In this research,the effect of the sintering and cooling process on geometry distortion and mechanical properties of PTFE/Al reactive material is investigated.Six particularly selected sintering temperatures,three dif...In this research,the effect of the sintering and cooling process on geometry distortion and mechanical properties of PTFE/Al reactive material is investigated.Six particularly selected sintering temperatures,three different cooling modes(annealing cooling,normalizing cooling and rapid cooling),three different initial cooling temperature s,as well as six different final cooling temperatures were designed to compare the effects of sintering temperature,cooling rate,initial cooling temperature and final cooling temperature on the properties of reactive materials.Geometry distortion was quantitatively analyzed by a statistic on the dimensional changes of the specimens and microscopic morphology.A mechanical response properties transition from brittle to ductile was found and analyzed.By combining the thermodynamic properties of PTFE and unsteady heat conduction theory,mechanisms of cooling induced morphology change,temperature induced distortion and strength decrease were obtained.The results showed that the cooling rate has the most significant effect on the morphology transformation,while initial cooling temperature has more significant effect on the dimensional distortion than final cooling temperature.As to the mechanical properties transition from brittle to plastic,a more prominent effect of initial cooling temperature than cooling rate and final temperature was revealed.展开更多
By applying the framework of the tangent bundle geometry to the method of Lagrange multi- pliers,a geometric description of Chetaev's nonholonomic systems subjected to unilateral nonholonomic con- straints trod un...By applying the framework of the tangent bundle geometry to the method of Lagrange multi- pliers,a geometric description of Chetaev's nonholonomic systems subjected to unilateral nonholonomic con- straints trod unilateral holonomic constraints respectively in time-independent circumstances is presented.展开更多
The description of modern differential geometry for time-dependent Chetaev nonholonomic mechanical systems with unilateral constraints is studied. By using the structure of exact contact manifold, the geometric framew...The description of modern differential geometry for time-dependent Chetaev nonholonomic mechanical systems with unilateral constraints is studied. By using the structure of exact contact manifold, the geometric framework of time- dependent nonholonomic mechanical systems subject to unilateral nonholonomic constraints and unilateral holonomic constraints respectively is presented.展开更多
Many methods are proposed to deal with the type synthesis of parallel kinematic mechanisms（PKMs）, but most of them are less intuitive to some extent. Thus, to propose a concise and intuitive type synthesis method fo...Many methods are proposed to deal with the type synthesis of parallel kinematic mechanisms（PKMs）, but most of them are less intuitive to some extent. Thus, to propose a concise and intuitive type synthesis method for engineering application is a very challenging issue, which should be further studied in the field. Grassmann line geometry, which can investigate the dimensions of spatial line-clusters in a concise way, is taken as the mathematic foundation. Atlas method is introduced to visually describe the degrees of freedom（DOFs） and constraints of a mechanism, and the dual rule is brought in to realize the mutual conversion of the freedom-space and constraint-space. Consequently, a systematic method based on Grassmann line geometry and Atlas method is generated and the entire type synthesis process is presented. Three type 4-DOF PKMs, i.e., 1T3R, 2T2R and 3T1R（T： translational DOF; R： rotational DOF）, are classified according to the different combinations of the translational DOFs and rotational DOFs. The type synthesis of 4-DOF PKMs is carried out and the possible configurations are thoroughly investigated. Some new PKMs with useful functions are generated during this procedure. The type synthesis method based on Grassmann line geometry and Atlas method is intuitive and concise, and can reduce the complexity of the PKMs＇ type synthesis. Moreover, this method can provide theoretical guidance for other PKMs＇ type synthesis and engineering application. A novel type synthesis method is proposed, which solves the existing methods＇ problems in terms of complicated, not intuitive and unsuitable for practical application.展开更多
The loads acting on the sealing elements of balanced mechanical seals are analyzed. When the balance factor approaches the back pressure factor, the spring pressure will become main part of the face pressure. The leak...The loads acting on the sealing elements of balanced mechanical seals are analyzed. When the balance factor approaches the back pressure factor, the spring pressure will become main part of the face pressure. The leakage model of balanced mechanical seals is established on the base of M-B model for rough surface. Several GY-70 type balanced mechanical seals are tested. The influences of the spring pressure both on the leakage rate and on the friction characteristic of balanced mechanical seals are investigated. The research results indicate that as spring pressure increases, both the clear-ance between two end faces and the leakage rate will decrease, and the friction will be more serious because lubrication medium between the rotating ring and the stationary ring reduces, though the increase of the spring pressure may not be enough to change the face friction state of mechanical seals. There exists an optimum spring pressure for mechanical seal operation. Under this spring pres-sure, not only leakage rate is small, but also the seal end surfaces have a fine friction characteristic. Under different operating conditions, identical type mechanical seals may possess different spring pressure. Appropriate selection of spring pressure is valuable to realize long-period and small leakage rate operating of balanced mechanical seals.展开更多
