Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with ...Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with multidirectional structure during UAG is challenging,impeding the progress and improvement of the UAG process.This work examined the impact of ultrasonic vibration on the dynamic mechanical characteristics during processing.Additionally,we experimentally elucidated the material removal mechanism of CMCs during the scratching process under the influence of vertical vibration.The results indicate that the introduction of ultrasonic vibration causes a strain rate effect,resulting in a modification of the material removal mechanism,subsequently impacting the processing quality.Ultrasonic vibration increases the dynamic strength and brittleness of the fibers in CMCs,leading to more cracks at fracture,which changes from the original bending fracture to shear fracture.In addition,ultrasonic vibration can effectively inhibit the impact of scratching depth and anisotropy on the removal mechanism of CMCs,resulting in a more uniform surface of CMCs after processing.展开更多
In this study,thyme essential oil(TEO)nanoemulsion(tPTNs)was constructed with transglutaminase(TGase)-modified potato protein,and its antibacterial activity and mechanism of action were evaluated and explored.Results ...In this study,thyme essential oil(TEO)nanoemulsion(tPTNs)was constructed with transglutaminase(TGase)-modified potato protein,and its antibacterial activity and mechanism of action were evaluated and explored.Results indicated that tPTNs exhibited great antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli,with minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL,respectively.Also,the antibacterial effects of tPTNs were concentration-dependent.We observed a significant decrease in the absolute value of the zeta potential,and significant increases in particle size,cell membrane hydrophobicity,conductivity,the release of metal ions,and the leakage of nucleic acid as the concentration of tPTNs increased from 0 mg/mL to MBC.Furthermore,sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)demonstrated that protein synthesis was inhibited or even disrupted.Analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)indicated that treatment with tPTNs caused significant changes in bacterial metabolites,1117 and 692 differential metabolites being found for S.aureus and E.coli,respectively.The differential metabolites were involved in nucleotide metabolism,amino acid metabolism,tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.These findings provide valuable insights for the application of thyme essential oil as an efficient antibacterial agent and for the understanding of its mechanism of action.展开更多
Silicon carbide fibers are considered ideal reinforcing materials for ceramic matrix composites due to their excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature performance.Different types of fibers necessitate indiv...Silicon carbide fibers are considered ideal reinforcing materials for ceramic matrix composites due to their excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature performance.Different types of fibers necessitate individual investigation due to variations in their composition and fabrication processes.This study presents a comprehensive investigation into evolution of the mechanical properties,surface microstructure,and composition of Shicolon-Ⅱ fibers subjected to argon heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 1300℃to 1700℃.The Shicolon-Ⅱ fibers are composed of small-sized β-SiC grains,SiC_(x)O_(y) amorphous phase,and a minor amount of graphite microcrystals.Following treatment in an argon atmosphere at 1300℃,the fibers maintain a monofilament tensile strength of 3.620 GPa,corresponding to a retention of 98.32%.This strength diminishes to 2.875 GPa,equating to a retention of 78.08%,after treatment at 1500℃.The reduction in mechanical properties of the fibers can be ascribed to the decomposition of the amorphous phase and the growth of β-SiC grains.Furthermore,creep resistance is an essential factor influencing the long-term performance of composite materials.After treatment at temperatures above 1400℃,the high-temperature creep resistance of the fibers is significantly enhanced due to growth of β-SiC grains.This study offers valuable theoretical insights into high-temperature applications of second-generation fibers,contributing to an enhanced understanding of their performance under extreme conditions.展开更多
The multi-principal element characteristic of high-entropy alloys has revolutionized the conventional alloy design concept of single-principal element,endowing them with excellent mechanical properties.However,owing t...The multi-principal element characteristic of high-entropy alloys has revolutionized the conventional alloy design concept of single-principal element,endowing them with excellent mechanical properties.However,owing to this multi-principal element nature,high-entropy alloys exhibit complex deformation behavior dominated by alternating and coupled deformation mechanisms.Therefore,elucidating these intricate deformation mechanisms remains a key challenge in current research.Neutron diffraction(ND)techniques offer distinct advantages over traditional microscopic methods for characterizing such complex deformation behavior.The strong penetration capability of neutrons enables in-situ,real-time,and non-destructive detection of structural evolution in most centimeter-level bulk samples under complex environments,and ND allows precise characterization of lattice site occupations for light elements,such as C and O,and neighboring elements.This review discussed the principles of ND,experiment procedures,and data analysis.Combining with recent advances in the research about face-centered cubic high-entropy alloy,typical examples of using ND to investigate the deformation behavior were summarized,ultimately revealing deformation mechanisms dominated by dislocations,stacking faults,twinning,and phase transformations.展开更多
Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have emerged as a promising class of scientific machine learning techniques that integrate governing physical laws into neural network training.Their ability to enforce different...Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have emerged as a promising class of scientific machine learning techniques that integrate governing physical laws into neural network training.Their ability to enforce differential equations,constitutive relations,and boundary conditions within the loss function provides a physically grounded alternative to traditional data-driven models,particularly for solid and structural mechanics,where data are often limited or noisy.This review offers a comprehensive assessment of recent developments in PINNs,combining bibliometric analysis,theoretical foundations,application-oriented insights,and methodological innovations.A biblio-metric survey indicates a rapid increase in publications on PINNs since 2018,with prominent research clusters focused on numerical methods,structural analysis,and forecasting.Building upon this trend,the review consolidates advance-ments across five principal application domains,including forward structural analysis,inverse modeling and parameter identification,structural and topology optimization,assessment of structural integrity,and manufacturing processes.These applications are propelled by substantial methodological advancements,encompassing rigorous enforcement of boundary conditions,modified loss functions,adaptive training,domain decomposition strategies,multi-fidelity and transfer learning approaches,as well as hybrid finite element–PINN integration.These advances address recurring challenges in solid mechanics,such as high-order governing equations,material heterogeneity,complex geometries,localized phenomena,and limited experimental data.Despite remaining challenges in computational cost,scalability,and experimental validation,PINNs are increasingly evolving into specialized,physics-aware tools for practical solid and structural mechanics applications.展开更多
