Myelin,made by oligodendrocytes(OLs)in the central nervous system(CNS),is essential for neural transmission.In particular,myelin facilitates communication across the long connections between different brain regions th...Myelin,made by oligodendrocytes(OLs)in the central nervous system(CNS),is essential for neural transmission.In particular,myelin facilitates communication across the long connections between different brain regions that form the white matter.Myelinated segments also provide metabolic intermediates to axons,supporting their demanding energetic needs.Genetic disorders that disrupt myelin formation result in progressive neurologic degeneration.展开更多
This study investigated 17α-ethynylestradiol（EE2） biodegradation process and primary metabolic pathways associated with community structures of microorganism during groundwater recharge using reclaimed water. The a...This study investigated 17α-ethynylestradiol（EE2） biodegradation process and primary metabolic pathways associated with community structures of microorganism during groundwater recharge using reclaimed water. The attenuation rate is 1.58 times higher in wetting and drying alternative recharge（WDAR） than in continual recharge（CR）. The primary biotransformation pathways of EE2 in WDAR system began with the oxidation of C-17 on ring D to form a ketone group, and D-ring was subsequently hydroxylated and cleaved. In the CR system, the metabolic pathway changed from the oxidation of C-17 on ring D to hydroxylation of C-4 on ring A, and ring A or B subsequently cleaved; this transition was related to DO, and the microbial community structure. Four hundred fifty four pyrosequencing of 16 s r RNA genes indicated that the bacterial communities in the upper layer of the WDAR system were more diverse than those found in the bottom layer of the CR system; this result was reversed for archaea. Unweighted Uni Frac and taxonomic analyses were conducted to relate the change in bacterial community structure to the metabolic pathway. Microorganism community diversity and structure were related to the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, EE2 and its intermediates in the system. Five known bacterial classes and one known archaeal class, five major bacterial genera and one major archaeal genus might be involved in EE2 degradation. The findings of this study provide an understanding of EE2 biodegradation in groundwater recharge areas under different recharging modes and can facilitate the prediction of the fate of EE2 in underground aquifers.展开更多
Mitochondria produce energy and metabolic intermediates necessary for the survival of cells.They also play important roles in immunity.Emerging evidence has indicated that mitochondria can be involved in various disea...Mitochondria produce energy and metabolic intermediates necessary for the survival of cells.They also play important roles in immunity.Emerging evidence has indicated that mitochondria can be involved in various diseases by triggering immune responses(Baum,1995;Berg and Klein,1986).Mitochondrial antigens(MtAgs)refer to any substances derived from mitochondria that can be recognized by the adaptive immune system and cause immune responses.Mitochondria release danger-associated molecular patterns upon cellular stress or damage and act as signaling hubs in innate immunity,which is another big topic that we will not discuss here.In this review,we describe the varieties of MtAgs,their presentation and involvements in diseases,suggesting a potential immunopathogenic mechanism(Figure 1).展开更多
基金support held by JPA,Collaborative Network Award BRAVEinMS,Grant/Award Number:PA-1604-08492(MG),and from the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada,Grant/Award Number:1038154(to TEK).
文摘Myelin,made by oligodendrocytes(OLs)in the central nervous system(CNS),is essential for neural transmission.In particular,myelin facilitates communication across the long connections between different brain regions that form the white matter.Myelinated segments also provide metabolic intermediates to axons,supporting their demanding energetic needs.Genetic disorders that disrupt myelin formation result in progressive neurologic degeneration.
基金supported by Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.D161100000216002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51678052)
文摘This study investigated 17α-ethynylestradiol（EE2） biodegradation process and primary metabolic pathways associated with community structures of microorganism during groundwater recharge using reclaimed water. The attenuation rate is 1.58 times higher in wetting and drying alternative recharge（WDAR） than in continual recharge（CR）. The primary biotransformation pathways of EE2 in WDAR system began with the oxidation of C-17 on ring D to form a ketone group, and D-ring was subsequently hydroxylated and cleaved. In the CR system, the metabolic pathway changed from the oxidation of C-17 on ring D to hydroxylation of C-4 on ring A, and ring A or B subsequently cleaved; this transition was related to DO, and the microbial community structure. Four hundred fifty four pyrosequencing of 16 s r RNA genes indicated that the bacterial communities in the upper layer of the WDAR system were more diverse than those found in the bottom layer of the CR system; this result was reversed for archaea. Unweighted Uni Frac and taxonomic analyses were conducted to relate the change in bacterial community structure to the metabolic pathway. Microorganism community diversity and structure were related to the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, EE2 and its intermediates in the system. Five known bacterial classes and one known archaeal class, five major bacterial genera and one major archaeal genus might be involved in EE2 degradation. The findings of this study provide an understanding of EE2 biodegradation in groundwater recharge areas under different recharging modes and can facilitate the prediction of the fate of EE2 in underground aquifers.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC3404500, 2021YFA1300502, 2021YFA1302000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92057210, 82125017, 91942309, 82173064, 81971481)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Guang-zhou (202103000070, 202201020467, 202201020479)the New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the New Cornerstone Investigator Programthe XPLORER PRIZE
文摘Mitochondria produce energy and metabolic intermediates necessary for the survival of cells.They also play important roles in immunity.Emerging evidence has indicated that mitochondria can be involved in various diseases by triggering immune responses(Baum,1995;Berg and Klein,1986).Mitochondrial antigens(MtAgs)refer to any substances derived from mitochondria that can be recognized by the adaptive immune system and cause immune responses.Mitochondria release danger-associated molecular patterns upon cellular stress or damage and act as signaling hubs in innate immunity,which is another big topic that we will not discuss here.In this review,we describe the varieties of MtAgs,their presentation and involvements in diseases,suggesting a potential immunopathogenic mechanism(Figure 1).
