastern Xizang(TCST),which was primarily controlled by the rock mass structures.A rapid method evaluating the control effects of rock ...The instability of slope blocks occurred frequently along traffic corridor in Southeastern Xizang(TCST),which was primarily controlled by the rock mass structures.A rapid method evaluating the control effects of rock mass structures was proposed through field statistics of the slopes and rock mass structures along TCST,which combined the stereographic projection method,modified M-JCS model,and limit equilibrium theory.The instabilities of slope blocks along TCST were then evaluated rapidly,and the different control factors of instability were analyzed.Results showed that the probabilities of toppling(5.31%),planar(16.15%),and wedge(35.37%)failure of slope blocks along TCST increased sequentially.These instability modes were respectively controlled by the anti-dip joint,the joint parallel to slope surface with a dip angle smaller than the slope angle(singlejoint),and two groups of joints inclined out of the slope(double-joints).Regarding the control effects on slope block instability,the stabilization ability of doublejoints(72.7%),anti-dip joint(67.4%),and single-joint(57.6%)decreased sequentially,resulting in different probabilities of slope block instability.Additionally,nearby regional faults significantly influenced the joints,leading to spatial heterogeneity and segmental clustering in the stabilization ability provided by joints to the slope blocks.Consequently,the stability of slope blocks gradually weakened as they approached the fault zones.This paper can provide guidance and assistance for investigating the development characteristics of rock mass structures and the stability of slope blocks.展开更多
文摘Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instruments that underlie the assessment of their production and handling safety have been described.Studies of a large number of compounds have revealed relationships between their sensitivity parameters and structure of individual compounds and compositions.The range of change of physical and chemical characteristics for the compounds we examined covers the entire region of their existence.Theoretical methodology and equations have been formulated to estimate the impact and friction sensitivity parameters of energetic materials and to evaluate the technological safety in use.The developed methodology is characterized by high-accuracy calculations and prediction of sensitivity parameters.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22176012,52370025)the Pyramid Talent Training Project of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture(No.JDLJ20220802)+1 种基金the Doctor Graduate Scientific Research Ability Improvement Project of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture(No.DG2023014)Guangxi Key Laboratory of Urban Water Environment。
文摘The harmful algal bloom primarily caused by Microcystis aeruginosa(M.aeruginosa)has become one of the serious biological pollution issues in actual water,which has received intense attention worldwide.Over the past years,increasing number of publications have reported that metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)based functional materials exhibited significant inhibition against M.aeruginosa via multiple mechanisms,but no review papers systematically presented progresses regarding MOFs-based materials for M.aeruginosa control up to now.With this review paper,we summarized the state-of-the-art studies of MOFsbased materials for M.aeruginosa removal,comparing and discussing the design strategies of MOFs-based materials and their antimicrobial mechanisms.Meanwhile,we discussed methods for evaluating the water purification performances of MOFs-based materials against M.aeruginosa.Finally,the perspectives for design of novel MOFs-based functional materials and application scenarios were proposed to provide an outlook on areas where greater efforts should be made in the future.
文摘To effectively select risk control schemes in uncertain environments,this paper has proposed an analysis and evaluation method based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.Firstly,enterprises have adopted the brainstorming method and the Delphi method to identify risks in engineering projects,and organized the identified risks in the form of checklists to facilitate further analysis.Secondly,the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory was introduced to determine the comparison matrix of each risk factor and its weight.Furthermore,the top five risk factors in terms of weight ranking were taken as the evaluation factors for the selection of risk control plans.The plans were scored through the weighted scoring method,and the optimal risk control plan was determined based on the score.Finally,the feasibility of the proposed selection technology was verified through A research example of the risk control plan assessment for the construction project of Enterprise A.
基金Supported by The Fourth Batch of High-end Talent Project in Hebei ProvinceQuality Evaluation System Project of High-Quality Fruits and Vegetables in Hebei Province.
文摘There are many factors affecting the quality of fruit and vegetable agricultural products,such as environmental factors and agricultural management measures.The influencing factors and quality evaluation methods of fruit and vegetable agricultural products were summarized,and its development trends were prospected.
