Granular sludges can resist the toxicity inhibition of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and enhance the chain elongation(CE)process.However,the granulation process is time-consuming and requires a suitable facilitating ...Granular sludges can resist the toxicity inhibition of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and enhance the chain elongation(CE)process.However,the granulation process is time-consuming and requires a suitable facilitating granulation mean.This study proposed two continuous fed Expanded Granular Sludge Bed bioreactors,one with electric field(EF)and one without,to demonstrate the promotion of sludge granulation by EF and the enhancement of MCFAs production efficiency by the anaerobic granular sludge(An GS).Through more than 50 days of operation,the EF was demonstrated to be able to promote the granulation,and the formed An GS enhanced MCFAs yield by 36%.Besides,mechanism analysis indicated that the EF promoted microbial aggregation and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)synthesis,which enabled An GS to form more easily.Besides,An GS formed with EF improved extracellular electron transfer capacity and microbial function activity,which also contributed to the production of more MCFAs.Overall,this study provides a method to facilitate An GS granulation and revealed the underlying mechanisms,and offers important support for the diverse applications of An GS in other bioresources recovery bioprocesses.展开更多
d-Allulose, a rare sugar, exerts anti-obesity effects by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and promoting energy expenditure. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) consist of three medium-chain fatty acids connected by glycer...d-Allulose, a rare sugar, exerts anti-obesity effects by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and promoting energy expenditure. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) consist of three medium-chain fatty acids connected by glycerol. MCTs have been extensively investigated for their ability to reduce body fat accumulation. We previously investigated the anti-obesity effects of a combination of dietary d-allulose and MCT (5% - 13%) in rats;however, we could not confirm the anti-obesity effects of MCT or observed synergetic effects between d-allulose and MCT on body fat loss. We speculated that our previous studies were influenced by the excessive amount of MCT in the diets. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of the simultaneous intake of d-allulose and MCT in rats fed an obesity-inducing high-fat diet with a low amount of MCTs (2%). Thirty-two male Wistar rats (3-week-old) were randomly divided into four groups: control, d-allulose, MCT, and d-allulose + MCT groups. Rats in each group were fed ad libitum on a control (no d-Allulose or MCT), 5% d-allulose, 2% MCT, or 5% d-allulose + 2% MCT diets for 16 weeks. Abdominal adipose tissue weights were significantly lower in the d-allulose diet group than in the control group, whereas no differences were observed between results of the MCT-supplemented groups. The total body fat mass was significantly lower in the d-allulose and MCT diet groups than in the control group, but no differences were observed between the MCT-supplemented groups. These results suggested that anti-obesity effects of dietary d-allulose were observed, and the effects of dietary MCTs were weaker than those of d-allulose. Moreover, we confirmed the interaction between dietary d-allulose and MCT on indicators of obesity. Interestingly, their effects were not synergistic, as MCT supplementation offset the anti-obesity effects of dietary d-allulose. However, the specific mechanisms underlying those effects remain unknown, warranting further investigation.展开更多
Background:The search for alternatives to antibiotics in pig production has increased the interest in natural resources with antimicrobial properties,such as medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)as in-feed additives.This stu...Background:The search for alternatives to antibiotics in pig production has increased the interest in natural resources with antimicrobial properties,such as medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)as in-feed additives.This study evaluated the potential of a novel blend of MCFA salts(DIC)from distilled coconut oil with a lauric acid content to reduce enteropathogens and control intestinal diseases around weaning.Two experimental disease models were implemented in early-weaned piglets,consisting of two oral challenges:Salmonella Typhimurium(1.2×10~8 CFU)or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)F4(1.5×10~9 CFU).The parameters assessed were:animal performance,clinical signs,pathogen