The eighteenth-century Vietnamese medical work Treatise on Medical Knowledge by Hai Thuong(Hai Thuong Y Tong Tam Linh海上医宗心领),authored by the eminent physician Le Huu Trac黎有卓,reflects the transmission,applicat...The eighteenth-century Vietnamese medical work Treatise on Medical Knowledge by Hai Thuong(Hai Thuong Y Tong Tam Linh海上医宗心领),authored by the eminent physician Le Huu Trac黎有卓,reflects the transmission,application,and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in Vietnam.It encompasses principles,methods,formulas,medicines,clinical specialties,and clinical medical cases.Its primary textual foundation derives from Feng’s Tips and Secret Records(Fengshi jinnang milu冯氏锦囊秘录)by Feng Zhaozhang冯兆张(late Ming–early Qing),supplemented by Ming-era works such as Zhang Jingyue’s张景岳Jingyue’s Complete Compendium(Jingyue quanshu景岳全书),Li Chan’s李梴The Gateway to Medicine(Yixue rumen医学入门),and Zhao Xianke’s赵献可Thorough Knowledge of Medicine(Yi guan医贯).By synthesizing,enriching,streamlining,and annotating the quintessence of Ming-Qing medical texts,Le Huu Trac established the framework of traditional Vietnamese medicine,innovating upon TCM.Treatise on Medical Knowledge by Hai Thuong emphasizes the concept of“congenital water and fire”(先天水火),attributing the patho-mechanism of critical illnesses to the depletion of true yin and true yang(真阴真阳亏损),while expanding the indications of classical TCM formulas such as the Six-Ingredient Pill(六味丸)and Eight-Ingredient Pill(八味丸)through variations in their constituents,thus attaining the further localization of TCM.It advances the view that“there are no cold damage patterns(伤寒症)in Lingnan,rendering the Ephedra Decoction(麻黄汤)and Cinnamon Twig Decoction(桂枝汤)inapplicable,”as a result devising“three exterior-resolving formulas”(解表三方)and“six interior-harmonizing formulas”(和里六方)tailored to Vietnam’s climate and patient constitutions.The text also incorporates southern medicines(南药)and formulas containing them,using Han-Nom bilingual names to enhance understanding and application by the Vietnamese.Its Yang Case Collection(阳案集)and Yin Case Collection(阴案集),documenting both successful and unsuccessful treatments of severe illnesses,exemplify Vietnamese physicians’local exploration and practice of Chinese medical knowledge,embodying a profound understanding and flexible application of TCM by Vietnamese physicians.展开更多
This article examines the overall characteristics of historical medical exchanges between China and foreign countries,analyzing their contribution to the development of medicines in the world.It presents a summary of ...This article examines the overall characteristics of historical medical exchanges between China and foreign countries,analyzing their contribution to the development of medicines in the world.It presents a summary of historical experiences of the development of medicines through mutual exchanges.It also provides an objective analysis of the effects of the eastward dissemination of Western medicine on traditional Chinese medicine.The history of their exchanges can be used as a mirror for each to learn from the other’s strengths to offset their own weakness,and achieve the coordinated and balanced development of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.Such balanced development would enable the world’s medicinal systems to thrive and protect the health of people worldwide.展开更多
China and Vietnam are geographically connected,and Vietnam has been deeply influenced by Chinese culture.The development of Vietnam’s ancient traditional medicine was profoundly shaped by China.This study aims to ana...China and Vietnam are geographically connected,and Vietnam has been deeply influenced by Chinese culture.The development of Vietnam’s ancient traditional medicine was profoundly shaped by China.This study aims to analyze the exchanges of traditional medicine between China and Vietnam from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties.Using a documentary analysis method,it conducts an extensive review of journals,ancient books and other materials related to Sino-Vietnamese traditional medical interactions.It reveals historical exchanges and interactions between ancient China and Vietnam in areas such as medicinal materials,medical practitioners,and medical books.These interactions enabled Vietnam to form a medical system that is inherently connected to Chinese medicine yet distinct in its own right.By doing so,this research enhances our understanding of the relationship between Chinese and Vietnamese medicine-one of shared origins with divergent developments-and provides a historical foundation for the inheritance and international exchange of traditional medicine today.展开更多
