To promote energy conservation,emission reduction,and sustainable development in thermal power enterprises,this study conducted a detailed analysis of the problems existing in measurement management in these enterpris...To promote energy conservation,emission reduction,and sustainable development in thermal power enterprises,this study conducted a detailed analysis of the problems existing in measurement management in these enterprises and explored targeted solutions.The analysis found that,faced with increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements and urgent needs to improve energy efficiency,thermal power enterprises must address the current issues in energy measurement management.They should actively respond to the national call for energy conservation and emission reduction,continuously optimize energy measurement management processes,improve energy utilization efficiency,reduce unnecessary energy consumption and emissions,and lay a solid foundation for the green transformation and sustainable development of the industry.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the management measures and effects of preventing postoperative incision infections in the general surgery department of primary hospitals.Methods:Forty-nine surgical patients with 11 healthcare w...Objective:To analyze the management measures and effects of preventing postoperative incision infections in the general surgery department of primary hospitals.Methods:Forty-nine surgical patients with 11 healthcare workers who were admitted to the general surgery department of the primary hospital between August 2021 and August 2022 were selected as the routine group for routine incision infection management.Forty-nine surgical patients with 11 healthcare workers admitted to the same department between September 2022 and September 2023 were selected as the prevention group for prophylactic management of postoperative incision infections.The incision infection rate,knowledge,attitude,and practice(KAP)scores,and management satisfaction of the patients as well as the management skill scores of healthcare workers were compared between the two groups.Results:The rate of postoperative incision infection in the prevention group was lower than that in the routine group;after implementing management measures,patients in the prevention group had higher KAP scores than those in the routine group;patients in the prevention group were more satisfied with the management than those in the routine group;and healthcare workers in the prevention group had higher scores than those in the routine group,with P<0.05 for the comparison between the groups.Conclusion:The implementation of preventive management for general surgery patients in primary hospitals can reduce the incidence of postoperative incision infection and improve the KAP of patients,with higher management satisfaction.It can also enhance the management skills of healthcare workers,thus improving their overall management level.展开更多
The Private Finance Initiative has provided the framework for the completion of a large number of capital projects managed by the public sector bodies. It secures value for money in the use of public resource and achi...The Private Finance Initiative has provided the framework for the completion of a large number of capital projects managed by the public sector bodies. It secures value for money in the use of public resource and achieves a genuine transfer of risk to the private sector. PFI project shows a lot of benefits for the UK, Chinese Government also would like o use it to improve the public infrastructure.展开更多
Xizang has been an integral part of Chinese territory since ancient times.During the Qing Dynasty,the central government further strengthened its governance over Xizang,with management measures in local administration...Xizang has been an integral part of Chinese territory since ancient times.During the Qing Dynasty,the central government further strengthened its governance over Xizang,with management measures in local administration,military,religion,economy,and culture gradually being perfected and implemented.展开更多
Dear Sir,Eye drops(single use)commonly used in clinics do have varying pH values.The use of such drops in the initial management of chemical eye injury may influence the accuracy of pH measurement of the eye,and subse...Dear Sir,Eye drops(single use)commonly used in clinics do have varying pH values.The use of such drops in the initial management of chemical eye injury may influence the accuracy of pH measurement of the eye,and subsequently influence its management.Chemical eye injury is an ophthalmic emergency,which may be caused by exposure to an acidic(pH【4)or an alkali(pH】10)solution to the eye.Rinsing the eye decreases the concentration of these solutions on ocular surface.The initial management would be copious irrigation with clean or sterile water or Ringer’s solution(pH 7.3-7.4)or its equivalent,of a展开更多
Pine wood nematode （PWN）, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （Steiner et Buhrer） Nickle is an important invasive alien species in forests of China and has become one of the most destructive forest diseases. In order to im...Pine wood nematode （PWN）, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （Steiner et Buhrer） Nickle is an important invasive alien species in forests of China and has become one of the most destructive forest diseases. In order to improve the resistance and resilience of pine forest ecosystems against B. xylophilus invasion and make the pine forest ecosystem more timely responsive to PWN invasion, we made some recommendations based on five years of intensive observations. We advocate a set of management measures with the theme “Prevention is priority, but integrated with curative techniques and ecological resilience” on the pine forest ecosystem invaded by B. xylophilus; details of accurate measures are proposed. The aim is to discover the underlying problems of present pine forest ecosys-tems and to take, correspondingly, administrative measures and strategies, which will encourage the pine forest ecosystem to develop in a benign way.展开更多