excretion,intestinal fermentation,immune-inflammatory response,and intestinal morphology.Results:The Salmonella challenge promoted an acute course of diarrhea,with most of the parameters responding to the challenge,whereas the ETEC F4 challenge promoted a mild clinical course.A consistent antipathogenic effect of DIC was observed in both trials in the hindgut,with reductions in Salmonella spp.plate counts in the cecum(P=0.03)on d 8 post-inoculation(PI)(Salmonella trial),and of enterobacteria and total coliform counts in the ileum and colon(P<0.10)on d 8 PI(ETEC F4 trial).When analyzing the entire colonic microbiota(16 S rRNA gene sequencing),this additive tended(P=0.13)to reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enriched Fibrobacteres after the Salmonella challenge.In the ETEC F4 challenge,DIC prompted structural changes in the ecosystem with increases in Dialister,and a trend(P=0.14)to increase the Veillonellaceae family.Other parameters such as the intestinal fermentation products or serum pro-inflammatory mediators were not modified by DIC supplementation,nor were the histological parameters.Only the intraepithelial lymphocyte(IEL)counts were lowered by DIC in animals challenged with Salmonella(P=0.07).With ETEC F4,the IEL counts were higher with DIC on d 8 PI(P=0.08).Conclusions:This study confirms the potential activity of this MCFA salts mixture to reduce intestinal colonization by opportunistic pathogens such as Salmonella or E.coli and its ability to modulate colonic microbiota.These changes could explain to some extent the local immune cell response at the ileal level.展开更多
Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to s...Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production.Medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions,including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens.In this review,we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens.The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production.The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented,and their effects on a wide range of production issues,such as growth performance,pathogenic infections,and gut health,are covered.The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described,along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies.Finally,we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission.Looking forward,we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.展开更多
Objective To investigate activation of brown adipose tissue （BAT） stimulated by medium-chain triglyceride （MCT）. Methods 30 Male C57BL/6J obese mice induced by fed high fat diet （HFD） were divided into 2 groups,...Objective To investigate activation of brown adipose tissue （BAT） stimulated by medium-chain triglyceride （MCT）. Methods 30 Male C57BL/6J obese mice induced by fed high fat diet （HFD） were divided into 2 groups, and fed another HFD with 2% MCT or long-chain triglyceride （LCT） respectively for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood biochemical variables, interscapular brown fat tissue （IBAT） mass, expressions of mRNA and protein of beta 3-adrenergic receptors （β3-AR）, uncoupling protein-1 （UCP1）, hormone sensitive lipase （HSL）, protein kinase A （PKA）, and adipose triglyceride lipase （ATGL） in IBAT were measured. Results Significant decrease in body weight and body fat mass was observed in MCT group as compared with LCT group （P〈O.05） after 12 weeks. Greater increases in IBAT mass was observed in MCT group than in LCT group （P〈O.05）. Blood TG, TC, LDL-C in MCT group were decreased significantly, meanwhile blood HDL-C, ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C and norepinephrine were increased markedly. Expressions of mRNA and protein of β3-AR, UCP1, PKA, HSL, ATGL in BAT were greater in MCT group than in LCT group （P〈O.05）. Conclusion Our results suggest that MCT stimulated the activation of BAT, possible via norepinephrine pathway, which might partially contribute to reduction of the body fat mass in obese mice fed high fat diet.展开更多