The rapid advancement of wearable electronic devices has paved the way for a more intelligent and interconnected world.However,ensuring the sustainable energy supply for these devices remains a critical challenge,part...The rapid advancement of wearable electronic devices has paved the way for a more intelligent and interconnected world.However,ensuring the sustainable energy supply for these devices remains a critical challenge,particularly for specialized populations and professionals in demanding environments,where a lack of power can pose life-threatening risks.Herein,we propose a mechanically intelligent biomechanical energy harvesting approach that adapts to complex human motion excitations,thereby improving the energy harvesting performance.Leveraging a mechanical intelligence mechanism,the energy harvester aligns with human physiological habits,selectively activating or deactivating as needed.The system can also adapt to excitations of varying directions,amplitudes,and frequencies.Furthermore,the string tension helps reduce the impact forces on the knee joint during foot strikes.A theoretical model for the biomechanical energy harvesting system is developed to describe its dynamic and electrical characteristics,and a prototype is fabricated and tested under diverse conditions.The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation trends,validating the effectiveness of the theoretical model.A test subject running at 8 km/h for 90 seconds can successfully power a smartphone for 20 seconds,demonstrating the viability of self-powered applications.This mechanically intelligent biomechanical energy harvesting method holds a promising solution for the sustainable power supply for wearable electronic devices.展开更多
The insufficient absolute strength of Mg-Li alloys severely restricts their aerospace applications.To address this limitation,a dual-phase Mg-Li alloy with enhanced strength was fabricated through rapid solidification...The insufficient absolute strength of Mg-Li alloys severely restricts their aerospace applications.To address this limitation,a dual-phase Mg-Li alloy with enhanced strength was fabricated through rapid solidification combined with hot-press sintering and extrusion.The optimized alloy exhibited yield and ultimate tensile strengths of 283 MPa and 306 MPa under quasi-static loading,respectively,while retaining a uniform elongation of 6%.Multiscale microstructural characterization via XRD,SEM-EBSD,and TEM revealed that rapid solidification induced remarkable grain refinement and precipitate redistribution.Subsequent thermomechanical processing achieved full dynamic recrystallization with refined grains.Crucially,the rapid solidification kinetics notably altered Al partitioning,favoring solid solution in magnesium phase over precipitation in lithium phase.These microstructural modifications activate synergistic strengthening mechanisms:1)Hall-Petch hardening from grain refinement,2)dispersion strengthening via nano-precipitates,3)dislocation strengthening from substructures,and 4)solid solution effects from Al supersaturation.This work establishes a microstructure design paradigm for high-performance Mg-Li alloys through coupled rapid solidification and thermomechanical processing.展开更多
Utilization of ceramic wastes to fabricate concrete can not only effectively dispose the wastes,but also reduce the energy and source consumptions.Therefore,we fabricated a green ultra high performance concrete using ...Utilization of ceramic wastes to fabricate concrete can not only effectively dispose the wastes,but also reduce the energy and source consumptions.Therefore,we fabricated a green ultra high performance concrete using ceramic waste powder(CWP)to replace 55%of cement,and ceramic waste aggregate(CWA)to replace 100%natural quartz sand.However,high content of ceramic wastes will harm the concrete performance including workability and mechanical properties.Therefore,a low-cost and low carbon nano-calcium carbonate(NC)was introduced to compensate for the defects caused by large amounts of CWP and CWA to workability and mechanical behavior.The experimental results show that the workability of ultra high performance concrete with large amounts of CWP and CWA(UHPCLCC)increases by 28.57%with NC content of 5%.Moreover,the flexural strengths,fracture energy,compressive strengths,and compressive toughness of UHPCLCC increase up to 29.6%,56.5%,20.4%,and 37.6%,respectively,which is caused by the nano-core effect of NC.展开更多
The novel process of hydrogen-based shaft furnaces(HSFs)has attracted considerable attention because of their significant reduction of CO_(2)emissions.In this study,the interaction of H_(2)and CO with Fe_(tet1)-and Fe...The novel process of hydrogen-based shaft furnaces(HSFs)has attracted considerable attention because of their significant reduction of CO_(2)emissions.In this study,the interaction of H_(2)and CO with Fe_(tet1)-and Fe_(oct2)-terminated Fe_(3)O_(4)(111)surfaces under HSF conditions,including their adsorption and reduction behaviors,was investigated using the density functional theory method.The results indicated that the H_(2)molecule adsorbed onto the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface with an adsorption energy(AE)of-1.36 eV,whereas the CO molecule preferentially adsorbed on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface with an AE of-1.56 eV.Both H_(2)and CO can readily undergo reduction on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface(corresponding to energy barriers of 0.83 eV and 2.23 eV,respectively),but kinetically the reaction of H2is more favorable than that of CO.With regard to the thermodynamics at 400-1400 K,the H_(2)was easy to be adsorbed,while the CO would like to react on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface.These thermodynamically tendencies were reversed on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface.The thermodynamic disadvantage of the reaction of H_(2)on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface was offset by an increase in the temperature.Furthermore,the adsorption of H2 and CO on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface was competitive,whereas the adsorption of them on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface was synergistic.Therefore,iron ores with a higher proportion of Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface can be applied for the HSF process.In conjunction with the increases in the reduction temperature and the ratio of H_(2)in the reducing gas would promote efficient HSF smelting.These observations provide effective guidance for optimizing the practical operation parameters and advancing the development of the HSF process.展开更多