With the development of socialism market economy, the former Bar Code ForCommodity Management Measures (being called Old Measures for short hereafter) issued by the NationalBureau of Quality and Technical Supervision ...With the development of socialism market economy, the former Bar Code ForCommodity Management Measures (being called Old Measures for short hereafter) issued by the NationalBureau of Quality and Technical Supervision can not adapt to the requirement of managing for barcode for commodity. Therefore, for the purpose of standardize bar code for commodity managementstandard, ensuring its quality, speeding up the application of it in electronic business andcirculating field and accelerating the course of being a well informed country, a new Bar Code ForCommodity Management Measures (New Measures for short) has been issued by the General Administratorof Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of P.R. China (AQSIQ) on May 30th, 2005, and putinto force in October, 2005. At the same time, the Old Measures issued on July 3rd, 1998 has beenabolished.展开更多
For the development of construction work, construction personnel are an important factor in the overall development of the work. Therefore, strengthening the management of construction personnel plays a vital role in ...For the development of construction work, construction personnel are an important factor in the overall development of the work. Therefore, strengthening the management of construction personnel plays a vital role in improving the quality of construction work. The higher the management level of construction work, the more guaranteed the quality of construction work. Therefore, in the actual construction process of construction work, the construction unit should raise the awareness of construction management work and give full play to the subjective initiative of construction personnel. Improve the coordination degree of each construction department, strengthen the efficiency of information communication and exchange, and strengthen the management of the construction site, so as to realize the optimization of the overall construction management while combining the needs of the owners and the market demand, and further improve the overall construction quality of the construction project.展开更多
Teaching security management is important for institutions to effectively manage teaching resources.This article takes Xi’an Mingde Institute of Technology(referred to as Mingde Institute)as the research subject and ...Teaching security management is important for institutions to effectively manage teaching resources.This article takes Xi’an Mingde Institute of Technology(referred to as Mingde Institute)as the research subject and uses the literature review and field investigation to put forward relevant suggestions for the teaching facilities of Mingde Institute,in order to improve the teaching facilities of Mingde Institute.展开更多
Objective: to explore the safety and management countermeasures of clinical rational use of western medicine. Methods: 182 western medicine prescriptions from June 2020 to December 2020 were selected as the control gr...Objective: to explore the safety and management countermeasures of clinical rational use of western medicine. Methods: 182 western medicine prescriptions from June 2020 to December 2020 were selected as the control group, during which conventional management methods were used.182 western medicine prescriptions from January to June 2021 were selected as the observation group, during which the standardized management of safe use of Western medicine was added. Results: the incidence of unreasonable combination medication, unreasonable use of antibiotics, unreasonable usage and dosage and repeated administration in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05).The incidence of drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, general fatigue and rash in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05).The total incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: the addition of safe drug use standard fu'anli in clinical drug use can continuously improve the professional knowledge of medical staff, improve the comprehensive quality of medical staff, and promote the rationality and efficient application of clinical western medicine prescriptions and accelerate the physical recovery of patients.展开更多
Based on the design and construction general contracting bidding and contract management of the second phase project (pumping station and rubber dam project) of Jiaodong Peninsula strategic water source improvement an...Based on the design and construction general contracting bidding and contract management of the second phase project (pumping station and rubber dam project) of Jiaodong Peninsula strategic water source improvement and capacity increase project, this paper analyzes the characteristics of contract metering and pricing management under the general contracting project mode of water conservancy project led by the construction unit, expounds the advantages and existing problems in metering and pricing management of water conservancy project and puts forward relevant suggestions for the general contracting management of water conservancy project led by the construction unit.展开更多