Background:The ongoing African swine fever virus(ASFv)epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority.It has been recent...Background:The ongoing African swine fever virus(ASFv)epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority.It has been recently identified that feed and feed ingredients,along with drinking water,can serve as transmission vehicles and might facilitate transboundary spread of ASFv.Thus,it is important to test the antiviral activity of regulatory compatible,antiviral feed additives that might inhibit ASFv infectivity in feed.One promising group of feed additive candidates includes medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)and monoglyceride derivatives,which are known to disrupt the lipid membrane surrounding certain enveloped viruses and bacteria.Results:The antiviral activities of selected MCFA,namely caprylic,capric,and lauric acids,and a related monoglyceride,glycerol monolaurate(GML),to inhibit ASFv in liquid and feed conditions were investigated and suitable compounds and inclusion rates were identified that might be useful for mitigating ASFv in feed environments.Antiviral assays showed that all tested MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv.GML was more potent than MCFA because it worked at a lower concentration and inhibited ASFv due to direct virucidal activity along with one or more other antiviral mechanisms.Dose-dependent feed experiments further showed that sufficiently high GML doses can significantly reduce ASFv infectivity in feed in a linear manner in periods as short as 30 min,as determined by infectious viral titer measurements.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)experiments revealed that GML treatment also hinders antibody recognition of the membrane-associated ASFv p72 structural protein,which likely relates to protein conformational changes arising from viral membrane disruption.Conclusion:Together,the findings in this study indicate that MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv in liquid conditions and that GML is also able to reduce ASFv infectivity in feed,which may help to curb disease transmission.展开更多
The non-edible camphor tree seed oil was extracted and catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. The oil yield from camphor tree seeds reached 35.2% of seed weight by twice microwave-assisted extractio...The non-edible camphor tree seed oil was extracted and catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. The oil yield from camphor tree seeds reached 35.2% of seed weight by twice microwave-assisted extractions. Gas chromatography showed that free fatty acid content in camphor tree seed oil was 1.88%, and the main fatty acids were capric acid(53.4%) and lauric acid(38.7%). With immobilized lipase Candida sp. 99–125as catalyst, several important factors for reaction conditions were examined through orthogonal experiments.The optimum conditions were obtained: water content and enzyme loading were both 15% with a molar ratio of 1:3.5(oil/ethanol), and the process of alcoholysis was in nine steps at 40 °C for 24 h, with agitation at170 r·min-1. As a result, the medium-chain biodiesel yield was 93.5%. The immobilized lipase was stable when it was used repeatedly for 210 h.展开更多
Peracetic acid(PAA),known for its environmentally friendly properties as a oxidant and bactericide,is gaining prominence in decontamination and disinfection applications.The primary product of PAA oxidation is acetate...Peracetic acid(PAA),known for its environmentally friendly properties as a oxidant and bactericide,is gaining prominence in decontamination and disinfection applications.The primary product of PAA oxidation is acetate that can serve as an electron acceptor(EA)for the biosynthesis of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)via chain elongation(CE)reactions.Hence,PAA-based pretreatment is supposed to be beneficial for MCFAs production from anaerobic sludge fermentation,as it could enhance organic matter availability,suppress competing microorganisms and furnish EA by providing acetate.However,such a hypothesis has rarely been proved.Here we reveal that PAA-based pretreatment leads to significant exfoliation of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)from sludge flocs and disruption of proteinic secondary structures,through inducing highly active free radicals and singlet oxygen.The production of MCFAs increases substantially to 11,265.6 mg COD L^(-1),while the undesired byproducts,specifically long-chain alcohols(LCAs),decrease to 723.5 mg COD L^(-1).Microbial activity tests further demonstrate that PAA pretreatment stimulates the CE process,attributed to the up-regulation of functional genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis pathway.These comprehensive findings provide insights into the effectiveness and mechanisms behind enhanced MCFAs production through PAA-based technology,advancing our understanding of sustainable resource recovery from sewage sludge.展开更多