Against the backdrop of escalating global climate change and energy crises,the resource utilization of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has become a crucial pathway for achieving carbon peaking and carbon...Against the backdrop of escalating global climate change and energy crises,the resource utilization of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has become a crucial pathway for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The hydrogenation of CO_(2)to methanol not only enables carbon sequestration and recycling,but also provides a route to produce high value-added fuels and basic chemical feedstocks,holding significant environmental and economic potential.However,this conversion process is thermodynamically and kinetically limited,and traditional catalyst systems(e.g.,Cu/ZnO/Al_(2)O_(3))exhibit inadequate activity,selectivity,and stability under mild conditions.Therefore,the development of novel high-performance catalysts with precisely tunable structures and functionalities is imperative.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),as crystalline porous materials with high surface area,tunable pore structures,and diverse metal-ligand compositions,have the great potential in CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysis.Their structural design flexibility allows for the construction of well-dispersed active sites,tailored electronic environments,and enhanced metal-support interactions.This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in MOF-based and MOF-derived catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol,focusing on four design strategies:(1)spatial confinement and in situ construction,(2)defect engineering and ion-exchange,(3)bimetallic synergy and hybrid structure design,and(4)MOF-derived nanomaterial synthesis.These approaches significantly improve CO_(2)conversion and methanol selectivity by optimizing metal dispersion,interfacial structures,and reaction pathways.The reaction mechanism is further explored by focusing on the three main reaction pathways:the formate pathway(HCOO*),the RWGS(Reverse Water Gas Shift reaction)+CO*hydrogenation pathway,and the trans-COOH pathway.In situ spectroscopic studies and density functional theory(DFT)calculations elucidate the formation and transformation of key intermediates,as well as the roles of active sites,metal-support interfaces,oxygen vacancies,and promoters.Additionally,representative catalytic performance data for MOFbased systems are compiled and compared,demonstrating their advantages over traditional catalysts in terms of CO_(2)conversion,methanol selectivity,and space-time yield.Future perspectives for MOF-based CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysts will prioritize two main directions:structural design and mechanistic understanding.The precise construction of active sites through multi-metallic synergy,defect engineering,and interfacial electronic modulation should be made to enhance catalyst selectivity and stability.In addition,advanced in situ characterization techniques combined with theoretical modeling are essential to unravel the detailed reaction mechanisms and intermediate behaviors,thereby guiding rational catalyst design.Moreover,to enable industrial application,challenges related to thermal/hydrothermal stability,catalyst recyclability,and cost-effective large-scale synthesis must be addressed.The development of green,scalable preparation methods and the integration of MOF catalysts into practical reaction systems(e.g.,flow reactors)will be crucial for bridging the gap between laboratory research and commercial deployment.Ultimately,multi-scale structure-performance optimization and catalytic system integration will be vital for accelerating the industrialization of MOF-based CO_(2)-to-methanol technologies.展开更多
Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
Curcuma is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been utilized for centuries in the treatment of various diseases. Terpenoids, particularly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, constitute the primary bioactive component...Curcuma is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been utilized for centuries in the treatment of various diseases. Terpenoids, particularly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, constitute the primary bioactive components of the essential oil derived from Curcuma species.Among these, curdione—one of the key active constituents—has been identified in 25 Curcuma species, with the highest concentration reported in the rhizome essential oil of Curcuma trichosantha Gagnep. Curdione can also be synthesized through chemical methods,and its regio-and stereo-selectivity can be further optimized via chemo-bio transformations.This compound demonstrates significant therapeutic potential, including anticancer, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, and multi-organ protective properties. Despite these promising biological activities, its clinical application is hindered by poor water solubility and potential toxicity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the natural sources, chemical synthesis, chemo-bio transformations, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential toxicities, and molecular mechanisms of curdione. Furthermore, perspectives on future drug development are discussed with the aim of promoting the clinical translation of this promising natural compound.展开更多
Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector,beyond their significant ornamental value.These plants also possess biological and ecological importance,co...Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector,beyond their significant ornamental value.These plants also possess biological and ecological importance,contributing to reproduction,defense against natural enemies,and adaptation to environmental changes.Thus,a deeper understanding of their leaf coloration will be essential for both practical applications and theoretical understanding.The present study comprehensively reviews the factors influencing anthocyanin metabolism,including biosynthesis,transport,degradation,transcription factors(TF_(S)),post-transcriptional regulation,post translation regulation.Next,we summarize the application of omics technologies in unveiling the mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in leaves.Furthermore,we review the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors regulate leaf coloration by inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis.Lastly,the study addresses unresolved issues in the research of plant leaf coloration and proposes future research directions in this field.This study is anticipated to provide a valuable reference for the study of plant leaf coloration.展开更多
In the casting process of 1060 industrial pure aluminum,the inclusions in the aluminum melt significantly affect the product quality.In this study,the influence of refining temperature and the composition of salt flux...In the casting process of 1060 industrial pure aluminum,the inclusions in the aluminum melt significantly affect the product quality.In this study,the influence of refining temperature and the composition of salt fluxes on the purification effect and mechanical properties of aluminum melt was investigated.The results indicate that lower refining temperatures and modified salt fluxes can effectively enhance the cleanliness of the aluminum melt.As the refining temperature increases,the large inclusions gradually increase.The addition of16wt.%Na_(3)AlF_(6) can dissolve and break up Al_2O_(3) inclusions,facilitating the separation of the aluminum melt and aluminum slag.The addition of 16wt.%Na3AlF6 and 2wt.%CaCO_(3) to the basic salt fluxes enables gas refinement,thereby further improving the cleanliness of the aluminum melt.Under the refining condition of 37wt.%NaCl-47wt.%KCl--16wt.%Na3AIF3-2wt.%CaCO_(3) at 740℃,better cleanliness and mechanical properties were obtained.The cleanliness and yield strength are approximately 99.99928%and 71.46 MPa,respectively.This work can offer valuable reference and theoretical insights for future research.展开更多