Friction stir spot welding of A6061 sheets was conducted using a tool with thread pin. The hook geometries, hook formation and mechanical properties of the joints welded with different rotary directions and speeds wer...Friction stir spot welding of A6061 sheets was conducted using a tool with thread pin. The hook geometries, hook formation and mechanical properties of the joints welded with different rotary directions and speeds were investigated. The results show that the hook in the joint welded in clockwise was curved upwards and that in anticlockwise was curved downwards. The hook formation was related to the plastic material flow in the joint. With increasing the rotary speed in clockwise direction, the hook moved upwards and far way from the center of the keyhole, resulting in an increase in the effective weld width and a decrease in the effective sheet thickness. Three types of fractuces were observed and they were affected by the hook geometries. The tensile shear load increased firstly and then decreased when the rotary speed increased in clockwise direction, which was related to the hook geometries.展开更多
A new type of quantum theory known as time-dependent𝒫PT-symmetric quantum mechanics has received much attention recently.It has a conceptually intriguing feature of equipping the Hilbert space of a𝒫PT-...A new type of quantum theory known as time-dependent𝒫PT-symmetric quantum mechanics has received much attention recently.It has a conceptually intriguing feature of equipping the Hilbert space of a𝒫PT-symmetric system with a time-varying inner product.In this work,we explore the geometry of time-dependent𝒫𝒯PT-symmetric quantum mechanics.We find that a geometric phase can emerge naturally from the cyclic evolution of a PT-symmetric system,and further formulate a series of related differential-geometry concepts,including connection,curvature,parallel transport,metric tensor,and quantum geometric tensor.These findings constitute a useful,perhaps indispensible,tool to investigate geometric properties of𝒫PT-symmetric systems with time-varying system’s parameters.To exemplify the application of our findings,we show that the unconventional geometric phase[Phys.Rev.Lett.91187902(2003)],which is the sum of a geometric phase and a dynamical phase proportional to the geometric phase,can be expressed as a single geometric phase unveiled in this work.展开更多
In practical engineering applications,rock mass are often found to be subjected to a triaxial stress state.Concurrently,defects like joints and fractures have a notable impact on the mechanical behavior of rock mass.S...In practical engineering applications,rock mass are often found to be subjected to a triaxial stress state.Concurrently,defects like joints and fractures have a notable impact on the mechanical behavior of rock mass.Such defects are identified as crucial contributors to the failure and instability of the surrounding rock,subsequently impacting the engineering stability.The study aimed to investigate the impact of fracture geometry and confining pressure on the deformation,failure characteristics,and strength of specimens using sand powder 3D printing technology and conventional triaxial compression tests.The results indicate that the number of fractures present considerably influences the peak strength,axial peak strain and elastic modulus of the specimens.Confining pressure is an important factor affecting the failure pattern of the specimen,under which the specimen is more prone to shear failure,but the initiation,expansion and penetration processes of secondary cracks in different fracture specimens are different.This study confirmed the feasibility of using sand powder 3D printing specimens as soft rock analogs for triaxial compression research.The insights from this research are deemed essential for a deeper understanding of the mechanical behavior of fractured surrounding rocks when under triaxial stress state.展开更多
A serial of fullerenes had been built and the optimized geome- tries had been obtained with the energy minimization of molecular mechanics calculations according to the fact that the pentagonal number is exactly 12 in...A serial of fullerenes had been built and the optimized geome- tries had been obtained with the energy minimization of molecular mechanics calculations according to the fact that the pentagonal number is exactly 12 in the fullerenes which consist of pentagons and hexagons.The fullerene geometry prediction could facilitate further theoretical and synthetical studies in the near future.展开更多
Traditional inverse neural network(INN)approaches for inverse design typically require auxiliary feedforward networks,leading to increased computational complexity and architectural dependencies.This study introduces ...Traditional inverse neural network(INN)approaches for inverse design typically require auxiliary feedforward networks,leading to increased computational complexity and architectural dependencies.This study introduces a standalone INN methodology that eliminates the need for feedforward networks while maintaining high reconstruction accuracy.The approach integrates Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Partial Least Squares(PLS)for optimized feature space learning,enabling the standalone INN to effectively capture bidirectionalmappings between geometric parameters and mechanical properties.Validation using established numerical datasets demonstrates that the standalone INN architecture achieves reconstruction accuracy equal or better than traditional tandem approaches while completely eliminating the workload and training time required for Feedforward Neural Networks(FNN).These findings contribute to AI methodology development by proving that standalone invertible architectures can achieve comparable performance to complex hybrid systems with significantly improved computational efficiency.展开更多
In this paper, we present our research on building computing machines consciousness about intuitive geometry based on mathematics experiments and statistical inference. The investigation consists of the following five...In this paper, we present our research on building computing machines consciousness about intuitive geometry based on mathematics experiments and statistical inference. The investigation consists of the following five steps. At first, we select a set of geometric configurations and for each configuration we construct a large amount of geometric data as observation data using dynamic geometry programs together with the pseudo-random number generator. Secondly, we refer to the geometric predicates in the algebraic method of machine proof of geometric theorems to construct statistics suitable for measuring the approximate geometric relationships in the observation data. In the third step, we propose a geometric relationship detection method based on the similarity of data distribution, where the search space has been reduced into small batches of data by pre-searching for efficiency, and the hypothetical test of the possible geometric relationships in the search results has be performed. In the fourth step, we explore the integer relation of the line segment lengths in the geometric configuration in addition. At the final step, we do numerical experiments for the pre-selected geometric configurations to verify the effectiveness of our method. The results show that computer equipped with the above procedures can find out the hidden geometric relations from the randomly generated data of related geometric configurations, and in this sense, computing machines can actually attain certain consciousness of intuitive geometry as early civilized humans in ancient Mesopotamia.展开更多