Background Medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet(MCTKD)is previously less commonly used in China.This study was aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the modified MCTKD in the treatment of drug-resistant epile...Background Medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet(MCTKD)is previously less commonly used in China.This study was aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the modified MCTKD in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in Chinese patients.Methods Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy were enrolled to receive treatment with modified MCTKD in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital during December 2020 and September 2022.The modified MCTKD contained fat that provided 50–70%of the total energy,as well as proteins and carbohydrates that provided 20–30%and 20%of energy,respectively.The fat component was composed of 20–30%medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs)and 30–40%long-chain triglycerides.The efficacy and safety of the diet were assessed at 1,3 and 6 months.Results A total of 123 patients aged 2.5 to 65 years,were included in this study.The response rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 49.6%,43.1%,and 30.9%,respectively.The seizure freedom rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 12.2%,10.6%,and 6.5%,respectively.The retention rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 98.4%,65.0%and 33.3%respectively.Side effects occurred in 21.14%of patients,which were predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain,diarrhea,vomiting,and constipation,and most of them resolved after dietary adjustments.A total of 82 patients(66.7%)discontinued the treatment with the reason of refusing to eat(8.1%),poor efficacy(35.0%),poor compliance(4.9%),and inability to follow-up(9.8%).Only 4 patients(3.3%)withdrew the diet due to side effects.Conclusions The modified MCTKD with MCTs providing 20–30%of energy has a good safety in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy,but its effectiveness needs to be enhanced.Further modifications of MCTKD with an optimal energy ratio are required to achieve a better efficacy and safety.展开更多
BACKGROUND Chylous ascites(CA),which is characterized by lymphatic leakage into the peritoneal cavity,is a rare but significant complication of liver transplantation.Although dietary and pharmacological strategies hav...BACKGROUND Chylous ascites(CA),which is characterized by lymphatic leakage into the peritoneal cavity,is a rare but significant complication of liver transplantation.Although dietary and pharmacological strategies have shown effectiveness in managing CA,standardized treatment protocols have yet to be established.AIMTo evaluate the comparative effectiveness of low-fat diet (LFD) enriched with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs)vs octreotide therapy in managing post-liver transplantation CA.METHODSA comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze the outcomes of dietary interventions and octreotidetherapy. The key parameters examined included resolution rates, treatment duration, and recurrence.RESULTSA comprehensive literature search yielded 13 studies that met the inclusion criteria, comprising 4 retrospectivecohort studies and 8 case studies. The incidence of CA following liver transplantation ranges from 0.6% to 4.7%.The onset varied, with a median time to diagnosis of 10 days after transplantation. A LFD with MCT supplementationwas used as the first-line therapy in 83.3% of the studies, with resolution rates ranging from 62.5% to100%. Octreotide therapy was utilized in 66.7% of the studies, primarily as a second-line therapy, with resolutionrates of 83.3% to 100%. Combination therapy showed a significantly higher resolution rate than did dietarymanagement alone (97.8% vs 78.9%, P = 0.02). The time to resolution was significantly shorter with octreotidecontainingregimens than with dietary management alone (median, 7 days vs 14 days;P = 0.03).CONCLUSIONA stepwise approach to CA management is recommended, initiating dietary interventions and escalating tooctreotide when necessary. Further research through well-designed randomized controlled trials is essential toestablish standardized treatment protocols for optimizing patient outcomes.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites and antioxidant capacity in weanling pigs. A total of 160 weanl...The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites and antioxidant capacity in weanling pigs. A total of 160 weanling(Duroc × Landrace x Yorkshire) pigs(age: 21 ± 1 d; body weight: 7.50 ± 0.28 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, receiving the following diets for 28 d: control diet [containing 3.5%soybean oil(SO)], MCT1 diet(containing 0.7% MCTs and 2.8% SO), MCT2 diet(containing 1.4% MCTs and2.1% SO) and MCT3 diet(containing 2.1% MCTs and 1.4% SO). Dietary inclusion of MCTs improved the average daily gain and feed efficiency(FE) of pigs compared with the control during the first 2 weeks post-weaning(P < 0.05). A similar positive effect was also observed for the overall FE in MCT2 group(P < 0.05). Compared with the control, apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of ether extract was improved by MCT2 and MCT3 treatment from day 12-14 post-weaning(P < 0.05). In addition, MCT2 treatment also exerted a beneficial effect on the ATTD of dry matter(P < 0.05). The increased total protein concentration and decreased urea nitrogen and malondialdehyde levels of plasma were observed in both MCT2 and MCT3 groups on day 14 post-weaning(P < 0.05). In conclusion, MCTs could improve growth performance, nutrients utilization, and antioxidant ability of weanling piglets.展开更多