Power engineering quality and safety management is the key to the safety management of power enterprises, and it is also an important guarantee to realize the economic and social benefits of engineering projects. Howe...Power engineering quality and safety management is the key to the safety management of power enterprises, and it is also an important guarantee to realize the economic and social benefits of engineering projects. However, in the actual construction of power engineering projects, there are still some problems in safety management. This paper will analyze the influencing factors of engineering quality and construction safety in power engineering, and put forward feasible quality and safety management measures.展开更多
With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the construction industry has become an important support for Chinas economic development. Among them, the development of civil engineering plays an indispensable role i...With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the construction industry has become an important support for Chinas economic development. Among them, the development of civil engineering plays an indispensable role in the national economic growth, and at the same time, it also promotes the development of civil engineering towards complexity and structural diversification. However, quality management always restricts its development. Based on this, this paper will mainly discuss and analyze the quality control and management measures of civil and industrial buildings.展开更多
As a kind of decorative structure of modern architecture, glass curtain wall has been strongly supported in the field of architecture. With the continuous improvement of contemporary construction technology, the safet...As a kind of decorative structure of modern architecture, glass curtain wall has been strongly supported in the field of architecture. With the continuous improvement of contemporary construction technology, the safety and stability of glass curtain wall are getting better and better. In addition, the glass curtain wall has the characteristics of low construction difficulty and low cost, which leads to more and more favored by high-rise and super high-rise building units. At present, glass curtain wall can satisfy the pursuit of design style for large buildings, and promote the building to be more fashionable and beautiful. However, the increasing height and scale of engineering buildings lead to the increasing difficulty of the construction of glass curtain wall. To strengthen the research and innovation of the construction technology of glass curtain wall engineering is conducive to the long-term and stable development of the construction industry. In this paper, the construction points and management measures of building glass curtain wall engineering are discussed and studied in a comprehensive way, hoping to provide some reference and help for workers in related fields.展开更多
The construction of water conservancy projects is an important measure to integrate mountains, fields, lakes and grass to promote the coordinated development of economy and society. It is also an inevitable requiremen...The construction of water conservancy projects is an important measure to integrate mountains, fields, lakes and grass to promote the coordinated development of economy and society. It is also an inevitable requirement to implement the construction of ecological civilization, promote the construction of a well-off society and ensure the flood control safety of river basins. Safe production is an important guarantee and inevitable requirement to realize economic development and social stability, as well as the fundamental condition to create a harmonious society. There are many safety production problems in water conservancy project construction, which are faced with poor working conditions and extremely complex construction environment. It is very important to effectively solve the safety production problems in water conservancy project construction.展开更多
Due to the continuous development of China's market economy, land resources are also in short supply at the same time of rapid economic development. In order to improve the shortage of land resources, some compani...Due to the continuous development of China's market economy, land resources are also in short supply at the same time of rapid economic development. In order to improve the shortage of land resources, some companies have changed the original large-scale infrastructure into high-rise buildings. For high-rise buildings, the standard requirements for foundations are very strict, so the safety and stability of buildings must be effectively guaranteed. Based on this, the following analysis and research are made on the deep foundation pit engineering management of buildings for reference.展开更多
With the improvement of people's living standards, the requirements for green and safe food are becoming higher and higher. In this context, in order to improve the economic benefits of breeding, many chicken farm...With the improvement of people's living standards, the requirements for green and safe food are becoming higher and higher. In this context, in order to improve the economic benefits of breeding, many chicken farms adopt the forest ecological breeding management model for chicken breeding. The research, development and utilization of the ecological chicken raising model under forest provides a better development direction for China's poultry production, which can stabilize the ecological circulation function of forest land, reduce breeding pollution, and improve the quality of chicken, which meets the green development needs of China's breeding industry at present. This paper mainly analyzes and expounds the rearing and management technology of ecological chicken under forest in Shangsi County, Guangxi, and puts forward various breeding management measures, hoping to provide reference for related workers.展开更多