As a novel aero-engine concept,adaptive cycle aero-engines（ACEs） are attracting wide attention in the international aviation industry due to their potential superior task adaptability along a wide flight regime.Howe...As a novel aero-engine concept,adaptive cycle aero-engines（ACEs） are attracting wide attention in the international aviation industry due to their potential superior task adaptability along a wide flight regime.However,this superior task adaptability can only be demonstrated through proper combined engine control schedule design.It has resulted in an urgent need to investigate the effect of each variable geometry modulation on engine performance and stability.Thus,the aim of this paper is to predict and discuss the effect of each variable geometry modulation on the matching relationship between engine components as well as the overall engine performance at different operating modes,on the basis of a newly developed nonlinear component-based ACE performance model.Results show that at all four working modes,turning down the high pressure compressor variable stator vane,the low pressure turbine variable nozzle,the nozzle throat area,and turning up the core-driven fan stage variable stator vane,the high pressure turbine variable nozzle can increase the thrust at the expense of a higher high pressure turbine inlet total temperature.However,the influences of these adjustments on the trends of various engine components＇ working points and working lines as well as the ratio of the rotation speed difference are different from each other.The above results provide valuable guidance and advice for engine combined control schedule design.展开更多
To reveal the geometry of the seismogenic structure of the Aug. 8, 2017 M_S 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in northern Sichuan,data from the regional seismic network from the time of the main event to Oct. 31, 2017 were us...To reveal the geometry of the seismogenic structure of the Aug. 8, 2017 M_S 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in northern Sichuan,data from the regional seismic network from the time of the main event to Oct. 31, 2017 were used to relocate the earthquake sequence by the tomoDD program, and the focal mechanism solutions and centroid depths of the M_L ≥ 3.5 events in the sequence were determined using the CAP waveform inversion method. Further, the segmental tectonic deformation characteristics of the seismogenic faults were analyzed preliminarily by using strain rosettes and areal strains(As). The results indicate:(1) The relocated M_S 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence displays a narrow ～ 38 km long NNW-SSE-trending zone between the NW-striking Tazang Fault and the nearly NSstriking Minjiang Fault, two branches of the East Kunlun Fault Zone. The spatial distribution of the sequence is narrow and deep for the southern segment, and relatively wide and shallow for the northern segment. The initial rupture depth of the mainshock is 12.5 km, the dominant depth range of the aftershock sequence is between 0 and 10 km with an average depth of 6.7 km. The mainshock epicenter is located in the middle of the aftershock region, showing a bilateral rupture behavior. The centroid depths of 32 M_L ≥ 3.5 events range from 3 to 12 km with a mean of about 7.3 km, consistent with the predominant focal depth of the whole sequence.(2) The geometric structure of the seismogenic fault on the southern section of the aftershock area(south of the mainshock) is relatively simple, with overall strike of ～150° and dip angle ～75°, but the dip angle and dip-orientation exhibit some variation along the segment. The seismogenic structure on the northern segment is more complicated; several faults, including the Minjiang Fault, may be responsible for the aftershock activities. The overall strike of this section is ～159° and dip angle is ～59°, illustrating a certain clockwise rotation and a smaller dip angle than the southern segment. The differences between the two segments demonstrate variation of the geometric structure along the seismogenic faults.(3) The focal mechanism solutions of 32 M_L ≥ 3.5 events in the earthquake sequence have obvious segmental characteristics. Strike-slip earthquakes are dominant on the southern segment, while 50% of events on the northern segment are thrusting and oblique thrusting earthquakes, revealing significant differences in the kinematic features of the seismogenic faults between the two segments.(4) The strain rosettes for the mainshock and the entire sequence of 31 M_L ≥ 3.5 aftershocks correspond to strike-slip type with NWW-SEE compressional white lobes and NNE-SSW extensional black lobes of nearly similar size. The strain rosette and As value of the entire sequence of 22 M_L ≥ 3.5 events on the southern segment are the same as those of the M_S 7.0 mainshock,indicating that the tectonic deformation here is strike-slip. However, the strain rosette of the entire sequence of 10 M_L ≥ 3.5 events on the northern segment show prominent white compressional lobes and small black extensional lobes, and the related As value is up to 0.52,indicating that the tectonic deformation of this segment is oblique thrusting with a certain strike-slip component. Differences between the two segments all reveal distinctly obvious segmental characteristics of the tectonic deformation of the seismogenic faults for the Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence.展开更多