针对传统中小企业客户数据呈现杂乱无序状态且缺乏标准化的现状,提出一种创新的数据治理技术。该技术整合多源异构数据,该技术汇聚多源异构数据,融合光学字符识别(Optical Character Recognition,OCR)等多种方法,构建标准化的中小企业...针对传统中小企业客户数据呈现杂乱无序状态且缺乏标准化的现状,提出一种创新的数据治理技术。该技术整合多源异构数据,该技术汇聚多源异构数据,融合光学字符识别(Optical Character Recognition,OCR)等多种方法,构建标准化的中小企业基础信息数据湖,从源头提升数据质量。引入“熵减”理念,利用智能算法对数据质量进行量化评估,能够及时定位并解决数据质量问题。同时,搭建时序数据库并构建基于熵减的马尔科夫链模型,以此预测未来数据质量趋势,精准治理潜在问题区域。该技术不仅实现了数据价值的最大化,还显著降低了治理成本,提高了数据治理的效率与准确性,为企业降本增效提供了有力支撑。展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.LH2023E051)Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment(No.HC202241)Young Scientist Studio of Harbin Institute of Technology。
文摘Granular sludges can resist the toxicity inhibition of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and enhance the chain elongation(CE)process.However,the granulation process is time-consuming and requires a suitable facilitating granulation mean.This study proposed two continuous fed Expanded Granular Sludge Bed bioreactors,one with electric field(EF)and one without,to demonstrate the promotion of sludge granulation by EF and the enhancement of MCFAs production efficiency by the anaerobic granular sludge(An GS).Through more than 50 days of operation,the EF was demonstrated to be able to promote the granulation,and the formed An GS enhanced MCFAs yield by 36%.Besides,mechanism analysis indicated that the EF promoted microbial aggregation and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)synthesis,which enabled An GS to form more easily.Besides,An GS formed with EF improved extracellular electron transfer capacity and microbial function activity,which also contributed to the production of more MCFAs.Overall,this study provides a method to facilitate An GS granulation and revealed the underlying mechanisms,and offers important support for the diverse applications of An GS in other bioresources recovery bioprocesses.
文摘d-Allulose, a rare sugar, exerts anti-obesity effects by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and promoting energy expenditure. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) consist of three medium-chain fatty acids connected by glycerol. MCTs have been extensively investigated for their ability to reduce body fat accumulation. We previously investigated the anti-obesity effects of a combination of dietary d-allulose and MCT (5% - 13%) in rats;however, we could not confirm the anti-obesity effects of MCT or observed synergetic effects between d-allulose and MCT on body fat loss. We speculated that our previous studies were influenced by the excessive amount of MCT in the diets. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of the simultaneous intake of d-allulose and MCT in rats fed an obesity-inducing high-fat diet with a low amount of MCTs (2%). Thirty-two male Wistar rats (3-week-old) were randomly divided into four groups: control, d-allulose, MCT, and d-allulose + MCT groups. Rats in each group were fed ad libitum on a control (no d-Allulose or MCT), 5% d-allulose, 2% MCT, or 5% d-allulose + 2% MCT diets for 16 weeks. Abdominal adipose tissue weights were significantly lower in the d-allulose diet group than in the control group, whereas no differences were observed between results of the MCT-supplemented groups. The total body fat mass was significantly lower in the d-allulose and MCT diet groups than in the control group, but no differences were observed between the MCT-supplemented groups. These results suggested that anti-obesity effects of dietary d-allulose were observed, and the effects of dietary MCTs were weaker than those of d-allulose. Moreover, we confirmed the interaction between dietary d-allulose and MCT on indicators of obesity. Interestingly, their effects were not synergistic, as MCT supplementation offset the anti-obesity effects of dietary d-allulose. However, the specific mechanisms underlying those effects remain unknown, warranting further investigation.
基金funded by the“PORCDIGEST”project(IDI-20140262)funded by the CDTI and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad(Spain)support from the pre-doctoral FI grant of the Generalitat de Catalunya(Spain)awarded to Paola López-Colom.