In the process of water conservancy project sluice construction, it is relatively easy to be affected by some external factors, which will cause serious harm to the sluice project construction. Therefore, in the proce...In the process of water conservancy project sluice construction, it is relatively easy to be affected by some external factors, which will cause serious harm to the sluice project construction. Therefore, in the process of sluice construction, it is necessary to select the appropriate sluice construction scheme and technical measures according to the actual situation of water conservancy project construction, and at the same time, based on the overall characteristics of water conservancy project construction, analyze the sluice construction technology in detail, so as to improve the quality of sluice construction, guarantee the construction progress and quality, and promote the effective development of water conservancy project sluice construction.展开更多
The North China Plain(NCP)is the political and cultural center of China,including the metropolises of Beijing and Tianjin,the province of Hebei,and parts of Henan and Shandong provinces.Adopted from previous hydrologi...The North China Plain(NCP)is the political and cultural center of China,including the metropolises of Beijing and Tianjin,the province of Hebei,and parts of Henan and Shandong provinces.Adopted from previous hydrological studies,the NCP is bounded by the Taihang Mountains in the west and the Yellow River in the south,with an area of approximately 140,000 km2,hosting a population of 350 million[1](Fig.1a).展开更多
The grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China,and greenhouse gas fluxes such as CO2,CH4 and N2O play an important role in the global climate change. The differences in grazing,cultivation and management ...The grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China,and greenhouse gas fluxes such as CO2,CH4 and N2O play an important role in the global climate change. The differences in grazing,cultivation and management measures will affect greenhouse gas emissions in grassland ecosystem. Studies suggest that reclamation will lead to increased CO2 fluxes,and fertilization will lead to increased N2 O fluxes; no grazing in summer can reduce greenhouse gas emissions,but impacts of grazing and management measures on greenhouse gas fluxes have not yet reached the same conclusion. The different results may be related to local natural conditions,management measures and research methods. Future research should be focused on unity and standardization in these areas,making the results scientific and comparable,and finally providing the basis for emission reduction of greenhouse gases in grassland ecosystem.展开更多
文摘To promote energy conservation,emission reduction,and sustainable development in thermal power enterprises,this study conducted a detailed analysis of the problems existing in measurement management in these enterprises and explored targeted solutions.The analysis found that,faced with increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements and urgent needs to improve energy efficiency,thermal power enterprises must address the current issues in energy measurement management.They should actively respond to the national call for energy conservation and emission reduction,continuously optimize energy measurement management processes,improve energy utilization efficiency,reduce unnecessary energy consumption and emissions,and lay a solid foundation for the green transformation and sustainable development of the industry.
文摘Objective:To analyze the management measures and effects of preventing postoperative incision infections in the general surgery department of primary hospitals.Methods:Forty-nine surgical patients with 11 healthcare workers who were admitted to the general surgery department of the primary hospital between August 2021 and August 2022 were selected as the routine group for routine incision infection management.Forty-nine surgical patients with 11 healthcare workers admitted to the same department between September 2022 and September 2023 were selected as the prevention group for prophylactic management of postoperative incision infections.The incision infection rate,knowledge,attitude,and practice(KAP)scores,and management satisfaction of the patients as well as the management skill scores of healthcare workers were compared between the two groups.Results:The rate of postoperative incision infection in the prevention group was lower than that in the routine group;after implementing management measures,patients in the prevention group had higher KAP scores than those in the routine group;patients in the prevention group were more satisfied with the management than those in the routine group;and healthcare workers in the prevention group had higher scores than those in the routine group,with P<0.05 for the comparison between the groups.Conclusion:The implementation of preventive management for general surgery patients in primary hospitals can reduce the incidence of postoperative incision infection and improve the KAP of patients,with higher management satisfaction.It can also enhance the management skills of healthcare workers,thus improving their overall management level.
文摘The Private Finance Initiative has provided the framework for the completion of a large number of capital projects managed by the public sector bodies. It secures value for money in the use of public resource and achieves a genuine transfer of risk to the private sector. PFI project shows a lot of benefits for the UK, Chinese Government also would like o use it to improve the public infrastructure.
文摘Xizang has been an integral part of Chinese territory since ancient times.During the Qing Dynasty,the central government further strengthened its governance over Xizang,with management measures in local administration,military,religion,economy,and culture gradually being perfected and implemented.