This paper describes a novel,system-level design methodology based on a genetic algorithm(GA)using freeform geometries for microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)devices.The proposed method can concurrently design and co...This paper describes a novel,system-level design methodology based on a genetic algorithm(GA)using freeform geometries for microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)devices.The proposed method can concurrently design and co-optimize the electronic and mechanical parts of a MEMS device comprising freeform geometries to achieve a better system performance,i.e.,a high sensitivity,a good system stability,and large fabrication tolerances.Also,the introduction of freeform geometries allows higher degrees of freedom in the design process,improving the diversity and potentially the performance of the MEMS devices.A MEMS accelerometer comprising a freeform mechanical motion preamplifier in a closed-loop control system is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the design approach.The optimization process shows the main figure-of-merit(FOM)is improved by 195%.In the mechanical component alone(open-loop system),the product of sensitivity and bandwidth has improved by 151%,with sensitivity increasing by 276%.For closed-loop performance,there is an improvement of 120%for the ratio of open and closed-loop displacements.The product of sensitivity and bandwidth is improved by 27%in the closed-loop system.Excellent immunities to fabrication errors and parameter mismatch are achieved.Experiments show that the displacement of the MEMS accelerometer in the closed-loop system decreased by 86%with 4.85 V feedback voltage compared with that in the open-loop system under a 1 g 100 Hz acceleration input.The static and dynamic nonlinearities in the closed-loop system are improved by 64%and 61%,respectively,compared with those in the open-loop system,in the±1 g acceleration input range.Besides,the closed-loop system improves the cross-axis sensitivity by 18.43%,compared with that in the open-loop system.It is the first time a closed-loop system for a MEMS accelerometer comprising a mechanical motion preamplifier is successfully implemented experimentally.展开更多
Brittle materials are widely used for producing important components in the industry of optics,optoelectronics,and semiconductors.Ultraprecision machining of brittle materials with high surface quality and surface int...Brittle materials are widely used for producing important components in the industry of optics,optoelectronics,and semiconductors.Ultraprecision machining of brittle materials with high surface quality and surface integrity helps improve the functional performance and lifespan of the components.According to their hardness,brittle materials can be roughly divided into hard-brittle and soft-brittle.Although there have been some literature reviews for ultraprecision machining of hard-brittle materials,up to date,very few review papers are available that focus on the processing of soft-brittle materials.Due to the‘soft’and‘brittle’properties,this group of materials has unique machining characteristics.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials.Critical aspects of machining mechanisms,such as chip formation,surface topography,and subsurface damage for different machining methods,including diamond turning,micro end milling,ultraprecision grinding,and micro/nano burnishing,are compared in terms of tool-workpiece interaction.The effects of tool geometries on the machining characteristics of soft-brittle materials are systematically analyzed,and dominating factors are sorted out.Problems and challenges in the engineering applications are identified,and solutions/guidelines for future R&D are provided.展开更多
To explore the differences in mechanical behavior of nacre between shells that live in different water depths,the microstructures,phase composition and related mechanical properties of nacre under indentation,three-po...To explore the differences in mechanical behavior of nacre between shells that live in different water depths,the microstructures,phase composition and related mechanical properties of nacre under indentation,three-point bending and shear tests in deep-sea Nautilus and freshwater Cristaria plicata shells were systematically investigated.It is found that the nacreous structure in Nautilus shell exhibits an outstanding combination of high strength and high toughness compared with that in C.plicata shell,attributing to its larger aspect ratio of platelet and interfacial shear resistance.Specifically,the interfacial resistance is mainly generated from the adhesion of organic matrix and friction caused by nano-asperities on platelet surfaces.According to the interfacial resistance model,the stiction force originated from organic matrix adhesion is sensitive to its content,and the friction force produced by nano-asperities presents a positive correlation with their distribution density and dimension.Hence,the higher content of organic matrix of nacre with denser and larger nano-asperities on platelet surfaces in Nautilus shell contributes to a higher interfacial resistance.Therefore,it is the coupled effects of platelet geometries(i.e.aspect ratio and nano-asperity)and organic matrix that result in the high-strength and high-toughness nacreous structure in Nautilus shell,which is thus more conductive to inhabit in the deep sea with extremely high pressure.The present research findings are expected to provide beneficial references for the design of strong and tough nacre-inspired materials with appropriate platelet geometry and content of soft phase.展开更多
In this study,we aim to clarify the structural characteristics and deformation process of the Changning anticline.We carefully interpret 38 two-dimensional(2D)seismic profiles in the study area and establish three-dim...In this study,we aim to clarify the structural characteristics and deformation process of the Changning anticline.We carefully interpret 38 two-dimensional(2D)seismic profiles in the study area and establish three-dimensional(3D)geometric and quantitative kinematic models of the Changning anticline.This study shows that the basement fault controls the formation of the Changning anticline.The fault slope of the main fault in the basement shows’steep in the upper and gentle in the lower’structural characteristics vertically,possessing obvious segmentary characteristics transversely and presents the overall characteristics of’steep in the east and gentle in the west’.Further analysis shows that the Changning anticline proceeds west and terminates at the boundary defined by current surface features but gradually disappears westward across the Mt.Huaying fault zone.Furthermore,we identified that deformation of the Changning anticline began during the early Yanshanian movement period.Under compressional stress from the southeast,the anticline slid forward along the basement fault until the end of the Yanshanian movement period,when the dominant WNW-ESE structure gradually emerged.Since the Himalayan movement period,a series of NE-trending structures have been formed in the anticline,owing to multi-directional compressive stress.展开更多
基金The authors are very grateful for the support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11202030)State Key Laboratory of the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology(QNKT19-03).
