The largemouth bass virus(LMBV)exhibits high pathogenicity in both adult and juvenile largemouth bass,causing substantial economic losses within the aquaculture industry.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are crucial in con-trolling vi...The largemouth bass virus(LMBV)exhibits high pathogenicity in both adult and juvenile largemouth bass,causing substantial economic losses within the aquaculture industry.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are crucial in con-trolling viral infections and the host's immune responses,making them significantly valuable in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases.Nevertheless,research on miRNA expression profiles associated with LMBV infection in largemouth bass is currently insufficient.This research attempts to investigate the roles and molecular mecha-nisms of miRNAs in the potential immune response and metabolic alterations triggered by LMBV infection in largemouth bass using miRNA sequencing.Following quality screening,the infection group and control group yielded a combined total of 142.73 million clean reads,with lengths predominantly at 22 nt.1718 known miRNAs were identified,including 238 differentially expressed miRNAs(DEMs).In addition,400 novel miRNAs were predicted,36 of which were DEMs.To gain further insight into the immune and metabolic related biological functions of DEMs,target gene prediction was conducted.KEGG pathway analysis revealed that LMBV impacted pathways such as Endocytosis,Purine metabolism,Phosphatidylinositol,Fatty acid Biosynthesis,and Phagosome signaling systems,highlighting the vital role of miRNAs in immune responses and metabolicalterations.Furthermore,the miRNA-mRNAinteraction network revealed crucial miRNAs and their correspondingtarget genes involved in conferring resistance against viral infections by utilizing metabolicand immune related pathways as the foundation.Ten DEMs were selected at random for real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR),and results exhibited expression patterns that were consistent with sequencing data.These findings validate the im-mune and metabolic regulatory function of miRNAs against LMBV in largemouth bass,offering valuable per-spectives for the prevention and management of illnesses linked to iridoviruses.展开更多
Twenty-four hour (circadian) rhythmicity is an important component of biological variability associated with studies relating to biomarkers of aging. Chronobiological testing techniques must be utilized because (1) ma...Twenty-four hour (circadian) rhythmicity is an important component of biological variability associated with studies relating to biomarkers of aging. Chronobiological testing techniques must be utilized because (1) many variables that are related to the modulation of metabolic output vary dramatically at different times of the day; (2) various experimental variable and treatment groups must be synchronized with environmental cues that control circadian rhythms; and (3) multiple circadian variables may interact together to modulate the rate of aging. The rhythm for physiological factors such as whole animal metabolic output, body temperature, heart rate, urine flow, potassium, etc. were found to be dissociated or altered by the senescence process; behavioral variables such as spontaneous activity, wheel running, feeding and drinking, verbal performance, as well as sleep-wakefulness rhythms, seem to be accurate predictors of biological age. Circadian rhythms for a variety of enzymes of intermediary metabolism which are directly associated with energy metabolism have been well documented. These well-defined rhythms of enzyme activity have also been shown to degenerate with aging. Rhythms tend to lose amplitude as activity falls with age and as a general loss of regulation (especially time of day where maximal activity might be found) of activity across the 24-h span occurs. As with behavioral variables, changes in enzyme rhythms appear to accurately predict aging. Generally speaking, the loss of temporal organization with age, characterized by decreased circadian amplitude, loose internal synchronization, and poor response to external environmental time queues, is associated with poor health states and decreased longevity. Temporal rhythms for whole animal parameters are highly correlated with molecular events, such as regulation of cellular metabolism. DNA repair, and gene expression. Automated data acquisition and process control systems will be required for future Chronobiological studies to develop biomarkers of aging.展开更多
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men. Previous research has determined that androgen deprivation therapy （ADT） may be accompanied by an unfavourable metabolic profile. In this prospective st...Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men. Previous research has determined that androgen deprivation therapy （ADT） may be accompanied by an unfavourable metabolic profile. In this prospective study, 133 men were recruited, including 46 prostate cancer patients who had undergone bilateral orchiectomy and been on flutamide （the ADT group）, 37 men with prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy （the non-ADT group） and 50 normal control subjects （the control group）. All subjects were followed for at least 12 months. From baseline to 3 months, men in the ADT group had increased levels of fasting serum insulin and low-density lipoprotein compared to the other two groups （P〈0.05）. No obvious changes were found in the other parameters （P〉0.05）. After 12 months, men in the ADT group had increased levels of waist circumference, fasting serum insulin and glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein compared to the other two groups （P〈0.05）. Additionally, the morbidity rate of metabolic syndrome in the ADT group was higher （P〈0.05） compared to the other two groups. ADT through surgical castration for men with prostate cancer may be associated with unfavourable metabolic changes. The benefits of the therapy should be balanced prudently against these risks.