基金funded by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number[62277022].
文摘Algorithms are the primary component of Artificial Intelligence(AI).The algorithm is the process in AI that imitates the human mind to solve problems.Currently evaluating the performance of AI is achieved by evaluating AI algorithms by metric scores on data sets.However the evaluation of algorithms in AI is challenging because the evaluation of the same type of algorithm has many data sets and evaluation metrics.Different algorithms may have individual strengths and weaknesses in evaluation metric scores on separate data sets,lacking the credibility and validity of the evaluation.Moreover,evaluation of algorithms requires repeated experiments on different data sets,reducing the attention of researchers to the research of the algorithms itself.Crucially,this approach to evaluating comparative metric scores does not take into account the algorithm’s ability to solve problems.And the classical algorithm evaluation of time and space complexity is not suitable for evaluating AI algorithms.Because classical algorithms input is infinite numbers,whereas AI algorithms input is a data set,which is limited and multifarious.According to the AI algorithm evaluation without response to the problem solving capability,this paper summarizes the features of AI algorithm evaluation and proposes an AI evaluation method that incorporates the problem-solving capabilities of algorithms.
基金Supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Project(2023ZZ0202)。
文摘The formation water sample in oil and gas fields may be polluted in processes of testing, trial production, collection, storage, transportation and analysis, making the properties of formation water not be reflected truly. This paper discusses identification methods and the data credibility evaluation method for formation water in oil and gas fields of petroliferous basins within China. The results of the study show that: (1) the identification methods of formation water include the basic methods of single factors such as physical characteristics, water composition characteristics, water type characteristics, and characteristic coefficients, as well as the comprehensive evaluation method of data credibility proposed on this basis, which mainly relies on the correlation analysis sodium chloride coefficient and desulfurization coefficient and combines geological background evaluation;(2) The basic identifying methods for formation water enable the preliminary identification of hydrochemical data and the preliminary screening of data on site, the proposed comprehensive method realizes the evaluation by classifying the CaCl2-type water into types A-I to A-VI and the NaHCO3-type water into types B-I to B-IV, so that researchers can make in-depth evaluation on the credibility of hydrochemical data and analysis of influencing factors;(3) When the basic methods are used to identify the formation water, the formation water containing anions such as CO_(3)^(2-), OH- and NO_(3)^(-), or the formation water with the sodium chloride coefficient and desulphurization coefficient not matching the geological setting, are all invaded with surface water or polluted by working fluid;(4) When the comprehensive method is used, the data credibility of A-I, A-II, B-I and B-II formation water can be evaluated effectively and accurately only if the geological setting analysis in respect of the factors such as formation environment, sampling conditions, condensate water, acid fluid, leaching of ancient weathering crust, and ancient atmospheric fresh water, is combined, although such formation water is believed with high credibility.
基金The study was supported by PPI/PPIC China Program (No. HB-19) and Wetland Laboratory Opening Foundation of Hubei Province (No. HNKFJ20021301).
文摘A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach (SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in laboratory through collection soil samples of study site. Ten treatments of application different fertilizers were designed such as CK, optimum treatment (N, P, K, Zn), N(P, K, Zn), P(N, K, Zn), K(N, P, Zn), +Mg(N, P, K, Zn, Mg), Zn (N,P,K), +2P(N, 2P, K, Zn), +2K(N, P, 2K, Zn), and 2N+2P+2K(2N, 2P, 2K, Zn) for field experiment to test the effect on tree height, diameter (DBH) growth, and dry weight of poplar. The results showed that there was no significant difference in tree heights between treatments with different fertilizers, diameter growth of poplar trees in treatments of lack of N and Zn was significantly slower than that of trees in optimum treatment, and dry weight of poplar dropped significantly for treatment of CK as well as treatments without application N and Zn. It is concluded that N and Zn were main limiting factor for poplar growth. Results from laboratory analysis and field experiment were uniform per-fectly, which proved that SNSA was reliable in evaluating soil nutrient status of poplar plantation.