As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the common...As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the commonalities between international law and international standardization,this paper explores the mechanism through which international law centered on treaties empowers international standardization.展开更多
Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune ...Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune system,regulate the mucosal barrier function,and play an immune role by influencing the activity of intrinsic immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells and natural killer cells,as well as their differentiation and maturation;in terms of specific immune regulation,probiotics play a role in regulating the immunoglobulin level and the maturation of B cells.Probiotics can also regulate T-cell differentiation according to the condition of the body,thus regulating specific immunity.Many studies have focused on the role of probiotics in metabolism and nutrition,and the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory role of probiotics have only been partially described.This review summarises the role of common probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in immunomodulation as well as their mechanisms,describing the currently known mechanisms of immunomodulation by probiotics in improving the host immune system.A deeper understanding of probiotics and their specific mechanisms of action will facilitate the use of probiotics for immunomodulation in clinical medicine,functional foods,and other areas.This will also contribute to the development and research of engineered probiotics,next-generation probiotics,and other new functional probiotics with immunomodulatory effects.展开更多
The functional properties of glasses are governed by their formation history and the complex relaxation processes they undergo.However,under extreme conditions,glass behaviors are still elusive.In this study,we employ...The functional properties of glasses are governed by their formation history and the complex relaxation processes they undergo.However,under extreme conditions,glass behaviors are still elusive.In this study,we employ simulations with varied protocols to evaluate the effectiveness of different descriptors in predicting mechanical properties across both low-and high-pressure regimes.Our findings demonstrate that conventional structural and configurational descriptors fail to correlate with the mechanical response following pressure release,whereas the activation energy descriptor exhibits robust linearity with shear modulus after correcting for pressure effects.Notably,the soft mode parameter emerges as an ideal and computationally efficient alternative for capturing this mechanical behavior.These findings provide critical insights into the influence of pressure on glassy properties,integrating the distinct features of compressed glasses into a unified theoretical framework.展开更多
A parametric study was performed to explore the effect of runner thickness,filtration,and hydrogen content on the mechanical properties and defect formation in Al-7%Si-0.3%Mg(2L99)sand castings.A two-level full factor...A parametric study was performed to explore the effect of runner thickness,filtration,and hydrogen content on the mechanical properties and defect formation in Al-7%Si-0.3%Mg(2L99)sand castings.A two-level full factorial design of experiments was used to statistically evaluate these parameters and the tensile properties were characterized via Weibull distribution analysis.The findings reveal that decreasing the runner thickness from25 mm to 10 mm and using 10 PPI ceramic filters improve mechanical properties by minimizing double oxide film entrainment as confirmed by electron microscopy examination.In addition,lowering hydrogen concentrations within the Al alloy from 0.24 cm^(3)/100 g Al to 0.12 cm^(3)/100 g Al is also shown to enhance casting integrity by suppressing bifilm inflation and subsequent pore formation.ANOVA results indicate that the hydrogen content is the most important factor,contributing 53%to the variability in mechanical properties,followed by filtration(25%)and runner thickness(17%).The optimized casting conditions including thin runners(10 mm thick),melt filtration,and a low hydrogen level(0.12 cm^(3)/100 g Al),result in an approximately 474%increase in the shape factor and a 107%increase in the characteristic life of UTS,as well as an approximately 413%increase in the shape factor and a 149%increase in characteristic life of elongation.The outcomes suggest that controlled filling systems and melt treatment are critical for producing consistent,high integrity aluminum castings in industrial applications.展开更多
To evaluate their performance,we constructed organic solar cells using PTB7/Y6 and PTB7-b-PNDI active layers,which were deposited on PET substrates coated with PEDOT:PSS.The ternary solar cells demonstrated an excelle...To evaluate their performance,we constructed organic solar cells using PTB7/Y6 and PTB7-b-PNDI active layers,which were deposited on PET substrates coated with PEDOT:PSS.The ternary solar cells demonstrated an excellent power conversion efficiency after being stretched by 38%.The stretchable organic solar cells were spin-coated on the flexible substrate.The electrodes were formed via liquid metal dropcoating.Solar cell devices based on PET/PH1000/PEDOT:PSS and PTB7:Y6:5% BCP active layer materials show better stretchability than the normal solar cells.The PTB7:Y6:5% BCP-based stretchable organic solar cell achieves a high PCE of 12.3%,and a PCE of 7.8% after stretching.Incorporating block copolymer additives improves the mechanical properties of organic solar cells,thereby enabling superior stretchability.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.52325506)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.DUT22LAB501)。
文摘Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with multidirectional structure during UAG is challenging,impeding the progress and improvement of the UAG process.This work examined the impact of ultrasonic vibration on the dynamic mechanical characteristics during processing.Additionally,we experimentally elucidated the material removal mechanism of CMCs during the scratching process under the influence of vertical vibration.The results indicate that the introduction of ultrasonic vibration causes a strain rate effect,resulting in a modification of the material removal mechanism,subsequently impacting the processing quality.Ultrasonic vibration increases the dynamic strength and brittleness of the fibers in CMCs,leading to more cracks at fracture,which changes from the original bending fracture to shear fracture.In addition,ultrasonic vibration can effectively inhibit the impact of scratching depth and anisotropy on the removal mechanism of CMCs,resulting in a more uniform surface of CMCs after processing.