文摘Background:The search for alternatives to antibiotics in pig production has increased the interest in natural resources with antimicrobial properties,such as medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)as in-feed additives.This study evaluated the potential of a novel blend of MCFA salts(DIC)from distilled coconut oil with a lauric acid content to reduce enteropathogens and control intestinal diseases around weaning.Two experimental disease models were implemented in early-weaned piglets,consisting of two oral challenges:Salmonella Typhimurium(1.2×10~8 CFU)or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)F4(1.5×10~9 CFU).The parameters assessed were:animal performance,clinical signs,pathogen excretion,intestinal fermentation,immune-inflammatory response,and intestinal morphology.Results:The Salmonella challenge promoted an acute course of diarrhea,with most of the parameters responding to the challenge,whereas the ETEC F4 challenge promoted a mild clinical course.A consistent antipathogenic effect of DIC was observed in both trials in the hindgut,with reductions in Salmonella spp.plate counts in the cecum(P=0.03)on d 8 post-inoculation(PI)(Salmonella trial),and of enterobacteria and total coliform counts in the ileum and colon(P<0.10)on d 8 PI(ETEC F4 trial).When analyzing the entire colonic microbiota(16 S rRNA gene sequencing),this additive tended(P=0.13)to reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enriched Fibrobacteres after the Salmonella challenge.In the ETEC F4 challenge,DIC prompted structural changes in the ecosystem with increases in Dialister,and a trend(P=0.14)to increase the Veillonellaceae family.Other parameters such as the intestinal fermentation products or serum pro-inflammatory mediators were not modified by DIC supplementation,nor were the histological parameters.Only the intraepithelial lymphocyte(IEL)counts were lowered by DIC in animals challenged with Salmonella(P=0.07).With ETEC F4,the IEL counts were higher with DIC on d 8 PI(P=0.08).Conclusions:This study confirms the potential activity of this MCFA salts mixture to reduce intestinal colonization by opportunistic pathogens such as Salmonella or E.coli and its ability to modulate colonic microbiota.These changes could explain to some extent the local immune cell response at the ileal level.
文摘Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production.Medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions,including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens.In this review,we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens.The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production.The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented,and their effects on a wide range of production issues,such as growth performance,pathogenic infections,and gut health,are covered.The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described,along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies.Finally,we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission.Looking forward,we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81172667 and No.81202203)
文摘Objective To investigate activation of brown adipose tissue （BAT） stimulated by medium-chain triglyceride （MCT）. Methods 30 Male C57BL/6J obese mice induced by fed high fat diet （HFD） were divided into 2 groups, and fed another HFD with 2% MCT or long-chain triglyceride （LCT） respectively for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood biochemical variables, interscapular brown fat tissue （IBAT） mass, expressions of mRNA and protein of beta 3-adrenergic receptors （β3-AR）, uncoupling protein-1 （UCP1）, hormone sensitive lipase （HSL）, protein kinase A （PKA）, and adipose triglyceride lipase （ATGL） in IBAT were measured. Results Significant decrease in body weight and body fat mass was observed in MCT group as compared with LCT group （P〈O.05） after 12 weeks. Greater increases in IBAT mass was observed in MCT group than in LCT group （P〈O.05）. Blood TG, TC, LDL-C in MCT group were decreased significantly, meanwhile blood HDL-C, ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C and norepinephrine were increased markedly. Expressions of mRNA and protein of β3-AR, UCP1, PKA, HSL, ATGL in BAT were greater in MCT group than in LCT group （P〈O.05）. Conclusion Our results suggest that MCT stimulated the activation of BAT, possible via norepinephrine pathway, which might partially contribute to reduction of the body fat mass in obese mice fed high fat diet.
基金Natural Biologics Inc.provided funding to conduct the experiments in this study.J.A.J.acknowledges additional funding support from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2020R1C1C1004385).
文摘Background:The ongoing African swine fever virus(ASFv)epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority.It has been recently identified that feed and feed ingredients,along with drinking water,can serve as transmission vehicles and might facilitate transboundary spread of ASFv.Thus,it is important to test the antiviral activity of regulatory compatible,antiviral feed additives that might inhibit ASFv infectivity in feed.One promising group of feed additive candidates includes medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)and monoglyceride derivatives,which are known to disrupt the lipid membrane surrounding certain enveloped viruses and bacteria.Results:The antiviral activities of selected MCFA,namely caprylic,capric,and lauric acids,and a related monoglyceride,glycerol monolaurate(GML),to inhibit ASFv in liquid and feed conditions were investigated and suitable compounds and inclusion rates were identified that might be useful for mitigating ASFv in feed environments.Antiviral assays showed that all tested MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv.GML was more potent than MCFA because it worked at a lower concentration and inhibited ASFv due to direct virucidal activity along with one or more other antiviral mechanisms.Dose-dependent feed experiments further showed that sufficiently high GML doses can significantly reduce ASFv infectivity in feed in a linear manner in periods as short as 30 min,as determined by infectious viral titer measurements.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)experiments revealed that GML treatment also hinders antibody recognition of the membrane-associated ASFv p72 structural protein,which likely relates to protein conformational changes arising from viral membrane disruption.Conclusion:Together,the findings in this study indicate that MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv in liquid conditions and that GML is also able to reduce ASFv infectivity in feed,which may help to curb disease transmission.