基金Supported by the Major Project of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology of Tianjin (the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin) (09JCZDJC19200),China~~
文摘[Objective] This study was to provide references for the evaluation of water quality in aquaculture ponds by evaluating the pond water quality using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight. [Method] The fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method based on entropy weight was used to evaluate the water quality in the ponds with Ukraine scale carp （Cyprinus carpio） as the main cultivated fish. The average size of the fish was 71.4 g/ind, and totally three groups of pond were set with the population density of 6 000, 9 000, 12 000 ind/hm2. [Result] According to the GB3838-2002 Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water of China, the water quality of 6 000 ind/hm2 group was Grade I, and the water quality of 9 000 and 12 000 ind/hm2 were Grade V. [Conclusion] With the increasing of feeding density, the pond water quality would worsen, however, there is no difference on water quality between 9 000 and 12 000 ind/hm2 groups.
基金Supported by the National 863 Plan Foundation under Grant No.2003AA414060
文摘In the process of designing self-elevating drilling unit, it is important, yet complicated, to use comparison and filtering to select the optimum scheme from the feasible ones. In this research, an index system and methodology for the evaluation of self-elevating drilling unit was proposed. Based on this, a multi-objective combinatorial optimization model was developed, using the improved grey relation Analysis （GRA）, in which the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） was used to determine the weights of the evaluating indices. It considered the connections within the indices, reflecting the objective nature of things, and also considered the subjective interests of ship owners and the needs of designers. The evaluation index system and evaluation method can be used in the selection of an optimal scheme and advanced assessment. A case study shows the index system and evaluation method are scientific, reasonable, and easy to put into practice. At the same time, such an evaluation index system and evaluation method will be helpful for making decisions for other mobile platforms.
文摘AIM: To test the methodical and pre-analytical performance of a new multiplex cancer biomarker panel using magnetic beads. METHODS: The MILLIPLEX? MAP Human Circulating Cancer Biomarker Magnetic Bead Panel 1 comprises the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, total prostate-specific antigen, cancer antigen 15-3, cancer antigen 19-9, cancer antigen 125, cytokeratine 19-fragment, β-human chorionic gonadotropin, human epididymis protein 4, osteopontin, prolactin, the cell death and angiogenesis markers soluble Fas, soluble Fas-ligand, tumor necrosis factor related apoptosisinducing ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor andthe immunological markers interleukin-6(IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor α, fibroblast growth factor-2, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, leptin, hepatocyte growth factor, and stem cell factor. We determined intra- and inter-assay imprecision as well as dilution linearity using quality controls and serum pools. Furthermore, the stability of the 24 biomarkers examined in this panel was ascertained by testing the influence of different storage temperatures and time span before centrifugation.RESULTS: For all markers measured in the synthetic internal quality controls, the intra-assay imprecision ranged between 2.26% and 9.41%, while for 20 of 24 measured markers in the physiological serum pools, it ranged between 1.68% and 12.87%. The inter-assay imprecision ranged between 1.48%-17.12% for 23 biomarkers in synthetic, and between 4.59%-23.88% for 18 biomarkers in physiological quality controls. Here, single markers with very low concentration levels had increased imprecision rates. Dilution linearity was acceptable(70%-130% recovery) for 20 biomarkers. Regarding pre-analytical influencing factors, most markers were stable if blood centrifugation was delayed or if serum was stored for up to 24 h at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ after centrifugation. Comparable results were obtained in serum and plasma for most markers. However, great changes were observed for single markers.CONCLUSION: MILLIPLEX? MAP Human Circulating Cancer Biomarker Magnetic Bead Panel 1 assay is a stable and precise method for detection of most biomarkers included in the kit. However, single markers have to be interpreted with care.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41071322, 71031001)
文摘For natural water, method of water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is presented. Two important parts are improved, the weights determining and fuzzy membership functions. The coefficient of variation of each indicator is used to determine the weight instead of traditional calculating superscales method. On the other hand, fuzzy matter-elements are constructed, and normal membership degrees are used instead of traditional trapezoidal ones. The composite fuzzy matter-elements with associated coefficient are constructed through associated transformation. The levels of natural water quality are determined according to the principle of maximum correlation. The improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is applied to evaluate water quality of the Luokou mainstream estuary at the first ten weeks in 2011 with the