文摘In this study,thyme essential oil(TEO)nanoemulsion(tPTNs)was constructed with transglutaminase(TGase)-modified potato protein,and its antibacterial activity and mechanism of action were evaluated and explored.Results indicated that tPTNs exhibited great antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli,with minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL,respectively.Also,the antibacterial effects of tPTNs were concentration-dependent.We observed a significant decrease in the absolute value of the zeta potential,and significant increases in particle size,cell membrane hydrophobicity,conductivity,the release of metal ions,and the leakage of nucleic acid as the concentration of tPTNs increased from 0 mg/mL to MBC.Furthermore,sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)demonstrated that protein synthesis was inhibited or even disrupted.Analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)indicated that treatment with tPTNs caused significant changes in bacterial metabolites,1117 and 692 differential metabolites being found for S.aureus and E.coli,respectively.The differential metabolites were involved in nucleotide metabolism,amino acid metabolism,tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.These findings provide valuable insights for the application of thyme essential oil as an efficient antibacterial agent and for the understanding of its mechanism of action.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172108)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3707700)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC0144005)。
文摘Silicon carbide fibers are considered ideal reinforcing materials for ceramic matrix composites due to their excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature performance.Different types of fibers necessitate individual investigation due to variations in their composition and fabrication processes.This study presents a comprehensive investigation into evolution of the mechanical properties,surface microstructure,and composition of Shicolon-Ⅱ fibers subjected to argon heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 1300℃to 1700℃.The Shicolon-Ⅱ fibers are composed of small-sized β-SiC grains,SiC_(x)O_(y) amorphous phase,and a minor amount of graphite microcrystals.Following treatment in an argon atmosphere at 1300℃,the fibers maintain a monofilament tensile strength of 3.620 GPa,corresponding to a retention of 98.32%.This strength diminishes to 2.875 GPa,equating to a retention of 78.08%,after treatment at 1500℃.The reduction in mechanical properties of the fibers can be ascribed to the decomposition of the amorphous phase and the growth of β-SiC grains.Furthermore,creep resistance is an essential factor influencing the long-term performance of composite materials.After treatment at temperatures above 1400℃,the high-temperature creep resistance of the fibers is significantly enhanced due to growth of β-SiC grains.This study offers valuable theoretical insights into high-temperature applications of second-generation fibers,contributing to an enhanced understanding of their performance under extreme conditions.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB3711904,2022YFA1603801)National Natural Science Foundation of China(12404230,52471181,52301213,52130108,52471005)+2 种基金National Nature Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY23E010002)Open Fund of the China Spallation Neutron Source,Songshan Lake Science City(KFKT2023B11)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515110805,2024A1515010878)。
文摘The multi-principal element characteristic of high-entropy alloys has revolutionized the conventional alloy design concept of single-principal element,endowing them with excellent mechanical properties.However,owing to this multi-principal element nature,high-entropy alloys exhibit complex deformation behavior dominated by alternating and coupled deformation mechanisms.Therefore,elucidating these intricate deformation mechanisms remains a key challenge in current research.Neutron diffraction(ND)techniques offer distinct advantages over traditional microscopic methods for characterizing such complex deformation behavior.The strong penetration capability of neutrons enables in-situ,real-time,and non-destructive detection of structural evolution in most centimeter-level bulk samples under complex environments,and ND allows precise characterization of lattice site occupations for light elements,such as C and O,and neighboring elements.This review discussed the principles of ND,experiment procedures,and data analysis.Combining with recent advances in the research about face-centered cubic high-entropy alloy,typical examples of using ND to investigate the deformation behavior were summarized,ultimately revealing deformation mechanisms dominated by dislocations,stacking faults,twinning,and phase transformations.
基金funded by National Research Council of Thailand(contract No.N42A671047).