For the history of medical culture in the world,the exchange and transmission of medical knowledge has formed an important part of mutual learning among different cultures,which has also increasingly shown unique acad...For the history of medical culture in the world,the exchange and transmission of medical knowledge has formed an important part of mutual learning among different cultures,which has also increasingly shown unique academic value in the study of knowledge history.Traditional Eastern medicine(such as Chinese medicine,Indian ayurvedic medicine,Persian medicine,Arabic medicine),and other medical systems in the ancient Western world(including Greek medicine and Roman medicine)have left precious literature/texts,cultural relics(for example,pills,preparations,medical instruments),folklore and legends,which truly record the process of learning,transplantation,fusion and succession after the encounter of different medical systems at least for the past two thousand years.展开更多
Dingzhou eye ointment gained significant popularity from the late Qing dynasty to the Republican era.Its legacy persists through three prominent families:Bai Jingyu(白敬宇),Ma Yinglong(马应龙)and Zhang Qizhu(张齐珠).E...Dingzhou eye ointment gained significant popularity from the late Qing dynasty to the Republican era.Its legacy persists through three prominent families:Bai Jingyu(白敬宇),Ma Yinglong(马应龙)and Zhang Qizhu(张齐珠).Each family’s Dingzhou eye ointment is similar,with comparable ingredients,dosages,and usage methods,suggesting a common origin.While many well-established Dingzhou eye ointment brands claim their origins date back to the late Ming dynasty,the origins of its formulation are likely much older.In ancient Chinese medical texts,there were proto-formulations of similar eye ointments recorded during the Jin and Yuan dynasties,with comparable external and standardized eye medicine formulations appearing in the Ming and Qing dynasties.By the late Qing dynasty,Dingzhou eye ointment had become a popular mainstream topical eye treatment in traditional Chinese medicine.From a broader geographically perspective,the composition aligns with that of similar treatments used in Greco-Roman medicine,which combined minerals such as calamine with aromatic ingredients to create eye medicines.The principles behind the composition of Dingzhou eye ointment are in accord with the concept of the four humours in Arabian medicine.It is possible that the Hui ethnic group was responsible for the introduction of Dingzhou eye ointment to China,indicating cultural exchange between Chinese and foreign medicine practices.展开更多
Throughout the long development of the Silk Road,traditional medical techniques from various countries have continued to intersect and integrate,and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has also been transmitted to Eurasi...Throughout the long development of the Silk Road,traditional medical techniques from various countries have continued to intersect and integrate,and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has also been transmitted to Eurasia via the Silk Road.In the process of TCM knowledge dissemination,the tangible pulse diagnosis diagrams(脉诊图)have been collected in works such as Tānksūqnāmah(《伊利汗中国科技珍宝书》Ilkhanate Chinese Science and Technology Treasure Book),Specimen Medicinae Sinicae(《中医指南》A Guide to Traditional Chinese Medicine),and Die Chinesische Medizin(《中华医学》Chinese Medicine),and has become an important carrier and cultural symbol of pulse diagnostics,integrating into Eurasian medicine.The dissemination of TCM pulse diagnosis and the pulse diagnosis diagrams are closely related to Nan Jing(《难经》The Classic of Difficult Issues)and the pulse studies of the Jin dynasty medical scholar,Wang Shuhe(王叔和).The study found that the pulse diagnosis diagrams had distinct characteristics in its transmission to the West in different eras,and they are analyzed from the perspectives of“communicators(translators)”,“translation characteristics”,“cultural background”,“inheritance system”,revealing multiple integrations and transformations of ancient TCM pulse diagnosis diagrams in the East-West exchange and mutual learning.The pulse diagnosis diagrams have gradually become a symbol of TCM diagnostic methods,forming an inseparable link between TCM and pulse diagnosis in the minds of scholars and the public in the East and West.展开更多
Medicine was one of the articles of tribute paid by other countries and kingdoms to the imperial court of the Qing dynasty(1644–1912).The act of paying tributes and the rituals associated with it enhanced communicati...Medicine was one of the articles of tribute paid by other countries and kingdoms to the imperial court of the Qing dynasty(1644–1912).The act of paying tributes and the rituals associated with it enhanced communication and helped establish relationships between ancient China and other nations or territories.The imperial court was generous in return,which attracted many countries to pay tributes.This paper analyzes how medicines as tributes played an important role in consolidating the dominant status of ancient China,and in promoting the exchange of knowledge between Chinese and Western medicine.展开更多