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Researches indicate that patients with Wilson disease (WD) have abnormal skeletal metabolism, which is induced by various factors. OBJECTIVE: To probe into the changing characteristics of abnormal skeletal...BACKGROUND: Researches indicate that patients with Wilson disease (WD) have abnormal skeletal metabolism, which is induced by various factors. OBJECTIVE: To probe into the changing characteristics of abnormal skeletal metabolism in WD patients and observe the effect of decopper therapy. DESIGN: Case-contrast and self-control study. SETTING: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Neurological Institute, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 35 patients with WD including 21 males and 14 females aged from 10 to 42 years with the mean age of (20±8) years were selected from Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Neurological Institute, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2000 to February 2001. All the patients were in compliance with the diagnostic criteria: history of family heredity; cone symptoms in vitro, physical sign or liver symptoms; positive Kayser-Fleischer ring; serum copper protein < 200 mg/L or A copper oxidase < 0.2; urine copper > 1.6 μmol/24 hours; liver copper > 250 μg/g (dry weight). The control group was selected from 25 cases of health individuals including 13 males and 12 females aged from 16 to 35 years with the mean age of (22±6) years. All patients who participated in the study were informed first and consented. METHODS: Patients in treatment group were treated with venous injection of 1.0 g sodium dimercaptosulfonate, once a day for totally 6 successive days. And then, patients rested for 2 days. This procedure mentioned above was regarded as a course, and the treatment lasted for 4-8 courses. Before and after injection of sodium dimercaptosulfonate, serum calcitonin (CT), osteocalcin (BGP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-(OH)2VitD3 were measured with radio-immunity method; blood, urine calcium, phosphorum and urine creatinine were measured with biochemical analyzer; urine dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(DPD) was detected with enzyme-immunity method; bone mineral density (BMD) was checked at the one third from distal end of ulna and radius with single photon absorptiometry (SPA). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative indexes of bone metabolism of blood and urine and results of BMD in both two groups before and after treatment. RESULTS: Among 35 patients with WD and 25 healthy subjects, 5 patients were excluded because of uncompleted decopper therapy; therefore, 30 patients with WD and 25 healthy subjects were involved in the final analysis. ① Comparisons between the two groups: Contents of serum calcium, PTH and 1,25-(OH)2VitD3 were lower in treatment group than those in control group [(2.49±0.34) mmol/L vs. (2.69±0.19) mmol/L; (218.7±50.5) ng/L vs. (262.5±88.9) ng/L; (23.53±14.21) ng/L vs. (42.78±14.44) ng/L; P < 0.05-0.01]; however, contents of serum BGP and CT were higher in treatment group than those in control group [(10.22±6.11) μg/L vs. (5.78±4.22) μg/L; (282.8±109.6) ng/L vs. (62.5±37.9) ng/L, P < 0.01]; moreover, there was no significant difference of contents of serum phosphorum, urine calcium, phosphorum and DPD/creatinine between treatment group and control group (P > 0.05). BMD of males and females was lower in treatment group than that in control group [(0.617±0.197) g/cm2 vs. (0.718±0.274) g/cm2; (0.594±0.124) g/cm2 vs. (0.677±0.157) g/cm2, P < 0.05]. ② Comparisons in treatment group before and after treatment: Contents of CT and urine calcium were lower after treatment than those before treatment [(95.3±55.4) ng/L vs. (283.3±96.7) ng/L; (2.38±1.68) mmol/L vs. (3.31±2.30) mmol/L; P < 0.01, 0.05]; however, contents of 1,25-(OH)2VitD3 and DPD/creatinine were higher after treatment than those before treatment [(33.61±19.30) ng/L vs. (24.21±14.47) ng/L; (42.95±19.92) nmol/mmol vs. (19.51±9.96) nmol/mmol, P < 0.05]; moreover, there were no significant differences among other indexes before and after treatment (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference of BMD before and after treatment (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: WD patients have changes in the related indexes of abnormal skeletal metabolism. In addition, contents of CT and urine calcium are decreased remarkably after decopper therapy; however, value of BMD is not changed obviously.展开更多
W25 is a low-temperature-sensitive albino mu-tant line. Temperature not only controls thealbino phenotype expression of W25, but alsodetermines whether it could survive. When thetemperature is lower than 25℃, the lea...W25 is a low-temperature-sensitive albino mu-tant line. Temperature not only controls thealbino phenotype expression of W25, but alsodetermines whether it could survive. When thetemperature is lower than 25℃, the leaves ofW25 shows complete albino, but they exhibitsnormal green when temperature is higher than30℃. Meanwhile, at 25℃, it can be greenable展开更多
Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a progressive metabolic disease characterised by high blood glucose due to autoimmune destruction of theβ-islet of Langerhans or gradual development of insulin resistance andβ-cell degenerati...Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a progressive metabolic disease characterised by high blood glucose due to autoimmune destruction of theβ-islet of Langerhans or gradual development of insulin resistance andβ-cell degeneration.Numerous risk factors,from genetic to environmental,are associated with this disease.Based on the global observed cases and etiopathogenesis,DM falls into three broad categories:type 1,2,and gestational diabetes mellitus.A comprehensive search was used to identify relevant publications using targeted keywords associated with DM,pathophysiology,medication,characterised compounds,and others across prominent databases like PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science.This review examines how DM pathophysiology influences the type of diagnosis,screening,treatment,and management regimen that is implemented.The link between DM and some mechanistic factors and activated glucose metabolic changes is discussed.Insights on the medications targeting various DM pathophysiology mechanisms,antidiabetic mechanisms of characterised compounds from natural products and computer-aided identification of antidiabetics from natural sources are reviewed.These findings could lay the groundwork for inventive therapeutic strategies and leads from natural products based on the proper elucidation of antidiabetic mechanisms,thereby improving management and the impact of DM.展开更多
RNA viruses cause a multitude of human diseases,including several pandemic events in the past century.Upon viral invasion,the innate immune system responds rapidly and plays a key role in activating the adaptive immun...RNA viruses cause a multitude of human diseases,including several pandemic events in the past century.Upon viral invasion,the innate immune system responds rapidly and plays a key role in activating the adaptive immune system.In the innate immune system,the interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and host pattern recognition receptors activate multiple signaling pathways in immune cells and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons to elicit antiviral responses.Macrophages,dendritic cells,and natural killer cells are the principal innate immune components that exert antiviral activities.In this review,the current understanding of innate immunity contributing to the restriction of RNA viral infections was briefly summarized.Besides the main role of immune cells in combating viral infection,the intercellular transfer of pathogen and host-derived materials and their epigenetic and metabolic interactions associated with innate immunity was discussed.This knowledge provides an enhanced understanding of the innate immune response to RNA viral infections in general and aids in the preparation for the existing and next emerging viral infections.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Cancer cachexia is the wasting condition that is often seen in advanced stage cancer patients. This wasting is largely attributable to a systemic and progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass that greatly ...BACKGROUND： Cancer cachexia is the wasting condition that is often seen in advanced stage cancer patients. This wasting is largely attributable to a systemic and progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass that greatly hinders performance of normal daily activities, resulting in reduced quality of life. Moreover, it negatively influences the prognosis of cancer patients. A general consensus in the field is that the loss of muscle mass is due both to an increase in protein degradation and a decrease in protein synthesis. Recent studies using preclinical models for studying cachexia have been useful in identifying the contribution of inflammatory cytokines （e.g. tumor necrosis factor-a and Interleukin-6）, and myostatin receptors （e.g. the type IIB activin receptor） to cachexia development, and have led to several clinical trials. However, many questions remain about the molecular mechanisms thought to play a role in the development of cachexia. METHODS： We conducted a literature search using search engines, such as PubMed and Google Scholar to identify publications within the cancer cachexia field. RESULTS- We summarized our current knowledge of： 1） the driving mechanisms of cancer cachexia, 2） the preclinical models available for studying the condition, and 3） the findings of recent clinical trials. CONCLUSION： Cancer cachexia is a complex and variable condition that currently has no standard effective therapeutic treatment. Further studies are desperately needed to better understand this condition and develop effective combination treatments for patients.展开更多
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status that plays a key role in energetic metabolism regulation.Metabolic changes in immune cells, such as dendritic cell (DC), macrophages, neutrophi...AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status that plays a key role in energetic metabolism regulation.Metabolic changes in immune cells, such as dendritic cell (DC), macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes that participate in the signal directed programs that promote or inhibit immune mediated diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms are involved in the initiation and progression of disease, and many pathways have been uncovered. The mechanistic overlap in the metabolic changes and inflammation could indicate that some of the targets they have are in common, whereas AMPK could be useful in treatment of both disorders. The insight into identification of AMPK responsible for specific immune regulation, anti-inflammatory actions and understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism will promote the generation of novel AMPK activators, and provide novel therapy strategy.展开更多
基金funded by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2022CFB859)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Found (CX (24) 3066)+1 种基金China postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M702761)the Open Project of International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China (5),‘Blue Project’ of Yangzhou University.
