Electrochemical water splitting represents a sustainable technology for hydrogen(H_(2))production.However,its large-scale implementation is hindered by the high overpotentials required for both the cathodic hydrogen e...Electrochemical water splitting represents a sustainable technology for hydrogen(H_(2))production.However,its large-scale implementation is hindered by the high overpotentials required for both the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Transition metal-based catalysts have garnered significant research interest as promising alternatives to noble-metal catalysts,owing to their low cost,tunable composition,and noble-metal-like catalytic activity.Nevertheless,systematic reviews on their application as bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting(OWS)are still limited.This review comprehensively outlines the principal categories of bifunctional transition metal electrocatalysts derived from electrospun nanofibers(NFs),including metals,oxides,phosphides,sulfides,and carbides.Key strategies for enhancing their catalytic performance are systematically summarized,such as heterointerface engineering,heteroatom doping,metal-nonmetal-metal bridging architectures,and single-atom site design.Finally,current challenges and future research directions are discussed,aiming to provide insightful perspectives for the rational design of high-performance electrocatalysts for OWS.展开更多
The heterogeneity and invasiveness of cancer cells pose serious challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment.Advancements and innovations in metal-based nanomedicines provide novel avenues for addressing these challen...The heterogeneity and invasiveness of cancer cells pose serious challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment.Advancements and innovations in metal-based nanomedicines provide novel avenues for addressing these challenges.Metal-based nanomedicines possess unique physicochemical properties that enable their interaction with living organisms,thereby inducing complex biological responses.These nanomaterials have been extensively used to enhance the contrast and sensitivity of cancer imaging and to amplify the distinction between cancerous and healthy tissues.Moreover,these nanomaterials can effectively combat a wide spectrum of cancers through various methods,including drug delivery,radiotherapy,photothermal therapy(PTT),photodynamic therapy(PDT),sonodynamic therapy(SDT),biocatalytic therapy,ion interference therapy(IIT),and immunotherapy.Currently,there is still a need for a comprehensive summary on the metal-based nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment.Herein,we present a systematic and complete overview of action mechanisms and the applications of metal-based nanomaterials in cancer theranostics.A summary of common strategies for synthesizing and modifying metal-based nanomedicines is presented,and their biosafety is analyzed.Then,the latest developments in their applications for cancer imaging and anticancer treatment are provided.Finally,the key technical challenges and reasonable perspectives of metal-based nanomedicines for cancer theranostics in clinical applications are discussed.展开更多
Nanoscale metal-based tunneling junction(MTJ)devices were fabricated using the electromigration method,and their electrical properties were studied after exposure toγ-andβ-radiation.Irradiation caused the set thresh...Nanoscale metal-based tunneling junction(MTJ)devices were fabricated using the electromigration method,and their electrical properties were studied after exposure toγ-andβ-radiation.Irradiation caused the set threshold voltage(V_(set))of the MTJ devices to increase,leading to a transition from a low-resistance state(LRS)to a high-resistance state(HRS).This shift in V_(set)was due to atom displacement from high-energy electrons excited byγ-andβ-radiation.Unlike semiconductor devices,MTJ devices showed resilience to permanent damage and could be restored in-situ through multiple I-V(I is the drain current;V is the drain voltage)sweeps with appropriate configurations.This ability to recover suggests that MTJ devices have promising potential under irradiation.The reparability of irradiated MTJ devices is closely related to nothing-on-insulator(NOI)their structure,providing insights for other NOI and metal-based micro-nanoscale devices.展开更多