The Silk Road stretched over land and across seas connecting Europe,Africa,and Asia.The trade of medicine along these routes has had profound impacts on the populations and traditions they have come into contact with....The Silk Road stretched over land and across seas connecting Europe,Africa,and Asia.The trade of medicine along these routes has had profound impacts on the populations and traditions they have come into contact with.Chinese Medicine is no exception as it has taken numerous nonnative products and incorporated them into the unique philosophical construct of systematic correspondences that govern its practice.By looking at the four categories of primary source materials and studying the history of medical exchange along the Silk Road,we can determine how and where this information is used in Chinese Medicine.The Materia Medica(ben cao本草)texts are the first source of information for this study that will explore multiple sources to better understand the development of Chinese Medicine in relation to the rest of the world.展开更多
文摘The eighteenth-century Vietnamese medical work Treatise on Medical Knowledge by Hai Thuong(Hai Thuong Y Tong Tam Linh海上医宗心领),authored by the eminent physician Le Huu Trac黎有卓,reflects the transmission,application,and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in Vietnam.It encompasses principles,methods,formulas,medicines,clinical specialties,and clinical medical cases.Its primary textual foundation derives from Feng’s Tips and Secret Records(Fengshi jinnang milu冯氏锦囊秘录)by Feng Zhaozhang冯兆张(late Ming–early Qing),supplemented by Ming-era works such as Zhang Jingyue’s张景岳Jingyue’s Complete Compendium(Jingyue quanshu景岳全书),Li Chan’s李梴The Gateway to Medicine(Yixue rumen医学入门),and Zhao Xianke’s赵献可Thorough Knowledge of Medicine(Yi guan医贯).By synthesizing,enriching,streamlining,and annotating the quintessence of Ming-Qing medical texts,Le Huu Trac established the framework of traditional Vietnamese medicine,innovating upon TCM.Treatise on Medical Knowledge by Hai Thuong emphasizes the concept of“congenital water and fire”(先天水火),attributing the patho-mechanism of critical illnesses to the depletion of true yin and true yang(真阴真阳亏损),while expanding the indications of classical TCM formulas such as the Six-Ingredient Pill(六味丸)and Eight-Ingredient Pill(八味丸)through variations in their constituents,thus attaining the further localization of TCM.It advances the view that“there are no cold damage patterns(伤寒症)in Lingnan,rendering the Ephedra Decoction(麻黄汤)and Cinnamon Twig Decoction(桂枝汤)inapplicable,”as a result devising“three exterior-resolving formulas”(解表三方)and“six interior-harmonizing formulas”(和里六方)tailored to Vietnam’s climate and patient constitutions.The text also incorporates southern medicines(南药)and formulas containing them,using Han-Nom bilingual names to enhance understanding and application by the Vietnamese.Its Yang Case Collection(阳案集)and Yin Case Collection(阴案集),documenting both successful and unsuccessful treatments of severe illnesses,exemplify Vietnamese physicians’local exploration and practice of Chinese medical knowledge,embodying a profound understanding and flexible application of TCM by Vietnamese physicians.
基金financed by the grants from The National Social Science Fund of China(No.20BSS065)Social Science Planning Research Project of Shandong Province(No.20CLYJ68)Cultivation Project of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology History Discipline(No.2021KJSKFKT-A02).
文摘This article examines the overall characteristics of historical medical exchanges between China and foreign countries,analyzing their contribution to the development of medicines in the world.It presents a summary of historical experiences of the development of medicines through mutual exchanges.It also provides an objective analysis of the effects of the eastward dissemination of Western medicine on traditional Chinese medicine.The history of their exchanges can be used as a mirror for each to learn from the other’s strengths to offset their own weakness,and achieve the coordinated and balanced development of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.Such balanced development would enable the world’s medicinal systems to thrive and protect the health of people worldwide.
基金financed by the grant from the General Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education(No.23YJA770013).
文摘China and Vietnam are geographically connected,and Vietnam has been deeply influenced by Chinese culture.The development of Vietnam’s ancient traditional medicine was profoundly shaped by China.This study aims to analyze the exchanges of traditional medicine between China and Vietnam from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties.Using a documentary analysis method,it conducts an extensive review of journals,ancient books and other materials related to Sino-Vietnamese traditional medical interactions.It reveals historical exchanges and interactions between ancient China and Vietnam in areas such as medicinal materials,medical practitioners,and medical books.These interactions enabled Vietnam to form a medical system that is inherently connected to Chinese medicine yet distinct in its own right.By doing so,this research enhances our understanding of the relationship between Chinese and Vietnamese medicine-one of shared origins with divergent developments-and provides a historical foundation for the inheritance and international exchange of traditional medicine today.