文摘Dear Sir,Eye drops(single use)commonly used in clinics do have varying pH values.The use of such drops in the initial management of chemical eye injury may influence the accuracy of pH measurement of the eye,and subsequently influence its management.Chemical eye injury is an ophthalmic emergency,which may be caused by exposure to an acidic(pH【4)or an alkali(pH】10)solution to the eye.Rinsing the eye decreases the concentration of these solutions on ocular surface.The initial management would be copious irrigation with clean or sterile water or Ringer’s solution(pH 7.3-7.4)or its equivalent,of a
文摘Pine wood nematode （PWN）, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （Steiner et Buhrer） Nickle is an important invasive alien species in forests of China and has become one of the most destructive forest diseases. In order to improve the resistance and resilience of pine forest ecosystems against B. xylophilus invasion and make the pine forest ecosystem more timely responsive to PWN invasion, we made some recommendations based on five years of intensive observations. We advocate a set of management measures with the theme “Prevention is priority, but integrated with curative techniques and ecological resilience” on the pine forest ecosystem invaded by B. xylophilus; details of accurate measures are proposed. The aim is to discover the underlying problems of present pine forest ecosys-tems and to take, correspondingly, administrative measures and strategies, which will encourage the pine forest ecosystem to develop in a benign way.
文摘With the development of socialism market economy, the former Bar Code ForCommodity Management Measures (being called Old Measures for short hereafter) issued by the NationalBureau of Quality and Technical Supervision can not adapt to the requirement of managing for barcode for commodity. Therefore, for the purpose of standardize bar code for commodity managementstandard, ensuring its quality, speeding up the application of it in electronic business andcirculating field and accelerating the course of being a well informed country, a new Bar Code ForCommodity Management Measures (New Measures for short) has been issued by the General Administratorof Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of P.R. China (AQSIQ) on May 30th, 2005, and putinto force in October, 2005. At the same time, the Old Measures issued on July 3rd, 1998 has beenabolished.
文摘For the development of construction work, construction personnel are an important factor in the overall development of the work. Therefore, strengthening the management of construction personnel plays a vital role in improving the quality of construction work. The higher the management level of construction work, the more guaranteed the quality of construction work. Therefore, in the actual construction process of construction work, the construction unit should raise the awareness of construction management work and give full play to the subjective initiative of construction personnel. Improve the coordination degree of each construction department, strengthen the efficiency of information communication and exchange, and strengthen the management of the construction site, so as to realize the optimization of the overall construction management while combining the needs of the owners and the market demand, and further improve the overall construction quality of the construction project.
基金This work was funded by Research on Teaching Guarantee of Mingde College Based on Undergraduate Qualified Teaching Evaluation(Fund number:JG2023YB05[Z])。
文摘Teaching security management is important for institutions to effectively manage teaching resources.This article takes Xi’an Mingde Institute of Technology(referred to as Mingde Institute)as the research subject and uses the literature review and field investigation to put forward relevant suggestions for the teaching facilities of Mingde Institute,in order to improve the teaching facilities of Mingde Institute.
文摘Objective: to explore the safety and management countermeasures of clinical rational use of western medicine. Methods: 182 western medicine prescriptions from June 2020 to December 2020 were selected as the control group, during which conventional management methods were used.182 western medicine prescriptions from January to June 2021 were selected as the observation group, during which the standardized management of safe use of Western medicine was added. Results: the incidence of unreasonable combination medication, unreasonable use of antibiotics, unreasonable usage and dosage and repeated administration in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05).The incidence of drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, general fatigue and rash in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05).The total incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: the addition of safe drug use standard fu'anli in clinical drug use can continuously improve the professional knowledge of medical staff, improve the comprehensive quality of medical staff, and promote the rationality and efficient application of clinical western medicine prescriptions and accelerate the physical recovery of patients.
文摘Based on the design and construction general contracting bidding and contract management of the second phase project (pumping station and rubber dam project) of Jiaodong Peninsula strategic water source improvement and capacity increase project, this paper analyzes the characteristics of contract metering and pricing management under the general contracting project mode of water conservancy project led by the construction unit, expounds the advantages and existing problems in metering and pricing management of water conservancy project and puts forward relevant suggestions for the general contracting management of water conservancy project led by the construction unit.
文摘Power engineering quality and safety management is the key to the safety management of power enterprises, and it is also an important guarantee to realize the economic and social benefits of engineering projects. However, in the actual construction of power engineering projects, there are still some problems in safety management. This paper will analyze the influencing factors of engineering quality and construction safety in power engineering, and put forward feasible quality and safety management measures.
文摘With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the construction industry has become an important support for Chinas economic development. Among them, the development of civil engineering plays an indispensable role in the national economic growth, and at the same time, it also promotes the development of civil engineering towards complexity and structural diversification. However, quality management always restricts its development. Based on this, this paper will mainly discuss and analyze the quality control and management measures of civil and industrial buildings.