文摘The largemouth bass virus(LMBV)exhibits high pathogenicity in both adult and juvenile largemouth bass,causing substantial economic losses within the aquaculture industry.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are crucial in con-trolling viral infections and the host's immune responses,making them significantly valuable in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases.Nevertheless,research on miRNA expression profiles associated with LMBV infection in largemouth bass is currently insufficient.This research attempts to investigate the roles and molecular mecha-nisms of miRNAs in the potential immune response and metabolic alterations triggered by LMBV infection in largemouth bass using miRNA sequencing.Following quality screening,the infection group and control group yielded a combined total of 142.73 million clean reads,with lengths predominantly at 22 nt.1718 known miRNAs were identified,including 238 differentially expressed miRNAs(DEMs).In addition,400 novel miRNAs were predicted,36 of which were DEMs.To gain further insight into the immune and metabolic related biological functions of DEMs,target gene prediction was conducted.KEGG pathway analysis revealed that LMBV impacted pathways such as Endocytosis,Purine metabolism,Phosphatidylinositol,Fatty acid Biosynthesis,and Phagosome signaling systems,highlighting the vital role of miRNAs in immune responses and metabolicalterations.Furthermore,the miRNA-mRNAinteraction network revealed crucial miRNAs and their correspondingtarget genes involved in conferring resistance against viral infections by utilizing metabolicand immune related pathways as the foundation.Ten DEMs were selected at random for real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR),and results exhibited expression patterns that were consistent with sequencing data.These findings validate the im-mune and metabolic regulatory function of miRNAs against LMBV in largemouth bass,offering valuable per-spectives for the prevention and management of illnesses linked to iridoviruses.
文摘Twenty-four hour (circadian) rhythmicity is an important component of biological variability associated with studies relating to biomarkers of aging. Chronobiological testing techniques must be utilized because (1) many variables that are related to the modulation of metabolic output vary dramatically at different times of the day; (2) various experimental variable and treatment groups must be synchronized with environmental cues that control circadian rhythms; and (3) multiple circadian variables may interact together to modulate the rate of aging. The rhythm for physiological factors such as whole animal metabolic output, body temperature, heart rate, urine flow, potassium, etc. were found to be dissociated or altered by the senescence process; behavioral variables such as spontaneous activity, wheel running, feeding and drinking, verbal performance, as well as sleep-wakefulness rhythms, seem to be accurate predictors of biological age. Circadian rhythms for a variety of enzymes of intermediary metabolism which are directly associated with energy metabolism have been well documented. These well-defined rhythms of enzyme activity have also been shown to degenerate with aging. Rhythms tend to lose amplitude as activity falls with age and as a general loss of regulation (especially time of day where maximal activity might be found) of activity across the 24-h span occurs. As with behavioral variables, changes in enzyme rhythms appear to accurately predict aging. Generally speaking, the loss of temporal organization with age, characterized by decreased circadian amplitude, loose internal synchronization, and poor response to external environmental time queues, is associated with poor health states and decreased longevity. Temporal rhythms for whole animal parameters are highly correlated with molecular events, such as regulation of cellular metabolism. DNA repair, and gene expression. Automated data acquisition and process control systems will be required for future Chronobiological studies to develop biomarkers of aging.