文摘Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have emerged as a promising class of scientific machine learning techniques that integrate governing physical laws into neural network training.Their ability to enforce differential equations,constitutive relations,and boundary conditions within the loss function provides a physically grounded alternative to traditional data-driven models,particularly for solid and structural mechanics,where data are often limited or noisy.This review offers a comprehensive assessment of recent developments in PINNs,combining bibliometric analysis,theoretical foundations,application-oriented insights,and methodological innovations.A biblio-metric survey indicates a rapid increase in publications on PINNs since 2018,with prominent research clusters focused on numerical methods,structural analysis,and forecasting.Building upon this trend,the review consolidates advance-ments across five principal application domains,including forward structural analysis,inverse modeling and parameter identification,structural and topology optimization,assessment of structural integrity,and manufacturing processes.These applications are propelled by substantial methodological advancements,encompassing rigorous enforcement of boundary conditions,modified loss functions,adaptive training,domain decomposition strategies,multi-fidelity and transfer learning approaches,as well as hybrid finite element–PINN integration.These advances address recurring challenges in solid mechanics,such as high-order governing equations,material heterogeneity,complex geometries,localized phenomena,and limited experimental data.Despite remaining challenges in computational cost,scalability,and experimental validation,PINNs are increasingly evolving into specialized,physics-aware tools for practical solid and structural mechanics applications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12202262,12172127,12032015,and 12121002)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by the China Association for Science and Technology(No.2023QNRC001)the Hunan Province Science and Technology Innovation Program of China(Nos.2025JJ20012 and 2025RC4022)。
文摘The rapid advancement of wearable electronic devices has paved the way for a more intelligent and interconnected world.However,ensuring the sustainable energy supply for these devices remains a critical challenge,particularly for specialized populations and professionals in demanding environments,where a lack of power can pose life-threatening risks.Herein,we propose a mechanically intelligent biomechanical energy harvesting approach that adapts to complex human motion excitations,thereby improving the energy harvesting performance.Leveraging a mechanical intelligence mechanism,the energy harvester aligns with human physiological habits,selectively activating or deactivating as needed.The system can also adapt to excitations of varying directions,amplitudes,and frequencies.Furthermore,the string tension helps reduce the impact forces on the knee joint during foot strikes.A theoretical model for the biomechanical energy harvesting system is developed to describe its dynamic and electrical characteristics,and a prototype is fabricated and tested under diverse conditions.The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation trends,validating the effectiveness of the theoretical model.A test subject running at 8 km/h for 90 seconds can successfully power a smartphone for 20 seconds,demonstrating the viability of self-powered applications.This mechanically intelligent biomechanical energy harvesting method holds a promising solution for the sustainable power supply for wearable electronic devices.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62204197)the Key R&D and Transformation Plan of Science and Technology Department of Qinghai Province(Grant No.2022-GX-156)Xi'an Association for Science and Technology(Grant No.959202313058).
文摘The insufficient absolute strength of Mg-Li alloys severely restricts their aerospace applications.To address this limitation,a dual-phase Mg-Li alloy with enhanced strength was fabricated through rapid solidification combined with hot-press sintering and extrusion.The optimized alloy exhibited yield and ultimate tensile strengths of 283 MPa and 306 MPa under quasi-static loading,respectively,while retaining a uniform elongation of 6%.Multiscale microstructural characterization via XRD,SEM-EBSD,and TEM revealed that rapid solidification induced remarkable grain refinement and precipitate redistribution.Subsequent thermomechanical processing achieved full dynamic recrystallization with refined grains.Crucially,the rapid solidification kinetics notably altered Al partitioning,favoring solid solution in magnesium phase over precipitation in lithium phase.These microstructural modifications activate synergistic strengthening mechanisms:1)Hall-Petch hardening from grain refinement,2)dispersion strengthening via nano-precipitates,3)dislocation strengthening from substructures,and 4)solid solution effects from Al supersaturation.This work establishes a microstructure design paradigm for high-performance Mg-Li alloys through coupled rapid solidification and thermomechanical processing.
基金Funded by the National Science Foundation of China(No.52368031)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M713497)+1 种基金the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20252BAC250115)the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Transportation Science and Technology Project(No.2022H0017)。
文摘Utilization of ceramic wastes to fabricate concrete can not only effectively dispose the wastes,but also reduce the energy and source consumptions.Therefore,we fabricated a green ultra high performance concrete using ceramic waste powder(CWP)to replace 55%of cement,and ceramic waste aggregate(CWA)to replace 100%natural quartz sand.However,high content of ceramic wastes will harm the concrete performance including workability and mechanical properties.Therefore,a low-cost and low carbon nano-calcium carbonate(NC)was introduced to compensate for the defects caused by large amounts of CWP and CWA to workability and mechanical behavior.The experimental results show that the workability of ultra high performance concrete with large amounts of CWP and CWA(UHPCLCC)increases by 28.57%with NC content of 5%.Moreover,the flexural strengths,fracture energy,compressive strengths,and compressive toughness of UHPCLCC increase up to 29.6%,56.5%,20.4%,and 37.6%,respectively,which is caused by the nano-core effect of NC.
基金financially supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U23A20608)the Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Program(Key Research and Development Program Project),China(No.2023JH2/101800058)+3 种基金the Science&Technology Plan Project of Hebei Province,China(No.23314601L)the Project of Hydrogen-Based Shaft Furnace Reduction-Electric Furnace Melting And Separation Technology Research and Application for High-Titanium Magnetite Iron Ore(No.HG2023239)the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274253)the Special Project for Major Scientific and Technological Achievements Transformation in Hebei Province,China(No.23284101Z)。
文摘The novel process of hydrogen-based shaft furnaces(HSFs)has attracted considerable attention because of their significant reduction of CO_(2)emissions.In this study,the interaction of H_(2)and CO with Fe_(tet1)-and Fe_(oct2)-terminated Fe_(3)O_(4)(111)surfaces under HSF conditions,including their adsorption and reduction behaviors,was investigated using the density functional theory method.The results indicated that the H_(2)molecule adsorbed onto the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface with an adsorption energy(AE)of-1.36 eV,whereas the CO molecule preferentially adsorbed on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface with an AE of-1.56 eV.Both H_(2)and CO can readily undergo reduction on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface(corresponding to energy barriers of 0.83 eV and 2.23 eV,respectively),but kinetically the reaction of H2is more favorable than that of CO.With regard to the thermodynamics at 400-1400 K,the H_(2)was easy to be adsorbed,while the CO would like to react on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface.These thermodynamically tendencies were reversed on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface.The thermodynamic disadvantage of the reaction of H_(2)on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface was offset by an increase in the temperature.Furthermore,the adsorption of H2 and CO on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface was competitive,whereas the adsorption of them on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface was synergistic.Therefore,iron ores with a higher proportion of Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface can be applied for the HSF process.In conjunction with the increases in the reduction temperature and the ratio of H_(2)in the reducing gas would promote efficient HSF smelting.These observations provide effective guidance for optimizing the practical operation parameters and advancing the development of the HSF process.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4104500,2023YFB4104502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22138013)the Taishan Scholar Project(ts201712020).