coefficient of variatiola method determining the weights. Water quality of Luokou mainstream estuary is dropping from level I to level II. The results of the improved evaluation method are basically the same as the official water quality. The variation coefficient method can reduce the workload, and overcome the adverse effects from abnormal values, compared with the traditional calculating superscales method. The results of improved fuzzy matter- element evaluation method are more credible than the ones of the traditional evaluation method. The improved evaluation method can use information of monitoring data more scientifically and comprehensively, and broaden a new evaluation method for water quality assessment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.41101250 and 51309031)the Chinese 12th Five-Year Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2012BAC06B00)
文摘The water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir has attracted considerable attention from the Chinese public and government since the announcement of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Diversion Project （SNWDP）, which commenced transferring water in 2014. Integrated research on the evaluation, prediction, and protection of water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was carried out in this study in order to improve environmental management. Based on 120 water samples, wherein 17 water quality indices were measured at 20 monitoring sites, a single factor evaluation method was used to evaluate the current status of water quality. The results show that the main indices influencing the water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir are total phosphorus （TP）, permanganate index （CODM,）, dissolved oxygen （DO）, and five-day biochemical oxygen demand （BODs）, and the concentrations of TP, BODs, ammonia nitrogen （NH3--N）, CODM,, DO, and anionic surfactant （Surfa） do not reach the specified standard levels in the tributaries. Seasonal Mann--Kendall tests indicated that the CODMn concentration shows a highly significant increasing trend, and the TP concentration shows a significant increasing trend in the Danjiangkou Reservoir. The distribution of the main water quality indices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was predicted using a two-dimensional water quality numerical model, and showed that the sphere of influence from the tributaries can spread across half of the Han Reservoir if the pollutants are not controlled. Cluster analysis （CA） results suggest that the Shending River is heavily polluted, that the Jianghe, Sihe, and Jianhe rivers are moderately polluted, and that they should be the focus of environmental remediation.
基金the support given by the government and official in Guangnan Countyfunded by[National Natural Science Foundation of China]grant number[41361020,40961031]+3 种基金[Joint Fund of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department and Yunnan University]grant number[2018FY001(-017)][Project of Innovative Talents Cultivation for Graduate Students of Yunnan University]grant number[C176230200][Project of Internationalization and Cultural Inheritance and Innovation of Yunnan University]grant number[C176250202][Science Research Fund of Yunnan Provincial Education Department in 2020:Postgraduate]grant number[2020Y0030]。
文摘The karst mountainous area is an ecologically fragile region with prominent humanland contradictions.The resource-environment carrying capacity(RECC)of this region needs to be further clarified.The development of remote sensing(RS)and geographic information system(GIS)provides data sources and processing platform for RECC monitoring.This study analyzed and established the evaluation index system of RECC by considering particularity in the karst mountainous area of Southwest China;processed multisource RS data(Sentinel-2,Aster-DEM and Landsat-8)to extract the spatial distributions of nine key indexes by GIS techniques(information classification,overlay analysis and raster calculation);proposed the methods of index integration and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the RECC by GIS;and took a typical area,Guangnan County in Yunnan Province of China,as an experimental area to explore the effectiveness of the indexes and methods.The results showed that:(1)The important indexes affecting the RECC of karst mountainous area are water resources,tourism resources,position resources,geographical environment and soil erosion environment.(2)Data on cultivated land,construction land,minerals,transportation,water conservancy,ecosystem services,topography,soil erosion and rocky desertification can be obtained from RS data.GIS techniques integrate the information into the RECC results.The data extraction and processing methods are feasible on evaluating RECC.(3)The RECC of Guangnan County was in the mid-carrying level in 2018.The midcarrying and low-carrying levels were the main types,accounting for more than 80.00%of the total study area.The areas with high carrying capacity were mainly distributed in the northern regions of the northwest-southeast line of the county,and other areas have a low carrying capacity comparatively.The coordination between regional resource-environment status and socioeconomic development is the key to improve RECC.This study explores the evaluation index system of RECC in karst mountainous area and the application of multisource RS data and GIS techniques in the comprehensive evaluation.The methods can be applied in related fields to provide suggestions for data/information extraction and integration,and sustainable development.