Apple orchard surface soils in Japan are polluted with copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) due to long-term use of metal-based pesticides. We investigated the effects of heavy metals accumulated in the surface so...Apple orchard surface soils in Japan are polluted with copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) due to long-term use of metal-based pesticides. We investigated the effects of heavy metals accumulated in the surface soils in apple orchards on the microbial biomass and the microbial communities. Soil samples were taken from a chestnut orchard (unpolluted control) and five apple orchards with different degrees of heavy metal pollution. Total concentrations of Cu, Pb, and As in soil ranged from 29 to 931 mg/kg, 35 to 771 mg/kg, and 11 to 198 mg/kg, respectively. The amount of microbial biomass carbon expressed on a soil organic carbon basis decreased with increasing concentrations of heavy metals. Thus, the heavy metals that accumulated in apple orchard surface soils had adverse effects on the soil microbial biomass. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition indicated that the microbial community structure had changed because of the pesticide-derived heavy metals in soil. The relative abundance of gram-positive bacterial marker PLFAs increased and that of fungal marker PLFA decreased with increasing concentrations of heavy metals in soil. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoreses targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of bacteria and the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of fungi also showed shifts in the composition of bacterial and fungal communities induced by soil pollution with heavy metals. However, the diversity of microbial communities was not significantly affected by the heavy metal pollution. This was attributable to the adaptation of the microbial communities in apple orchard surface soils to heavy metals derived from previously used pesticides.展开更多
基于整数最小二乘(integer least squares,ILS)估计的精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)模糊度解算需要进行整数检验,任何漏检和误报均可能导致模糊度固定错误。采用最优整数等变(best integer equivariant,BIE)估计无须进...基于整数最小二乘(integer least squares,ILS)估计的精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)模糊度解算需要进行整数检验,任何漏检和误报均可能导致模糊度固定错误。采用最优整数等变(best integer equivariant,BIE)估计无须进行检验,且其解在所有整数估计类中具有最小均方误差性质。选取全球分布的100个国际全球导航卫星系统服务测站实测数据,分别采取BIE估计、ILS全模糊度固定及部分模糊度固定(partial ambiguity resolution,PAR)解算策略,对不同解算模式下仿动态PPP模糊度固定(PPP with ambiguity resolution,PPP-AR)定位性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,在PPP模糊度估计模型强度相对较弱、收敛精度受限阶段,采用传统ILS算法存在较高AR错误风险,而基于模糊度整数候选解加权融合的BIE最小均方误差解更为稳定,能有效抑制定位解的跳跃。与ILS-PAR解算策略相比,BIE能显著提升PPP-AR收敛速度;在70%与90%分位数下,BIE相较ILS-PAR解算的平面和高程分量收敛时间分别缩短18.8%、13.8%与24.3%、15.9%。在定位精度方面,BIE较ILS-FAR解算结果有明显改善,平面和高程分量精度分别提升43.3%、15.3%(90%分位数),仅略优于ILS-PAR。展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)comprises a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine.Current therapeutic strategies primarily focus on maintaining remission and mitigating the secondary e...Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)comprises a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine.Current therapeutic strategies primarily focus on maintaining remission and mitigating the secondary effects rather than reversing its pathogenic mechanisms(Jeong et al.,2019).The pathogenesis of IBD involves intestinal barrier dysfunction,tissue damage,and dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses(de Souza et al.,2017).Elevated neutrophil activity has been reported in IBD(Danne et al.,2024),yet the precise roles and mechanisms of neutrophils in disease progression remain to be elucidated.展开更多
目的探讨过敏性紫癜(henoch-Schonlein syndrome,HSP)患儿发生肾损害与血清B淋巴细胞活化因子(B lymphocyte activating factor,BAFF)、白细胞介素21(interleukin-21,IL-21)表达的相关性,以期进一步明确儿童HSPN的病因、发病机制,为临...目的探讨过敏性紫癜(henoch-Schonlein syndrome,HSP)患儿发生肾损害与血清B淋巴细胞活化因子(B lymphocyte activating factor,BAFF)、白细胞介素21(interleukin-21,IL-21)表达的相关性,以期进一步明确儿童HSPN的病因、发病机制,为临床诊治提供依据。方法选取2021年1月—2021年12月在该院住院的过敏性紫癜患儿,根据是否发生肾损害分为紫癜性肾炎组(HSPN组)及过敏性紫癜组(HSP组),选择同时期在该院门诊体检的健康儿童15例,检测各组患儿血清BAFF、IL-21水平,并收集临床一般料以及24 h尿蛋白定量(24 h urinary protein,24 h UTP)、血肌酐(creatinine,Scr)、尿素氮(creatinine,BUN)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)等,并估算患儿肾小球滤过率(eGFR)。比较各组血清BAFF、IL-21表达水平,分析与HSPN发病及中医证型的相关性。结果(1)一般情况:男66例,女39例,男女比例为1.69∶1,3组间年龄及性别比较均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)HSP组、HSPN组BAFF、IL-21水平高于健康对照组(P<0.01);HSPN组BAFF、IL-21水平高于HSP组(P<0.01)。患儿血清IL-21、BAFF水平呈正相关(P<0.01)。(3)HSPN患儿BAFF表达水平与Scr及BUN水平呈正相关,与eGFR呈负相关(P<0.05);与24 h UTP、UA、是否腹痛及关节痛无相关性(P>0.05)。HSPN患儿IL-21表达水平与eGFR呈负相关(P<0.05);与24 h UTP、Scr、BUN、UA、是否腹痛及关节痛无相关性(P>0.05)。(4)BAFF、IL-21水平是HSP患儿发生肾损害的危险因素(P<0.05)。(5)阴虚夹瘀证、气阴两虚夹瘀证BAFF、IL-21水平高于风热伤络证、血热夹瘀证(P<0.05)。结论HSPN患儿血清BAFF、IL-21水平明显增高,并与疾病严重程度呈正相关;BAFF、IL-21是HSP患儿发生肾损害的危险因素;阴虚夹瘀证、气阴两虚夹瘀证BAFF、IL-21表达水平明显增高。展开更多