文摘Against the backdrop of escalating global climate change and energy crises,the resource utilization of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has become a crucial pathway for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The hydrogenation of CO_(2)to methanol not only enables carbon sequestration and recycling,but also provides a route to produce high value-added fuels and basic chemical feedstocks,holding significant environmental and economic potential.However,this conversion process is thermodynamically and kinetically limited,and traditional catalyst systems(e.g.,Cu/ZnO/Al_(2)O_(3))exhibit inadequate activity,selectivity,and stability under mild conditions.Therefore,the development of novel high-performance catalysts with precisely tunable structures and functionalities is imperative.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),as crystalline porous materials with high surface area,tunable pore structures,and diverse metal-ligand compositions,have the great potential in CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysis.Their structural design flexibility allows for the construction of well-dispersed active sites,tailored electronic environments,and enhanced metal-support interactions.This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in MOF-based and MOF-derived catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol,focusing on four design strategies:(1)spatial confinement and in situ construction,(2)defect engineering and ion-exchange,(3)bimetallic synergy and hybrid structure design,and(4)MOF-derived nanomaterial synthesis.These approaches significantly improve CO_(2)conversion and methanol selectivity by optimizing metal dispersion,interfacial structures,and reaction pathways.The reaction mechanism is further explored by focusing on the three main reaction pathways:the formate pathway(HCOO*),the RWGS(Reverse Water Gas Shift reaction)+CO*hydrogenation pathway,and the trans-COOH pathway.In situ spectroscopic studies and density functional theory(DFT)calculations elucidate the formation and transformation of key intermediates,as well as the roles of active sites,metal-support interfaces,oxygen vacancies,and promoters.Additionally,representative catalytic performance data for MOFbased systems are compiled and compared,demonstrating their advantages over traditional catalysts in terms of CO_(2)conversion,methanol selectivity,and space-time yield.Future perspectives for MOF-based CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysts will prioritize two main directions:structural design and mechanistic understanding.The precise construction of active sites through multi-metallic synergy,defect engineering,and interfacial electronic modulation should be made to enhance catalyst selectivity and stability.In addition,advanced in situ characterization techniques combined with theoretical modeling are essential to unravel the detailed reaction mechanisms and intermediate behaviors,thereby guiding rational catalyst design.Moreover,to enable industrial application,challenges related to thermal/hydrothermal stability,catalyst recyclability,and cost-effective large-scale synthesis must be addressed.The development of green,scalable preparation methods and the integration of MOF catalysts into practical reaction systems(e.g.,flow reactors)will be crucial for bridging the gap between laboratory research and commercial deployment.Ultimately,multi-scale structure-performance optimization and catalytic system integration will be vital for accelerating the industrialization of MOF-based CO_(2)-to-methanol technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82192913 and 82304851)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (Nos. CI2023E002, CI2021B016, and CI2021A04801)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes (Nos. ZZ13-YQ-055 and ZXKT22044)。
文摘Curcuma is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been utilized for centuries in the treatment of various diseases. Terpenoids, particularly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, constitute the primary bioactive components of the essential oil derived from Curcuma species.Among these, curdione—one of the key active constituents—has been identified in 25 Curcuma species, with the highest concentration reported in the rhizome essential oil of Curcuma trichosantha Gagnep. Curdione can also be synthesized through chemical methods,and its regio-and stereo-selectivity can be further optimized via chemo-bio transformations.This compound demonstrates significant therapeutic potential, including anticancer, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, and multi-organ protective properties. Despite these promising biological activities, its clinical application is hindered by poor water solubility and potential toxicity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the natural sources, chemical synthesis, chemo-bio transformations, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential toxicities, and molecular mechanisms of curdione. Furthermore, perspectives on future drug development are discussed with the aim of promoting the clinical translation of this promising natural compound.
基金supported by Central Finance for the Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Demonstration Project([2024]TG13)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32201643)the Key research projects of Yibin,Research and Integrated Demonstration and Key Technologies for Smart Bamboo Industry(Grant No.YBZD2024-1).