文摘In this research,the effect of the sintering and cooling process on geometry distortion and mechanical properties of PTFE/Al reactive material is investigated.Six particularly selected sintering temperatures,three different cooling modes(annealing cooling,normalizing cooling and rapid cooling),three different initial cooling temperature s,as well as six different final cooling temperatures were designed to compare the effects of sintering temperature,cooling rate,initial cooling temperature and final cooling temperature on the properties of reactive materials.Geometry distortion was quantitatively analyzed by a statistic on the dimensional changes of the specimens and microscopic morphology.A mechanical response properties transition from brittle to ductile was found and analyzed.By combining the thermodynamic properties of PTFE and unsteady heat conduction theory,mechanisms of cooling induced morphology change,temperature induced distortion and strength decrease were obtained.The results showed that the cooling rate has the most significant effect on the morphology transformation,while initial cooling temperature has more significant effect on the dimensional distortion than final cooling temperature.As to the mechanical properties transition from brittle to plastic,a more prominent effect of initial cooling temperature than cooling rate and final temperature was revealed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.19972010)the Qing Lan Project Foundation of Jiangsu Province of Chinathe Research Foundation of Suzhou Institute of Urban Construction & Environmental Protection of China
文摘By applying the framework of the tangent bundle geometry to the method of Lagrange multi- pliers,a geometric description of Chetaev's nonholonomic systems subjected to unilateral nonholonomic con- straints trod unilateral holonomic constraints respectively in time-independent circumstances is presented.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 10272021）, the Natural Science Foundation of High Education of Jiangsu Province, China （Grant No 04KJA130135） and the ＂Qing Lan＂ Project Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China.
文摘The description of modern differential geometry for time-dependent Chetaev nonholonomic mechanical systems with unilateral constraints is studied. By using the structure of exact contact manifold, the geometric framework of time- dependent nonholonomic mechanical systems subject to unilateral nonholonomic constraints and unilateral holonomic constraints respectively is presented.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51135008)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2013CB035400)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2012M520256,2013T60107)
文摘Many methods are proposed to deal with the type synthesis of parallel kinematic mechanisms（PKMs）, but most of them are less intuitive to some extent. Thus, to propose a concise and intuitive type synthesis method for engineering application is a very challenging issue, which should be further studied in the field. Grassmann line geometry, which can investigate the dimensions of spatial line-clusters in a concise way, is taken as the mathematic foundation. Atlas method is introduced to visually describe the degrees of freedom（DOFs） and constraints of a mechanism, and the dual rule is brought in to realize the mutual conversion of the freedom-space and constraint-space. Consequently, a systematic method based on Grassmann line geometry and Atlas method is generated and the entire type synthesis process is presented. Three type 4-DOF PKMs, i.e., 1T3R, 2T2R and 3T1R（T： translational DOF; R： rotational DOF）, are classified according to the different combinations of the translational DOFs and rotational DOFs. The type synthesis of 4-DOF PKMs is carried out and the possible configurations are thoroughly investigated. Some new PKMs with useful functions are generated during this procedure. The type synthesis method based on Grassmann line geometry and Atlas method is intuitive and concise, and can reduce the complexity of the PKMs＇ type synthesis. Moreover, this method can provide theoretical guidance for other PKMs＇ type synthesis and engineering application. A novel type synthesis method is proposed, which solves the existing methods＇ problems in terms of complicated, not intuitive and unsuitable for practical application.
基金This project is supported by Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Educa-tion Office of Jiangsu, China (No. 04KJD530090)Innovating Founda-tion for Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing University of Technology, China (No. BSCX200510).
文摘The loads acting on the sealing elements of balanced mechanical seals are analyzed. When the balance factor approaches the back pressure factor, the spring pressure will become main part of the face pressure. The leakage model of balanced mechanical seals is established on the base of M-B model for rough surface. Several GY-70 type balanced mechanical seals are tested. The influences of the spring pressure both on the leakage rate and on the friction characteristic of balanced mechanical seals are investigated. The research results indicate that as spring pressure increases, both the clear-ance between two end faces and the leakage rate will decrease, and the friction will be more serious because lubrication medium between the rotating ring and the stationary ring reduces, though the increase of the spring pressure may not be enough to change the face friction state of mechanical seals. There exists an optimum spring pressure for mechanical seal operation. Under this spring pres-sure, not only leakage rate is small, but also the seal end surfaces have a fine friction characteristic. Under different operating conditions, identical type mechanical seals may possess different spring pressure. Appropriate selection of spring pressure is valuable to realize long-period and small leakage rate operating of balanced mechanical seals.