Metal alloy anode materials with high specific capacity and low voltage have recently gained significant attention due to their excellent electrochemical performance and the ability to suppress dendrite growth.However...Metal alloy anode materials with high specific capacity and low voltage have recently gained significant attention due to their excellent electrochemical performance and the ability to suppress dendrite growth.However,experimental investigations of metal alloys can be time-consuming and expensive,often requiring extensive experimental design and effort.In this study,we developed a machine learning model based on the Crystal Graph Convolutional Neural Network(CGCNN)to screen alloy anode materials for seven battery systems,including lithium(Li),sodium(Na),potassium(K),zinc(Zn),magnesium(Mg),calcium(Ca),and aluminum(Al).We utilized data with tens of thousands of alloy materials from the Materials Project(MP)and Automatic FLOW for Materials Discovery(AFLOW)databases.Without any experimental voltage input,we identified over 30 alloy systems that have been experimentally validated with good precision.Additionally,we predicted over 100 alloy anodes with low potential and high specific capacity.We hope this work to spur further interest in employing advanced machine learning models for the design of battery materials.展开更多
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world,with more than 9 million deaths in 2022,a number that continues to rise.This highlights the urgent need for the development of new drugs,with enhanced ant...Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world,with more than 9 million deaths in 2022,a number that continues to rise.This highlights the urgent need for the development of new drugs,with enhanced antitumor capabilities and fewer side effects.Metal-based drugs have been used in clinical practice since the late 1970s,beginning with the introduction of cisplatin.Later,two additional platinum-based molecules,carboplatin,and oxaliplatin,were introduced,and all three continue to be widely used in the treatment of various cancers.However,despite their significant anticancer activity,the undesirable side effects of these drugs have motivated the scientific community to explore other metal-based complexes with greater anticancer potential and fewer adverse effects.In this context,metals such as ruthenium,copper,gold,zinc,palladium,or iridium,present promising alternatives for the development of new anticancer agents.Unfortunately,although thousands of metal-based drugs have been synthesized and tested both in vitro and in animal models,only a few ruthenium-based drugs have entered clinical trials in recent years.Meanwhile,many other molecules with comparable or even greater anticancer potential have not advanced beyond the laboratory stage.In this review,we will revisit the mechanisms of action and anticancer activities of established platinum-based drugs and explore their use in recent clinical trials.Additionally,we will examine the development of potential new metal-based drugs that could one day contribute to cancer treatment worldwide.展开更多
Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))is highly required in various applications.The development of catalysts exhibiting elevated catalytic activity,selectivity,and stability is essential for H_(2)O_(2)production technology.Me...Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))is highly required in various applications.The development of catalysts exhibiting elevated catalytic activity,selectivity,and stability is essential for H_(2)O_(2)production technology.Metalbased catalysts are widely used for 2e^(-)ORR(oxygen reduction reaction)because of their adjustable structure,chemical stability,and availability.However,due to competition with the 4e^(-)ORR,modifications are often conducted to balance activity and selectivity.Common techniques include altering the surface electronic structure of catalysts and the interaction between active sites and intermediates.This review discusses diverse catalyst types(including precious and transition metals,single-atom catalysts,and MOFs/COFs)along with modification strategies(such as morphological control,electronic structure tuning,conductivity enhancement,and wettability improvement).The objective is to elucidate catalyst design and associated reaction mechanisms,as well as the relationship between catalyst structure and activity,in order to provide an insight for producing H_(2)O_(2)in an efficient,highly selective,and stable manner.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273056)the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province,China(No.YDZJ202501ZYTS305)。