文摘Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector,beyond their significant ornamental value.These plants also possess biological and ecological importance,contributing to reproduction,defense against natural enemies,and adaptation to environmental changes.Thus,a deeper understanding of their leaf coloration will be essential for both practical applications and theoretical understanding.The present study comprehensively reviews the factors influencing anthocyanin metabolism,including biosynthesis,transport,degradation,transcription factors(TF_(S)),post-transcriptional regulation,post translation regulation.Next,we summarize the application of omics technologies in unveiling the mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in leaves.Furthermore,we review the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors regulate leaf coloration by inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis.Lastly,the study addresses unresolved issues in the research of plant leaf coloration and proposes future research directions in this field.This study is anticipated to provide a valuable reference for the study of plant leaf coloration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U23A20610,52164017,52064011,52274331,and 521043348)the Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science)(Nos.ZK[2021]258 and ZK[2023]Zhongdian 020)+6 种基金the Guizhou Provincial Program on Commercialization of Scientific and Technological Achievements(No.[2021]086)the Natural Science Research Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education(No.[2022]041)the Key Research Projects in Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(No.24B450003)the Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College School Scientific Research Project(No.2024KY015)the Guizhou Province Dual-Carbon and New Energy Technology Innovation and Development Research Institute Open Project(No.DCRE-2023-01)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(No.GCC[2023]017)supported by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy(No.K23-04)。
文摘In the casting process of 1060 industrial pure aluminum,the inclusions in the aluminum melt significantly affect the product quality.In this study,the influence of refining temperature and the composition of salt fluxes on the purification effect and mechanical properties of aluminum melt was investigated.The results indicate that lower refining temperatures and modified salt fluxes can effectively enhance the cleanliness of the aluminum melt.As the refining temperature increases,the large inclusions gradually increase.The addition of16wt.%Na_(3)AlF_(6) can dissolve and break up Al_2O_(3) inclusions,facilitating the separation of the aluminum melt and aluminum slag.The addition of 16wt.%Na3AlF6 and 2wt.%CaCO_(3) to the basic salt fluxes enables gas refinement,thereby further improving the cleanliness of the aluminum melt.Under the refining condition of 37wt.%NaCl-47wt.%KCl--16wt.%Na3AIF3-2wt.%CaCO_(3) at 740℃,better cleanliness and mechanical properties were obtained.The cleanliness and yield strength are approximately 99.99928%and 71.46 MPa,respectively.This work can offer valuable reference and theoretical insights for future research.
文摘As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the commonalities between international law and international standardization,this paper explores the mechanism through which international law centered on treaties empowers international standardization.
基金funded by Ausnutria-kabrita Research Fund(RS2022-14).
文摘Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune system,regulate the mucosal barrier function,and play an immune role by influencing the activity of intrinsic immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells and natural killer cells,as well as their differentiation and maturation;in terms of specific immune regulation,probiotics play a role in regulating the immunoglobulin level and the maturation of B cells.Probiotics can also regulate T-cell differentiation according to the condition of the body,thus regulating specific immunity.Many studies have focused on the role of probiotics in metabolism and nutrition,and the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory role of probiotics have only been partially described.This review summarises the role of common probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in immunomodulation as well as their mechanisms,describing the currently known mechanisms of immunomodulation by probiotics in improving the host immune system.A deeper understanding of probiotics and their specific mechanisms of action will facilitate the use of probiotics for immunomodulation in clinical medicine,functional foods,and other areas.This will also contribute to the development and research of engineered probiotics,next-generation probiotics,and other new functional probiotics with immunomodulatory effects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.T2325004 and 52161160330)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No.12504233)+2 种基金Advanced MaterialsNational Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.2024ZD0606900)the Talent Hub for “AI+New Materials” Basic Researchthe Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo (Grant No.2025Z088)。
文摘The functional properties of glasses are governed by their formation history and the complex relaxation processes they undergo.However,under extreme conditions,glass behaviors are still elusive.In this study,we employ simulations with varied protocols to evaluate the effectiveness of different descriptors in predicting mechanical properties across both low-and high-pressure regimes.Our findings demonstrate that conventional structural and configurational descriptors fail to correlate with the mechanical response following pressure release,whereas the activation energy descriptor exhibits robust linearity with shear modulus after correcting for pressure effects.Notably,the soft mode parameter emerges as an ideal and computationally efficient alternative for capturing this mechanical behavior.These findings provide critical insights into the influence of pressure on glassy properties,integrating the distinct features of compressed glasses into a unified theoretical framework.
基金supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)(Grant number IMSIU-DDRSP2603)。
文摘A parametric study was performed to explore the effect of runner thickness,filtration,and hydrogen content on the mechanical properties and defect formation in Al-7%Si-0.3%Mg(2L99)sand castings.A two-level full factorial design of experiments was used to statistically evaluate these parameters and the tensile properties were characterized via Weibull distribution analysis.The findings reveal that decreasing the runner thickness from25 mm to 10 mm and using 10 PPI ceramic filters improve mechanical properties by minimizing double oxide film entrainment as confirmed by electron microscopy examination.In addition,lowering hydrogen concentrations within the Al alloy from 0.24 cm^(3)/100 g Al to 0.12 cm^(3)/100 g Al is also shown to enhance casting integrity by suppressing bifilm inflation and subsequent pore formation.ANOVA results indicate that the hydrogen content is the most important factor,contributing 53%to the variability in mechanical properties,followed by filtration(25%)and runner thickness(17%).The optimized casting conditions including thin runners(10 mm thick),melt filtration,and a low hydrogen level(0.12 cm^(3)/100 g Al),result in an approximately 474%increase in the shape factor and a 107%increase in the characteristic life of UTS,as well as an approximately 413%increase in the shape factor and a 149%increase in characteristic life of elongation.The outcomes suggest that controlled filling systems and melt treatment are critical for producing consistent,high integrity aluminum castings in industrial applications.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (No. 2019J01716)the Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology (No.2019L3008)。
文摘To evaluate their performance,we constructed organic solar cells using PTB7/Y6 and PTB7-b-PNDI active layers,which were deposited on PET substrates coated with PEDOT:PSS.The ternary solar cells demonstrated an excellent power conversion efficiency after being stretched by 38%.The stretchable organic solar cells were spin-coated on the flexible substrate.The electrodes were formed via liquid metal dropcoating.Solar cell devices based on PET/PH1000/PEDOT:PSS and PTB7:Y6:5% BCP active layer materials show better stretchability than the normal solar cells.The PTB7:Y6:5% BCP-based stretchable organic solar cell achieves a high PCE of 12.3%,and a PCE of 7.8% after stretching.Incorporating block copolymer additives improves the mechanical properties of organic solar cells,thereby enabling superior stretchability.