基金This work was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （51364037）, the Landed Plan of Science and Technology in Colleges and Universities of Jiangxi Province （KJLD12074）, the Aerospace Science Foundation of China （20111156004）.
文摘Friction stir spot welding of A6061 sheets was conducted using a tool with thread pin. The hook geometries, hook formation and mechanical properties of the joints welded with different rotary directions and speeds were investigated. The results show that the hook in the joint welded in clockwise was curved upwards and that in anticlockwise was curved downwards. The hook formation was related to the plastic material flow in the joint. With increasing the rotary speed in clockwise direction, the hook moved upwards and far way from the center of the keyhole, resulting in an increase in the effective weld width and a decrease in the effective sheet thickness. Three types of fractuces were observed and they were affected by the hook geometries. The tensile shear load increased firstly and then decreased when the rotary speed increased in clockwise direction, which was related to the hook geometries.
基金supported by Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier I(WBS No.R-144-000-353-112)by the Singapore NRF Grant No.NRFNRFI2017-04(WBS No.R-144-000-378-281)supported by Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier I(WBS No.R-144-000-352-112)。
文摘A new type of quantum theory known as time-dependent𝒫PT-symmetric quantum mechanics has received much attention recently.It has a conceptually intriguing feature of equipping the Hilbert space of a𝒫PT-symmetric system with a time-varying inner product.In this work,we explore the geometry of time-dependent𝒫𝒯PT-symmetric quantum mechanics.We find that a geometric phase can emerge naturally from the cyclic evolution of a PT-symmetric system,and further formulate a series of related differential-geometry concepts,including connection,curvature,parallel transport,metric tensor,and quantum geometric tensor.These findings constitute a useful,perhaps indispensible,tool to investigate geometric properties of𝒫PT-symmetric systems with time-varying system’s parameters.To exemplify the application of our findings,we show that the unconventional geometric phase[Phys.Rev.Lett.91187902(2003)],which is the sum of a geometric phase and a dynamical phase proportional to the geometric phase,can be expressed as a single geometric phase unveiled in this work.
基金Project(2021YFC2900600)supported by the Young Scientist Project of National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(52074166)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Projects(ZR2021YQ38,ZR2020QE121)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,ChinaProject(2022KJ101)supported by the Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province,China。
文摘In practical engineering applications,rock mass are often found to be subjected to a triaxial stress state.Concurrently,defects like joints and fractures have a notable impact on the mechanical behavior of rock mass.Such defects are identified as crucial contributors to the failure and instability of the surrounding rock,subsequently impacting the engineering stability.The study aimed to investigate the impact of fracture geometry and confining pressure on the deformation,failure characteristics,and strength of specimens using sand powder 3D printing technology and conventional triaxial compression tests.The results indicate that the number of fractures present considerably influences the peak strength,axial peak strain and elastic modulus of the specimens.Confining pressure is an important factor affecting the failure pattern of the specimen,under which the specimen is more prone to shear failure,but the initiation,expansion and penetration processes of secondary cracks in different fracture specimens are different.This study confirmed the feasibility of using sand powder 3D printing specimens as soft rock analogs for triaxial compression research.The insights from this research are deemed essential for a deeper understanding of the mechanical behavior of fractured surrounding rocks when under triaxial stress state.
文摘A serial of fullerenes had been built and the optimized geome- tries had been obtained with the energy minimization of molecular mechanics calculations according to the fact that the pentagonal number is exactly 12 in the fullerenes which consist of pentagons and hexagons.The fullerene geometry prediction could facilitate further theoretical and synthetical studies in the near future.
基金funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under Germany’s Excellence Strategy within the Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD(EXC 2122,Project ID 390833453).
文摘Traditional inverse neural network(INN)approaches for inverse design typically require auxiliary feedforward networks,leading to increased computational complexity and architectural dependencies.This study introduces a standalone INN methodology that eliminates the need for feedforward networks while maintaining high reconstruction accuracy.The approach integrates Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Partial Least Squares(PLS)for optimized feature space learning,enabling the standalone INN to effectively capture bidirectionalmappings between geometric parameters and mechanical properties.Validation using established numerical datasets demonstrates that the standalone INN architecture achieves reconstruction accuracy equal or better than traditional tandem approaches while completely eliminating the workload and training time required for Feedforward Neural Networks(FNN).These findings contribute to AI methodology development by proving that standalone invertible architectures can achieve comparable performance to complex hybrid systems with significantly improved computational efficiency.