基金supported by the Implementation Programs for Marine Renewable Energy Special Funds (GHME2012ZC02)
文摘Actual sea condition testing and inspection and evaluation method research are carried out for tidal energy devices to provide scientific and effective technical support for the ocean high-tech achievement transformation and marine renewable energy development. By analyzing three core indicators, including the power output characteristics of the tidal current device, the generating capacity, energy conversion efficiency, proposed the test contents and evaluation methods of indicators are proposed in this paper; and based on the research of wind farms, power quality testing and assessment methods of offshore tidal energy device are proposed; given the security access to the test contents of tidal current energy device, tidal current energy device running conditions in the testing ground are comprehensively assessed.
文摘The deformation characteristic of bland in deep drawing is discussed. It is pointed out that the friction and lubrication conditions in for drawing are different from that in mechanical motion or machine work or other plastic process. The common test methods in laboratories are analyzed. It shows that though all those test methods can test the friction coefficient, the probe test method is most suitable for the research of friction and lubrication and the process in deep drawing, for this method is identical with the actual work condition either from the test principle or deformation status of the blank. Last the successful application in the deep drawing simulator newly developed the the probe method are intro- duced in detail.
基金the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Power Research of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2018YFC0809500)the Sichuan Science and Technology Plan Project,China(No.23NSFSC1923)+2 种基金the Laboratory of Icing and Anti/De-icing of CARDC,China(No.IADL20220406)the Key R&D Special Projects in Henan Province,China(No.221111321000)the Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central Universities,China(No.J2023-033)。
文摘The impact of unstable supercooled water droplets suspended in the cloud on the solid will cause its surface to freeze,and the flight safety of the aircraft will be seriously affected when flying in this environment.Aircraft icing protection system is an important device to reduce icing accidents and improve aircraft safety performance,which is of great significance to ensure flight safety.Based on the energy source,this paper proposes a general strategy for constructing an aircraft icing protection system,including Active Anti-icing and De-icing(AAD)system,Passive Antiicing and De-icing(PAD)system and Composite Anti-icing and De-icing(CAD)system.The principle,scope of application,advantages and disadvantages of aircraft anti-icing and de-icing technologies such as electric pulse de-icing,low-frequency piezoelectric de-icing,and hydrophobic material anti-icing are explored in detail,and the corresponding improvement measures are proposed.The future development of aircraft anti-icing and de-icing technology is prospected,and some new ideas are provided for the improvement of aircraft anti-icing and de-icing technology.
基金supported by National University Basic Scientific Research Fund of China(Grant No.N100403009)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50875041)
文摘The existing researches of the evaluation method of ride comfort of vehicle mainly focus on the level of human feelings to vibration. The level of human feelings to vibration is influenced by many factors, however, the ride comfort according to the common principle of probability and statistics and simple binary logic is tmable to reflect these uncertainties. The random fuzzy evaluation model from people subjective response to vibration is adopted in the paper, these uncertainties are analyzed from the angle of psychological physics. Discussing the traditional evaluation of ride comfort during vehicle vibration, a fuzzily random evaluation model on the basis of annoyance rate is proposed for the human body＇s subjective response to vibration, with relevant fuzzy membership function and probability distribution given. A half-car four degrees of freedom suspension vibration model is described, subject to irregular excitations from the road surface, with the aid of software Matlab/Simulink. A new kind of evaluation method for ride comfort of vehicles is proposed in the paper, i.e., the annoyance rate evaluation method. The genetic algorithm and neural network control theory are used to control the system. Simulation results are obtained, such as the comparison of comfort reaction to vibration environments between before and after control, relationship of annoyance rate to vibration frequency and weighted acceleration, based on ISO 2631 / 1 （1982）, ISO 2631-1 （1997） and annoyance rate evaluation method, respectively. Simulated assessment results indicate that the proposed active suspension systems prove to be effective in the vibration isolation of the suspension system, and the subjective response of human being can be promoted from very uncomfortable to a little uncomfortable. Furthermore, the novel evaluation method based on annoyance rate can further estimate quantitatively the number of passengers who feel discomfort due to vibration. A new analysis method of vehicle comfort is presented.