基金Supported by Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the 12th Five-year Plan Period(2011BAD22B04)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 program)(2011CB710800,2011CB200905,2009CB724703)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21076017)the National High-Tech R & D Program of China(863 Program)(2012AA021404,2012AA021402)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(ZY1331)
文摘The non-edible camphor tree seed oil was extracted and catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. The oil yield from camphor tree seeds reached 35.2% of seed weight by twice microwave-assisted extractions. Gas chromatography showed that free fatty acid content in camphor tree seed oil was 1.88%, and the main fatty acids were capric acid(53.4%) and lauric acid(38.7%). With immobilized lipase Candida sp. 99–125as catalyst, several important factors for reaction conditions were examined through orthogonal experiments.The optimum conditions were obtained: water content and enzyme loading were both 15% with a molar ratio of 1:3.5(oil/ethanol), and the process of alcoholysis was in nine steps at 40 °C for 24 h, with agitation at170 r·min-1. As a result, the medium-chain biodiesel yield was 93.5%. The immobilized lipase was stable when it was used repeatedly for 210 h.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through project 52000135The first author is funded by the Shanghai Tongji Gao Tingyao Environmental Science&Technology Development Foundation.
文摘Peracetic acid(PAA),known for its environmentally friendly properties as a oxidant and bactericide,is gaining prominence in decontamination and disinfection applications.The primary product of PAA oxidation is acetate that can serve as an electron acceptor(EA)for the biosynthesis of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)via chain elongation(CE)reactions.Hence,PAA-based pretreatment is supposed to be beneficial for MCFAs production from anaerobic sludge fermentation,as it could enhance organic matter availability,suppress competing microorganisms and furnish EA by providing acetate.However,such a hypothesis has rarely been proved.Here we reveal that PAA-based pretreatment leads to significant exfoliation of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)from sludge flocs and disruption of proteinic secondary structures,through inducing highly active free radicals and singlet oxygen.The production of MCFAs increases substantially to 11,265.6 mg COD L^(-1),while the undesired byproducts,specifically long-chain alcohols(LCAs),decrease to 723.5 mg COD L^(-1).Microbial activity tests further demonstrate that PAA pretreatment stimulates the CE process,attributed to the up-regulation of functional genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis pathway.These comprehensive findings provide insights into the effectiveness and mechanisms behind enhanced MCFAs production through PAA-based technology,advancing our understanding of sustainable resource recovery from sewage sludge.
基金supported by Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project(No.202102080427)China Association against Epilepsy research foundation(No.CJ-2022-018).
文摘Background Medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet(MCTKD)is previously less commonly used in China.This study was aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the modified MCTKD in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in Chinese patients.Methods Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy were enrolled to receive treatment with modified MCTKD in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital during December 2020 and September 2022.The modified MCTKD contained fat that provided 50–70%of the total energy,as well as proteins and carbohydrates that provided 20–30%and 20%of energy,respectively.The fat component was composed of 20–30%medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs)and 30–40%long-chain triglycerides.The efficacy and safety of the diet were assessed at 1,3 and 6 months.Results A total of 123 patients aged 2.5 to 65 years,were included in this study.The response rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 49.6%,43.1%,and 30.9%,respectively.The seizure freedom rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 12.2%,10.6%,and 6.5%,respectively.The retention rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 98.4%,65.0%and 33.3%respectively.Side effects occurred in 21.14%of patients,which were predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain,diarrhea,vomiting,and constipation,and most of them resolved after dietary adjustments.A total of 82 patients(66.7%)discontinued the treatment with the reason of refusing to eat(8.1%),poor efficacy(35.0%),poor compliance(4.9%),and inability to follow-up(9.8%).Only 4 patients(3.3%)withdrew the diet due to side effects.Conclusions The modified MCTKD with MCTs providing 20–30%of energy has a good safety in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy,but its effectiveness needs to be enhanced.Further modifications of MCTKD with an optimal energy ratio are required to achieve a better efficacy and safety.