文摘In this paper, we present our research on building computing machines consciousness about intuitive geometry based on mathematics experiments and statistical inference. The investigation consists of the following five steps. At first, we select a set of geometric configurations and for each configuration we construct a large amount of geometric data as observation data using dynamic geometry programs together with the pseudo-random number generator. Secondly, we refer to the geometric predicates in the algebraic method of machine proof of geometric theorems to construct statistics suitable for measuring the approximate geometric relationships in the observation data. In the third step, we propose a geometric relationship detection method based on the similarity of data distribution, where the search space has been reduced into small batches of data by pre-searching for efficiency, and the hypothetical test of the possible geometric relationships in the search results has be performed. In the fourth step, we explore the integer relation of the line segment lengths in the geometric configuration in addition. At the final step, we do numerical experiments for the pre-selected geometric configurations to verify the effectiveness of our method. The results show that computer equipped with the above procedures can find out the hidden geometric relations from the randomly generated data of related geometric configurations, and in this sense, computing machines can actually attain certain consciousness of intuitive geometry as early civilized humans in ancient Mesopotamia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51206005)Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Aero-Engine of China
文摘As a novel aero-engine concept,adaptive cycle aero-engines（ACEs） are attracting wide attention in the international aviation industry due to their potential superior task adaptability along a wide flight regime.However,this superior task adaptability can only be demonstrated through proper combined engine control schedule design.It has resulted in an urgent need to investigate the effect of each variable geometry modulation on engine performance and stability.Thus,the aim of this paper is to predict and discuss the effect of each variable geometry modulation on the matching relationship between engine components as well as the overall engine performance at different operating modes,on the basis of a newly developed nonlinear component-based ACE performance model.Results show that at all four working modes,turning down the high pressure compressor variable stator vane,the low pressure turbine variable nozzle,the nozzle throat area,and turning up the core-driven fan stage variable stator vane,the high pressure turbine variable nozzle can increase the thrust at the expense of a higher high pressure turbine inlet total temperature.However,the influences of these adjustments on the trends of various engine components＇ working points and working lines as well as the ratio of the rotation speed difference are different from each other.The above results provide valuable guidance and advice for engine combined control schedule design.
基金supported by National Science Foundation of China(41574047)National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC150330501)
文摘To reveal the geometry of the seismogenic structure of the Aug. 8, 2017 M_S 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in northern Sichuan,data from the regional seismic network from the time of the main event to Oct. 31, 2017 were used to relocate the earthquake sequence by the tomoDD program, and the focal mechanism solutions and centroid depths of the M_L ≥ 3.5 events in the sequence were determined using the CAP waveform inversion method. Further, the segmental tectonic deformation characteristics of the seismogenic faults were analyzed preliminarily by using strain rosettes and areal strains(As). The results indicate:(1) The relocated M_S 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence displays a narrow ～ 38 km long NNW-SSE-trending zone between the NW-striking Tazang Fault and the nearly NSstriking Minjiang Fault, two branches of the East Kunlun Fault Zone. The spatial distribution of the sequence is narrow and deep for the southern segment, and relatively wide and shallow for the northern segment. The initial rupture depth of the mainshock is 12.5 km, the dominant depth range of the aftershock sequence is between 0 and 10 km with an average depth of 6.7 km. The mainshock epicenter is located in the middle of the aftershock region, showing a bilateral rupture behavior. The centroid depths of 32 M_L ≥ 3.5 events range from 3 to 12 km with a mean of about 7.3 km, consistent with the predominant focal depth of the whole sequence.(2) The geometric structure of the seismogenic fault on the southern section of the aftershock area(south of the mainshock) is relatively simple, with overall strike of ～150° and dip angle ～75°, but the dip angle and dip-orientation exhibit some variation along the segment. The seismogenic structure on the northern segment is more complicated; several faults, including the Minjiang Fault, may be responsible for the aftershock activities. The overall strike of this section is ～159° and dip angle is ～59°, illustrating a certain clockwise rotation and a smaller dip angle than the southern segment. The differences between the two segments demonstrate variation of the geometric structure along the seismogenic faults.(3) The focal mechanism solutions of 32 M_L ≥ 3.5 events in the earthquake sequence have obvious segmental characteristics. Strike-slip earthquakes are dominant on the southern segment, while 50% of events on the northern segment are thrusting and oblique thrusting earthquakes, revealing significant differences in the kinematic features of the seismogenic faults between the two segments.(4) The strain rosettes for the mainshock and the entire sequence of 31 M_L ≥ 3.5 aftershocks correspond to strike-slip type with NWW-SEE compressional white lobes and NNE-SSW extensional black lobes of nearly similar size. The strain rosette and As value of the entire sequence of 22 M_L ≥ 3.5 events on the southern segment are the same as those of the M_S 7.0 mainshock,indicating that the tectonic deformation here is strike-slip. However, the strain rosette of the entire sequence of 10 M_L ≥ 3.5 events on the northern segment show prominent white compressional lobes and small black extensional lobes, and the related As value is up to 0.52,indicating that the tectonic deformation of this segment is oblique thrusting with a certain strike-slip component. Differences between the two segments all reveal distinctly obvious segmental characteristics of the tectonic deformation of the seismogenic faults for the Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence.
基金supported by The Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(FDCT),004/2023/SKLThe Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(FDCT),0087/2023/ITP2.