基金Science and technology research and development program of the Ministry of Railways(1219YF1305)
文摘Taking a high-speed train in China as an example,using computer simulation technology and comparing with the test data,the three current methods including linear stability analysis method,nonlinear stability analysis method and the field testing criterion are studied to evaluate stability of high-speed trains.A new stability evaluation method is proposed which can be used to evaluate lateral stability of high-speed vehicle based on the codes of UIC 515and UIC 518.From the viewpoint of taking the most unfavorable track conditions into account and improving the safety margin,the new method uses the root mean square of bogie lateral acceleration as a criterion to evaluate the lateral stability of high-speed trains.Numerical example shows that the proposed method not only considers the forced vibration caused by track irregularities in the actual practice,but also takes the instability self-excited vibration into account,so it can realize early warning of bogie slight unstable oscillation,meanwhile the method itself does not involve complex algorithms which has the possibility of engineering applications.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41790432)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA20030301)。
文摘Internal erosion occurs when fine particles escape from the soil driven by seepage flow,which is considered to be the crucial factor causing the failure of earth structures filled with gravelly soil.The objective of this paper is to suggest an appropriate method to assess internal erosion potential of gravelly soil.By analyzing the sensitivity of soil material to internal erosion,the variable(Dc15/df85)max and the content of coarse particles(Pc)are selected as the evaluation indexes(Dc15 and df85 are the diameters of 15%mass passing in the coarse component and 85%mass passing in the fine component,respectively).A series of gravelly soils with different particle size distributions are tested for internal erosion by the self-made permeameter.Based on the test results,an evaluation method for the internal erosion of gravelly soil is proposed.Gravelly soil is prone to internal erosion when 60%≤Pc<95%and(Dc15/df85)max≥9.5.The proposed method shows good accuracy in evaluating the internal erosion of 36 soil samples from other studies,which confirms the reliability of the method.The proposed method makes it possible to accurately assess internal erosion of gravelly soil,and an alternative method is provided for engineers to determine whether there is a risk of internal erosion in earth structures consisting of gravelly soil.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41941019,42177142)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(Grant NO.2019QZKK0904)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(Grant No.300102212213).
文摘The instability of slope blocks occurred frequently along traffic corridor in Southeastern Xizang(TCST),which was primarily controlled by the rock mass structures.A rapid method evaluating the control effects of rock mass structures was proposed through field statistics of the slopes and rock mass structures along TCST,which combined the stereographic projection method,modified M-JCS model,and limit equilibrium theory.The instabilities of slope blocks along TCST were then evaluated rapidly,and the different control factors of instability were analyzed.Results showed that the probabilities of toppling(5.31%),planar(16.15%),and wedge(35.37%)failure of slope blocks along TCST increased sequentially.These instability modes were respectively controlled by the anti-dip joint,the joint parallel to slope surface with a dip angle smaller than the slope angle(singlejoint),and two groups of joints inclined out of the slope(double-joints).Regarding the control effects on slope block instability,the stabilization ability of doublejoints(72.7%),anti-dip joint(67.4%),and single-joint(57.6%)decreased sequentially,resulting in different probabilities of slope block instability.Additionally,nearby regional faults significantly influenced the joints,leading to spatial heterogeneity and segmental clustering in the stabilization ability provided by joints to the slope blocks.Consequently,the stability of slope blocks gradually weakened as they approached the fault zones.This paper can provide guidance and assistance for investigating the development characteristics of rock mass structures and the stability of slope blocks.