文摘Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men. Previous research has determined that androgen deprivation therapy （ADT） may be accompanied by an unfavourable metabolic profile. In this prospective study, 133 men were recruited, including 46 prostate cancer patients who had undergone bilateral orchiectomy and been on flutamide （the ADT group）, 37 men with prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy （the non-ADT group） and 50 normal control subjects （the control group）. All subjects were followed for at least 12 months. From baseline to 3 months, men in the ADT group had increased levels of fasting serum insulin and low-density lipoprotein compared to the other two groups （P〈0.05）. No obvious changes were found in the other parameters （P〉0.05）. After 12 months, men in the ADT group had increased levels of waist circumference, fasting serum insulin and glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein compared to the other two groups （P〈0.05）. Additionally, the morbidity rate of metabolic syndrome in the ADT group was higher （P〈0.05） compared to the other two groups. ADT through surgical castration for men with prostate cancer may be associated with unfavourable metabolic changes. The benefits of the therapy should be balanced prudently against these risks.
文摘BACKGROUND: Researches indicate that patients with Wilson disease (WD) have abnormal skeletal metabolism, which is induced by various factors. OBJECTIVE: To probe into the changing characteristics of abnormal skeletal metabolism in WD patients and observe the effect of decopper therapy. DESIGN: Case-contrast and self-control study. SETTING: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Neurological Institute, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 35 patients with WD including 21 males and 14 females aged from 10 to 42 years with the mean age of (20±8) years were selected from Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Neurological Institute, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2000 to February 2001. All the patients were in compliance with the diagnostic criteria: history of family heredity; cone symptoms in vitro, physical sign or liver symptoms; positive Kayser-Fleischer ring; serum copper protein < 200 mg/L or A copper oxidase < 0.2; urine copper > 1.6 μmol/24 hours; liver copper > 250 μg/g (dry weight). The control group was selected from 25 cases of health individuals including 13 males and 12 females aged from 16 to 35 years with the mean age of (22±6) years. All patients who participated in the study were informed first and consented. METHODS: Patients in treatment group were treated with venous injection of 1.0 g sodium dimercaptosulfonate, once a day for totally 6 successive days. And then, patients rested for 2 days. This procedure mentioned above was regarded as a course, and the treatment lasted for 4-8 courses. Before and after injection of sodium dimercaptosulfonate, serum calcitonin (CT), osteocalcin (BGP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-(OH)2VitD3 were measured with radio-immunity method; blood, urine calcium, phosphorum and urine creatinine were measured with biochemical analyzer; urine dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(DPD) was detected with enzyme-immunity method; bone mineral density (BMD) was checked at the one third from distal end of ulna and radius with single photon absorptiometry (SPA). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative indexes of bone metabolism of blood and urine and results of BMD in both two groups before and after treatment. RESULTS: Among 35 patients with WD and 25 healthy subjects, 5 patients were excluded because of uncompleted decopper therapy; therefore, 30 patients with WD and 25 healthy subjects were involved in the final analysis. ① Comparisons between the two groups: Contents of serum calcium, PTH and 1,25-(OH)2VitD3 were lower in treatment group than those in control group [(2.49±0.34) mmol/L vs. (2.69±0.19) mmol/L; (218.7±50.5) ng/L vs. (262.5±88.9) ng/L; (23.53±14.21) ng/L vs. (42.78±14.44) ng/L; P < 0.05-0.01]; however, contents of serum BGP and CT were higher in treatment group than those in control group [(10.22±6.11) μg/L vs. (5.78±4.22) μg/L; (282.8±109.6) ng/L vs. (62.5±37.9) ng/L, P < 0.01]; moreover, there was no significant difference of contents of serum phosphorum, urine calcium, phosphorum and DPD/creatinine between treatment group and control group (P > 0.05). BMD of males and females was lower in treatment group than that in control group [(0.617±0.197) g/cm2 vs. (0.718±0.274) g/cm2; (0.594±0.124) g/cm2 vs. (0.677±0.157) g/cm2, P < 0.05]. ② Comparisons in treatment group before and after treatment: Contents of CT and urine calcium were lower after treatment than those before treatment [(95.3±55.4) ng/L vs. (283.3±96.7) ng/L; (2.38±1.68) mmol/L vs. (3.31±2.30) mmol/L; P < 0.01, 0.05]; however, contents of 1,25-(OH)2VitD3 and DPD/creatinine were higher after treatment than those before treatment [(33.61±19.30) ng/L vs. (24.21±14.47) ng/L; (42.95±19.92) nmol/mmol vs. (19.51±9.96) nmol/mmol, P < 0.05]; moreover, there were no significant differences among other indexes before and after treatment (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference of BMD before and after treatment (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: WD patients have changes in the related indexes of abnormal skeletal metabolism. In addition, contents of CT and urine calcium are decreased remarkably after decopper therapy; however, value of BMD is not changed obviously.