文摘Electrochemical water splitting represents a sustainable technology for hydrogen(H_(2))production.However,its large-scale implementation is hindered by the high overpotentials required for both the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Transition metal-based catalysts have garnered significant research interest as promising alternatives to noble-metal catalysts,owing to their low cost,tunable composition,and noble-metal-like catalytic activity.Nevertheless,systematic reviews on their application as bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting(OWS)are still limited.This review comprehensively outlines the principal categories of bifunctional transition metal electrocatalysts derived from electrospun nanofibers(NFs),including metals,oxides,phosphides,sulfides,and carbides.Key strategies for enhancing their catalytic performance are systematically summarized,such as heterointerface engineering,heteroatom doping,metal-nonmetal-metal bridging architectures,and single-atom site design.Finally,current challenges and future research directions are discussed,aiming to provide insightful perspectives for the rational design of high-performance electrocatalysts for OWS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071981)the Program of Youth Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Outstanding Talents(Team)of Jilin Province,China(20230508063RC)+3 种基金the Excellent Youth Training Foundation of Jilin University,China(419080520665)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Funding Program of Jilin Province,Chinathe Health Special Project of the Finance Department of Jilin Province,Chinathe Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University,China(2025CX297)。
文摘The heterogeneity and invasiveness of cancer cells pose serious challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment.Advancements and innovations in metal-based nanomedicines provide novel avenues for addressing these challenges.Metal-based nanomedicines possess unique physicochemical properties that enable their interaction with living organisms,thereby inducing complex biological responses.These nanomaterials have been extensively used to enhance the contrast and sensitivity of cancer imaging and to amplify the distinction between cancerous and healthy tissues.Moreover,these nanomaterials can effectively combat a wide spectrum of cancers through various methods,including drug delivery,radiotherapy,photothermal therapy(PTT),photodynamic therapy(PDT),sonodynamic therapy(SDT),biocatalytic therapy,ion interference therapy(IIT),and immunotherapy.Currently,there is still a need for a comprehensive summary on the metal-based nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment.Herein,we present a systematic and complete overview of action mechanisms and the applications of metal-based nanomaterials in cancer theranostics.A summary of common strategies for synthesizing and modifying metal-based nanomedicines is presented,and their biosafety is analyzed.Then,the latest developments in their applications for cancer imaging and anticancer treatment are provided.Finally,the key technical challenges and reasonable perspectives of metal-based nanomedicines for cancer theranostics in clinical applications are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.T2293703,T2293700)the Instrumental Analysis Fund of Peking University,China(No.KF-2305-07).
文摘Nanoscale metal-based tunneling junction(MTJ)devices were fabricated using the electromigration method,and their electrical properties were studied after exposure toγ-andβ-radiation.Irradiation caused the set threshold voltage(V_(set))of the MTJ devices to increase,leading to a transition from a low-resistance state(LRS)to a high-resistance state(HRS).This shift in V_(set)was due to atom displacement from high-energy electrons excited byγ-andβ-radiation.Unlike semiconductor devices,MTJ devices showed resilience to permanent damage and could be restored in-situ through multiple I-V(I is the drain current;V is the drain voltage)sweeps with appropriate configurations.This ability to recover suggests that MTJ devices have promising potential under irradiation.The reparability of irradiated MTJ devices is closely related to nothing-on-insulator(NOI)their structure,providing insights for other NOI and metal-based micro-nanoscale devices.