文摘As a kind of decorative structure of modern architecture, glass curtain wall has been strongly supported in the field of architecture. With the continuous improvement of contemporary construction technology, the safety and stability of glass curtain wall are getting better and better. In addition, the glass curtain wall has the characteristics of low construction difficulty and low cost, which leads to more and more favored by high-rise and super high-rise building units. At present, glass curtain wall can satisfy the pursuit of design style for large buildings, and promote the building to be more fashionable and beautiful. However, the increasing height and scale of engineering buildings lead to the increasing difficulty of the construction of glass curtain wall. To strengthen the research and innovation of the construction technology of glass curtain wall engineering is conducive to the long-term and stable development of the construction industry. In this paper, the construction points and management measures of building glass curtain wall engineering are discussed and studied in a comprehensive way, hoping to provide some reference and help for workers in related fields.
文摘The construction of water conservancy projects is an important measure to integrate mountains, fields, lakes and grass to promote the coordinated development of economy and society. It is also an inevitable requirement to implement the construction of ecological civilization, promote the construction of a well-off society and ensure the flood control safety of river basins. Safe production is an important guarantee and inevitable requirement to realize economic development and social stability, as well as the fundamental condition to create a harmonious society. There are many safety production problems in water conservancy project construction, which are faced with poor working conditions and extremely complex construction environment. It is very important to effectively solve the safety production problems in water conservancy project construction.
文摘Due to the continuous development of China's market economy, land resources are also in short supply at the same time of rapid economic development. In order to improve the shortage of land resources, some companies have changed the original large-scale infrastructure into high-rise buildings. For high-rise buildings, the standard requirements for foundations are very strict, so the safety and stability of buildings must be effectively guaranteed. Based on this, the following analysis and research are made on the deep foundation pit engineering management of buildings for reference.
文摘With the improvement of people's living standards, the requirements for green and safe food are becoming higher and higher. In this context, in order to improve the economic benefits of breeding, many chicken farms adopt the forest ecological breeding management model for chicken breeding. The research, development and utilization of the ecological chicken raising model under forest provides a better development direction for China's poultry production, which can stabilize the ecological circulation function of forest land, reduce breeding pollution, and improve the quality of chicken, which meets the green development needs of China's breeding industry at present. This paper mainly analyzes and expounds the rearing and management technology of ecological chicken under forest in Shangsi County, Guangxi, and puts forward various breeding management measures, hoping to provide reference for related workers.
文摘In the process of water conservancy project sluice construction, it is relatively easy to be affected by some external factors, which will cause serious harm to the sluice project construction. Therefore, in the process of sluice construction, it is necessary to select the appropriate sluice construction scheme and technical measures according to the actual situation of water conservancy project construction, and at the same time, based on the overall characteristics of water conservancy project construction, analyze the sluice construction technology in detail, so as to improve the quality of sluice construction, guarantee the construction progress and quality, and promote the effective development of water conservancy project sluice construction.
基金supported by the China Geological Survey:Program of National Land Subsidence Mapping with Satellite SAR Interferometry(DD20230440)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42374019 and 42071397)。
文摘The North China Plain(NCP)is the political and cultural center of China,including the metropolises of Beijing and Tianjin,the province of Hebei,and parts of Henan and Shandong provinces.Adopted from previous hydrological studies,the NCP is bounded by the Taihang Mountains in the west and the Yellow River in the south,with an area of approximately 140,000 km2,hosting a population of 350 million[1](Fig.1a).
文摘The grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China,and greenhouse gas fluxes such as CO2,CH4 and N2O play an important role in the global climate change. The differences in grazing,cultivation and management measures will affect greenhouse gas emissions in grassland ecosystem. Studies suggest that reclamation will lead to increased CO2 fluxes,and fertilization will lead to increased N2 O fluxes; no grazing in summer can reduce greenhouse gas emissions,but impacts of grazing and management measures on greenhouse gas fluxes have not yet reached the same conclusion. The different results may be related to local natural conditions,management measures and research methods. Future research should be focused on unity and standardization in these areas,making the results scientific and comparable,and finally providing the basis for emission reduction of greenhouse gases in grassland ecosystem.