文摘W25 is a low-temperature-sensitive albino mu-tant line. Temperature not only controls thealbino phenotype expression of W25, but alsodetermines whether it could survive. When thetemperature is lower than 25℃, the leaves ofW25 shows complete albino, but they exhibitsnormal green when temperature is higher than30℃. Meanwhile, at 25℃, it can be greenable
文摘Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a progressive metabolic disease characterised by high blood glucose due to autoimmune destruction of theβ-islet of Langerhans or gradual development of insulin resistance andβ-cell degeneration.Numerous risk factors,from genetic to environmental,are associated with this disease.Based on the global observed cases and etiopathogenesis,DM falls into three broad categories:type 1,2,and gestational diabetes mellitus.A comprehensive search was used to identify relevant publications using targeted keywords associated with DM,pathophysiology,medication,characterised compounds,and others across prominent databases like PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science.This review examines how DM pathophysiology influences the type of diagnosis,screening,treatment,and management regimen that is implemented.The link between DM and some mechanistic factors and activated glucose metabolic changes is discussed.Insights on the medications targeting various DM pathophysiology mechanisms,antidiabetic mechanisms of characterised compounds from natural products and computer-aided identification of antidiabetics from natural sources are reviewed.These findings could lay the groundwork for inventive therapeutic strategies and leads from natural products based on the proper elucidation of antidiabetic mechanisms,thereby improving management and the impact of DM.
文摘RNA viruses cause a multitude of human diseases,including several pandemic events in the past century.Upon viral invasion,the innate immune system responds rapidly and plays a key role in activating the adaptive immune system.In the innate immune system,the interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and host pattern recognition receptors activate multiple signaling pathways in immune cells and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons to elicit antiviral responses.Macrophages,dendritic cells,and natural killer cells are the principal innate immune components that exert antiviral activities.In this review,the current understanding of innate immunity contributing to the restriction of RNA viral infections was briefly summarized.Besides the main role of immune cells in combating viral infection,the intercellular transfer of pathogen and host-derived materials and their epigenetic and metabolic interactions associated with innate immunity was discussed.This knowledge provides an enhanced understanding of the innate immune response to RNA viral infections in general and aids in the preparation for the existing and next emerging viral infections.
文摘BACKGROUND： Cancer cachexia is the wasting condition that is often seen in advanced stage cancer patients. This wasting is largely attributable to a systemic and progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass that greatly hinders performance of normal daily activities, resulting in reduced quality of life. Moreover, it negatively influences the prognosis of cancer patients. A general consensus in the field is that the loss of muscle mass is due both to an increase in protein degradation and a decrease in protein synthesis. Recent studies using preclinical models for studying cachexia have been useful in identifying the contribution of inflammatory cytokines （e.g. tumor necrosis factor-a and Interleukin-6）, and myostatin receptors （e.g. the type IIB activin receptor） to cachexia development, and have led to several clinical trials. However, many questions remain about the molecular mechanisms thought to play a role in the development of cachexia. METHODS： We conducted a literature search using search engines, such as PubMed and Google Scholar to identify publications within the cancer cachexia field. RESULTS- We summarized our current knowledge of： 1） the driving mechanisms of cancer cachexia, 2） the preclinical models available for studying the condition, and 3） the findings of recent clinical trials. CONCLUSION： Cancer cachexia is a complex and variable condition that currently has no standard effective therapeutic treatment. Further studies are desperately needed to better understand this condition and develop effective combination treatments for patients.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shanxi Province (201605D131045-18)Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi Province (201605D111004).
文摘AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status that plays a key role in energetic metabolism regulation.Metabolic changes in immune cells, such as dendritic cell (DC), macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes that participate in the signal directed programs that promote or inhibit immune mediated diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms are involved in the initiation and progression of disease, and many pathways have been uncovered. The mechanistic overlap in the metabolic changes and inflammation could indicate that some of the targets they have are in common, whereas AMPK could be useful in treatment of both disorders. The insight into identification of AMPK responsible for specific immune regulation, anti-inflammatory actions and understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism will promote the generation of novel AMPK activators, and provide novel therapy strategy.