文摘Apple orchard surface soils in Japan are polluted with copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) due to long-term use of metal-based pesticides. We investigated the effects of heavy metals accumulated in the surface soils in apple orchards on the microbial biomass and the microbial communities. Soil samples were taken from a chestnut orchard (unpolluted control) and five apple orchards with different degrees of heavy metal pollution. Total concentrations of Cu, Pb, and As in soil ranged from 29 to 931 mg/kg, 35 to 771 mg/kg, and 11 to 198 mg/kg, respectively. The amount of microbial biomass carbon expressed on a soil organic carbon basis decreased with increasing concentrations of heavy metals. Thus, the heavy metals that accumulated in apple orchard surface soils had adverse effects on the soil microbial biomass. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition indicated that the microbial community structure had changed because of the pesticide-derived heavy metals in soil. The relative abundance of gram-positive bacterial marker PLFAs increased and that of fungal marker PLFA decreased with increasing concentrations of heavy metals in soil. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoreses targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of bacteria and the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of fungi also showed shifts in the composition of bacterial and fungal communities induced by soil pollution with heavy metals. However, the diversity of microbial communities was not significantly affected by the heavy metal pollution. This was attributable to the adaptation of the microbial communities in apple orchard surface soils to heavy metals derived from previously used pesticides.
文摘基于整数最小二乘(integer least squares,ILS)估计的精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)模糊度解算需要进行整数检验,任何漏检和误报均可能导致模糊度固定错误。采用最优整数等变(best integer equivariant,BIE)估计无须进行检验,且其解在所有整数估计类中具有最小均方误差性质。选取全球分布的100个国际全球导航卫星系统服务测站实测数据,分别采取BIE估计、ILS全模糊度固定及部分模糊度固定(partial ambiguity resolution,PAR)解算策略,对不同解算模式下仿动态PPP模糊度固定(PPP with ambiguity resolution,PPP-AR)定位性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,在PPP模糊度估计模型强度相对较弱、收敛精度受限阶段,采用传统ILS算法存在较高AR错误风险,而基于模糊度整数候选解加权融合的BIE最小均方误差解更为稳定,能有效抑制定位解的跳跃。与ILS-PAR解算策略相比,BIE能显著提升PPP-AR收敛速度;在70%与90%分位数下,BIE相较ILS-PAR解算的平面和高程分量收敛时间分别缩短18.8%、13.8%与24.3%、15.9%。在定位精度方面,BIE较ILS-FAR解算结果有明显改善,平面和高程分量精度分别提升43.3%、15.3%(90%分位数),仅略优于ILS-PAR。
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFA1800100and 2024YFF1206600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100664)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024B1515040019 and 2022A1515012042).
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)comprises a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine.Current therapeutic strategies primarily focus on maintaining remission and mitigating the secondary effects rather than reversing its pathogenic mechanisms(Jeong et al.,2019).The pathogenesis of IBD involves intestinal barrier dysfunction,tissue damage,and dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses(de Souza et al.,2017).Elevated neutrophil activity has been reported in IBD(Danne et al.,2024),yet the precise roles and mechanisms of neutrophils in disease progression remain to be elucidated.
文摘目的探讨过敏性紫癜(henoch-Schonlein syndrome,HSP)患儿发生肾损害与血清B淋巴细胞活化因子(B lymphocyte activating factor,BAFF)、白细胞介素21(interleukin-21,IL-21)表达的相关性,以期进一步明确儿童HSPN的病因、发病机制,为临床诊治提供依据。方法选取2021年1月—2021年12月在该院住院的过敏性紫癜患儿,根据是否发生肾损害分为紫癜性肾炎组(HSPN组)及过敏性紫癜组(HSP组),选择同时期在该院门诊体检的健康儿童15例,检测各组患儿血清BAFF、IL-21水平,并收集临床一般料以及24 h尿蛋白定量(24 h urinary protein,24 h UTP)、血肌酐(creatinine,Scr)、尿素氮(creatinine,BUN)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)等,并估算患儿肾小球滤过率(eGFR)。比较各组血清BAFF、IL-21表达水平,分析与HSPN发病及中医证型的相关性。结果(1)一般情况:男66例,女39例,男女比例为1.69∶1,3组间年龄及性别比较均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)HSP组、HSPN组BAFF、IL-21水平高于健康对照组(P<0.01);HSPN组BAFF、IL-21水平高于HSP组(P<0.01)。患儿血清IL-21、BAFF水平呈正相关(P<0.01)。(3)HSPN患儿BAFF表达水平与Scr及BUN水平呈正相关,与eGFR呈负相关(P<0.05);与24 h UTP、UA、是否腹痛及关节痛无相关性(P>0.05)。HSPN患儿IL-21表达水平与eGFR呈负相关(P<0.05);与24 h UTP、Scr、BUN、UA、是否腹痛及关节痛无相关性(P>0.05)。(4)BAFF、IL-21水平是HSP患儿发生肾损害的危险因素(P<0.05)。(5)阴虚夹瘀证、气阴两虚夹瘀证BAFF、IL-21水平高于风热伤络证、血热夹瘀证(P<0.05)。结论HSPN患儿血清BAFF、IL-21水平明显增高,并与疾病严重程度呈正相关;BAFF、IL-21是HSP患儿发生肾损害的危险因素;阴虚夹瘀证、气阴两虚夹瘀证BAFF、IL-21表达水平明显增高。