文摘For the history of medical culture in the world,the exchange and transmission of medical knowledge has formed an important part of mutual learning among different cultures,which has also increasingly shown unique academic value in the study of knowledge history.Traditional Eastern medicine(such as Chinese medicine,Indian ayurvedic medicine,Persian medicine,Arabic medicine),and other medical systems in the ancient Western world(including Greek medicine and Roman medicine)have left precious literature/texts,cultural relics(for example,pills,preparations,medical instruments),folklore and legends,which truly record the process of learning,transplantation,fusion and succession after the encounter of different medical systems at least for the past two thousand years.
基金financed by the grant from the National Social Science Fund of China(No.22VJXG040).
文摘Dingzhou eye ointment gained significant popularity from the late Qing dynasty to the Republican era.Its legacy persists through three prominent families:Bai Jingyu(白敬宇),Ma Yinglong(马应龙)and Zhang Qizhu(张齐珠).Each family’s Dingzhou eye ointment is similar,with comparable ingredients,dosages,and usage methods,suggesting a common origin.While many well-established Dingzhou eye ointment brands claim their origins date back to the late Ming dynasty,the origins of its formulation are likely much older.In ancient Chinese medical texts,there were proto-formulations of similar eye ointments recorded during the Jin and Yuan dynasties,with comparable external and standardized eye medicine formulations appearing in the Ming and Qing dynasties.By the late Qing dynasty,Dingzhou eye ointment had become a popular mainstream topical eye treatment in traditional Chinese medicine.From a broader geographically perspective,the composition aligns with that of similar treatments used in Greco-Roman medicine,which combined minerals such as calamine with aromatic ingredients to create eye medicines.The principles behind the composition of Dingzhou eye ointment are in accord with the concept of the four humours in Arabian medicine.It is possible that the Hui ethnic group was responsible for the introduction of Dingzhou eye ointment to China,indicating cultural exchange between Chinese and foreign medicine practices.
基金financed by the grants from Beijing Philosophy and Social Science Foundation(No.21DTR047)Key projects of the“Challenge System”of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(No.2024-JYB-JBZD-068).
文摘Throughout the long development of the Silk Road,traditional medical techniques from various countries have continued to intersect and integrate,and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has also been transmitted to Eurasia via the Silk Road.In the process of TCM knowledge dissemination,the tangible pulse diagnosis diagrams(脉诊图)have been collected in works such as Tānksūqnāmah(《伊利汗中国科技珍宝书》Ilkhanate Chinese Science and Technology Treasure Book),Specimen Medicinae Sinicae(《中医指南》A Guide to Traditional Chinese Medicine),and Die Chinesische Medizin(《中华医学》Chinese Medicine),and has become an important carrier and cultural symbol of pulse diagnostics,integrating into Eurasian medicine.The dissemination of TCM pulse diagnosis and the pulse diagnosis diagrams are closely related to Nan Jing(《难经》The Classic of Difficult Issues)and the pulse studies of the Jin dynasty medical scholar,Wang Shuhe(王叔和).The study found that the pulse diagnosis diagrams had distinct characteristics in its transmission to the West in different eras,and they are analyzed from the perspectives of“communicators(translators)”,“translation characteristics”,“cultural background”,“inheritance system”,revealing multiple integrations and transformations of ancient TCM pulse diagnosis diagrams in the East-West exchange and mutual learning.The pulse diagnosis diagrams have gradually become a symbol of TCM diagnostic methods,forming an inseparable link between TCM and pulse diagnosis in the minds of scholars and the public in the East and West.
基金This study wasfinanced by the grant from Beijing Social Science Foundation of China(No.19LSB006).
文摘Medicine was one of the articles of tribute paid by other countries and kingdoms to the imperial court of the Qing dynasty(1644–1912).The act of paying tributes and the rituals associated with it enhanced communication and helped establish relationships between ancient China and other nations or territories.The imperial court was generous in return,which attracted many countries to pay tributes.This paper analyzes how medicines as tributes played an important role in consolidating the dominant status of ancient China,and in promoting the exchange of knowledge between Chinese and Western medicine.
文摘The Silk Road stretched over land and across seas connecting Europe,Africa,and Asia.The trade of medicine along these routes has had profound impacts on the populations and traditions they have come into contact with.Chinese Medicine is no exception as it has taken numerous nonnative products and incorporated them into the unique philosophical construct of systematic correspondences that govern its practice.By looking at the four categories of primary source materials and studying the history of medical exchange along the Silk Road,we can determine how and where this information is used in Chinese Medicine.The Materia Medica(ben cao本草)texts are the first source of information for this study that will explore multiple sources to better understand the development of Chinese Medicine in relation to the rest of the world.