文摘BACKGROUND Chylous ascites(CA),which is characterized by lymphatic leakage into the peritoneal cavity,is a rare but significant complication of liver transplantation.Although dietary and pharmacological strategies have shown effectiveness in managing CA,standardized treatment protocols have yet to be established.AIMTo evaluate the comparative effectiveness of low-fat diet (LFD) enriched with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs)vs octreotide therapy in managing post-liver transplantation CA.METHODSA comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze the outcomes of dietary interventions and octreotidetherapy. The key parameters examined included resolution rates, treatment duration, and recurrence.RESULTSA comprehensive literature search yielded 13 studies that met the inclusion criteria, comprising 4 retrospectivecohort studies and 8 case studies. The incidence of CA following liver transplantation ranges from 0.6% to 4.7%.The onset varied, with a median time to diagnosis of 10 days after transplantation. A LFD with MCT supplementationwas used as the first-line therapy in 83.3% of the studies, with resolution rates ranging from 62.5% to100%. Octreotide therapy was utilized in 66.7% of the studies, primarily as a second-line therapy, with resolutionrates of 83.3% to 100%. Combination therapy showed a significantly higher resolution rate than did dietarymanagement alone (97.8% vs 78.9%, P = 0.02). The time to resolution was significantly shorter with octreotidecontainingregimens than with dietary management alone (median, 7 days vs 14 days;P = 0.03).CONCLUSIONA stepwise approach to CA management is recommended, initiating dietary interventions and escalating tooctreotide when necessary. Further research through well-designed randomized controlled trials is essential toestablish standardized treatment protocols for optimizing patient outcomes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272454)
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites and antioxidant capacity in weanling pigs. A total of 160 weanling(Duroc × Landrace x Yorkshire) pigs(age: 21 ± 1 d; body weight: 7.50 ± 0.28 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, receiving the following diets for 28 d: control diet [containing 3.5%soybean oil(SO)], MCT1 diet(containing 0.7% MCTs and 2.8% SO), MCT2 diet(containing 1.4% MCTs and2.1% SO) and MCT3 diet(containing 2.1% MCTs and 1.4% SO). Dietary inclusion of MCTs improved the average daily gain and feed efficiency(FE) of pigs compared with the control during the first 2 weeks post-weaning(P < 0.05). A similar positive effect was also observed for the overall FE in MCT2 group(P < 0.05). Compared with the control, apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of ether extract was improved by MCT2 and MCT3 treatment from day 12-14 post-weaning(P < 0.05). In addition, MCT2 treatment also exerted a beneficial effect on the ATTD of dry matter(P < 0.05). The increased total protein concentration and decreased urea nitrogen and malondialdehyde levels of plasma were observed in both MCT2 and MCT3 groups on day 14 post-weaning(P < 0.05). In conclusion, MCTs could improve growth performance, nutrients utilization, and antioxidant ability of weanling piglets.
文摘针对传统中小企业客户数据呈现杂乱无序状态且缺乏标准化的现状,提出一种创新的数据治理技术。该技术整合多源异构数据,该技术汇聚多源异构数据,融合光学字符识别(Optical Character Recognition,OCR)等多种方法,构建标准化的中小企业基础信息数据湖,从源头提升数据质量。引入“熵减”理念,利用智能算法对数据质量进行量化评估,能够及时定位并解决数据质量问题。同时,搭建时序数据库并构建基于熵减的马尔科夫链模型,以此预测未来数据质量趋势,精准治理潜在问题区域。该技术不仅实现了数据价值的最大化,还显著降低了治理成本,提高了数据治理的效率与准确性,为企业降本增效提供了有力支撑。