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB2504000,YH)a start-up grant from Zhejiang University and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021FZZX001,226-2024-00005)supported by Special Support Plan for High Level Talents in Zhejiang Province(2023R5231)。
文摘Metal alloy anode materials with high specific capacity and low voltage have recently gained significant attention due to their excellent electrochemical performance and the ability to suppress dendrite growth.However,experimental investigations of metal alloys can be time-consuming and expensive,often requiring extensive experimental design and effort.In this study,we developed a machine learning model based on the Crystal Graph Convolutional Neural Network(CGCNN)to screen alloy anode materials for seven battery systems,including lithium(Li),sodium(Na),potassium(K),zinc(Zn),magnesium(Mg),calcium(Ca),and aluminum(Al).We utilized data with tens of thousands of alloy materials from the Materials Project(MP)and Automatic FLOW for Materials Discovery(AFLOW)databases.Without any experimental voltage input,we identified over 30 alloy systems that have been experimentally validated with good precision.Additionally,we predicted over 100 alloy anodes with low potential and high specific capacity.We hope this work to spur further interest in employing advanced machine learning models for the design of battery materials.
文摘Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world,with more than 9 million deaths in 2022,a number that continues to rise.This highlights the urgent need for the development of new drugs,with enhanced antitumor capabilities and fewer side effects.Metal-based drugs have been used in clinical practice since the late 1970s,beginning with the introduction of cisplatin.Later,two additional platinum-based molecules,carboplatin,and oxaliplatin,were introduced,and all three continue to be widely used in the treatment of various cancers.However,despite their significant anticancer activity,the undesirable side effects of these drugs have motivated the scientific community to explore other metal-based complexes with greater anticancer potential and fewer adverse effects.In this context,metals such as ruthenium,copper,gold,zinc,palladium,or iridium,present promising alternatives for the development of new anticancer agents.Unfortunately,although thousands of metal-based drugs have been synthesized and tested both in vitro and in animal models,only a few ruthenium-based drugs have entered clinical trials in recent years.Meanwhile,many other molecules with comparable or even greater anticancer potential have not advanced beyond the laboratory stage.In this review,we will revisit the mechanisms of action and anticancer activities of established platinum-based drugs and explore their use in recent clinical trials.Additionally,we will examine the development of potential new metal-based drugs that could one day contribute to cancer treatment worldwide.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22466011 and 22165004)the Innovative Research Team for Science and Technology of Shanxi Province(No.2022TD-04)。
文摘Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))is highly required in various applications.The development of catalysts exhibiting elevated catalytic activity,selectivity,and stability is essential for H_(2)O_(2)production technology.Metalbased catalysts are widely used for 2e^(-)ORR(oxygen reduction reaction)because of their adjustable structure,chemical stability,and availability.However,due to competition with the 4e^(-)ORR,modifications are often conducted to balance activity and selectivity.Common techniques include altering the surface electronic structure of catalysts and the interaction between active sites and intermediates.This review discusses diverse catalyst types(including precious and transition metals,single-atom catalysts,and MOFs/COFs)along with modification strategies(such as morphological control,electronic structure tuning,conductivity enhancement,and wettability improvement).The objective is to elucidate catalyst design and associated reaction mechanisms,as well as the relationship between catalyst structure and activity,in order to provide an insight for producing H_(2)O_(2)in an efficient,highly selective,and stable manner.