文摘This paper describes a novel,system-level design methodology based on a genetic algorithm(GA)using freeform geometries for microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)devices.The proposed method can concurrently design and co-optimize the electronic and mechanical parts of a MEMS device comprising freeform geometries to achieve a better system performance,i.e.,a high sensitivity,a good system stability,and large fabrication tolerances.Also,the introduction of freeform geometries allows higher degrees of freedom in the design process,improving the diversity and potentially the performance of the MEMS devices.A MEMS accelerometer comprising a freeform mechanical motion preamplifier in a closed-loop control system is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the design approach.The optimization process shows the main figure-of-merit(FOM)is improved by 195%.In the mechanical component alone(open-loop system),the product of sensitivity and bandwidth has improved by 151%,with sensitivity increasing by 276%.For closed-loop performance,there is an improvement of 120%for the ratio of open and closed-loop displacements.The product of sensitivity and bandwidth is improved by 27%in the closed-loop system.Excellent immunities to fabrication errors and parameter mismatch are achieved.Experiments show that the displacement of the MEMS accelerometer in the closed-loop system decreased by 86%with 4.85 V feedback voltage compared with that in the open-loop system under a 1 g 100 Hz acceleration input.The static and dynamic nonlinearities in the closed-loop system are improved by 64%and 61%,respectively,compared with those in the open-loop system,in the±1 g acceleration input range.Besides,the closed-loop system improves the cross-axis sensitivity by 18.43%,compared with that in the open-loop system.It is the first time a closed-loop system for a MEMS accelerometer comprising a mechanical motion preamplifier is successfully implemented experimentally.
文摘Brittle materials are widely used for producing important components in the industry of optics,optoelectronics,and semiconductors.Ultraprecision machining of brittle materials with high surface quality and surface integrity helps improve the functional performance and lifespan of the components.According to their hardness,brittle materials can be roughly divided into hard-brittle and soft-brittle.Although there have been some literature reviews for ultraprecision machining of hard-brittle materials,up to date,very few review papers are available that focus on the processing of soft-brittle materials.Due to the‘soft’and‘brittle’properties,this group of materials has unique machining characteristics.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials.Critical aspects of machining mechanisms,such as chip formation,surface topography,and subsurface damage for different machining methods,including diamond turning,micro end milling,ultraprecision grinding,and micro/nano burnishing,are compared in terms of tool-workpiece interaction.The effects of tool geometries on the machining characteristics of soft-brittle materials are systematically analyzed,and dominating factors are sorted out.Problems and challenges in the engineering applications are identified,and solutions/guidelines for future R&D are provided.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51902043)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M641704)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N180203018)partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51571058 and 51871048)。
文摘To explore the differences in mechanical behavior of nacre between shells that live in different water depths,the microstructures,phase composition and related mechanical properties of nacre under indentation,three-point bending and shear tests in deep-sea Nautilus and freshwater Cristaria plicata shells were systematically investigated.It is found that the nacreous structure in Nautilus shell exhibits an outstanding combination of high strength and high toughness compared with that in C.plicata shell,attributing to its larger aspect ratio of platelet and interfacial shear resistance.Specifically,the interfacial resistance is mainly generated from the adhesion of organic matrix and friction caused by nano-asperities on platelet surfaces.According to the interfacial resistance model,the stiction force originated from organic matrix adhesion is sensitive to its content,and the friction force produced by nano-asperities presents a positive correlation with their distribution density and dimension.Hence,the higher content of organic matrix of nacre with denser and larger nano-asperities on platelet surfaces in Nautilus shell contributes to a higher interfacial resistance.Therefore,it is the coupled effects of platelet geometries(i.e.aspect ratio and nano-asperity)and organic matrix that result in the high-strength and high-toughness nacreous structure in Nautilus shell,which is thus more conductive to inhabit in the deep sea with extremely high pressure.The present research findings are expected to provide beneficial references for the design of strong and tough nacre-inspired materials with appropriate platelet geometry and content of soft phase.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U19B6003-01)。
文摘In this study,we aim to clarify the structural characteristics and deformation process of the Changning anticline.We carefully interpret 38 two-dimensional(2D)seismic profiles in the study area and establish three-dimensional(3D)geometric and quantitative kinematic models of the Changning anticline.This study shows that the basement fault controls the formation of the Changning anticline.The fault slope of the main fault in the basement shows’steep in the upper and gentle in the lower’structural characteristics vertically,possessing obvious segmentary characteristics transversely and presents the overall characteristics of’steep in the east and gentle in the west’.Further analysis shows that the Changning anticline proceeds west and terminates at the boundary defined by current surface features but gradually disappears westward across the Mt.Huaying fault zone.Furthermore,we identified that deformation of the Changning anticline began during the early Yanshanian movement period.Under compressional stress from the southeast,the anticline slid forward along the basement fault until the end of the Yanshanian movement period,when the dominant WNW-ESE structure gradually emerged.Since the Himalayan movement period,a series of NE-trending structures have been formed in the anticline,owing to multi-directional compressive stress.
