Mayaro virus is an emergent alphavirus that infects humans,leading to Mayaro fever.Approximately fifty percent of infected patients develop arthritis symptoms in the recovery phase,a phase that can last up to a year.T...Mayaro virus is an emergent alphavirus that infects humans,leading to Mayaro fever.Approximately fifty percent of infected patients develop arthritis symptoms in the recovery phase,a phase that can last up to a year.The literature about Mayaro virus infection and its immune response is scarce,which may hamper the development of treatment strategies.We summarize changes in cytokines and chemokines in the acute and recovery phase in Mayaro virus infected patients,and relate this molecular characterization with the immune response.VEGF and IL-12/p70 show pronounced changes in patients in the acute phase,suggesting the development of cellular immunity and Th1 response.IL-6,IL-7,CXCL8/IL-8,IL-13,IL-17,and IFN-γare elevated in patients with arthritis symptoms in the long-term recovery phase,which may be related to the continuous inflammatory process,a possible Th2 inhibiting and promoting Th17 process.Although few studies discuss the issue,with a small number of patients and different backgrounds,inflammatory and immune response and manifestations seem to be closely linked.This information may help to develop the appropriate treatment strategies in Mayaro virus infection.Therefore,we analyzed and summarized data available in literature.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the evolution of the pathogen Mayaro virus,causing Mayaro fever(a mosquito-borne disease)and to perform selective pressure analysis and homology modelling.Methods:Nine different datasets were bui...Objective:To evaluate the evolution of the pathogen Mayaro virus,causing Mayaro fever(a mosquito-borne disease)and to perform selective pressure analysis and homology modelling.Methods:Nine different datasets were built,one for each protein(from protein C to non-structural protein 4)and the last one for the complete genome.Selective pressure and homology modelling analyses were applied.Results:Two main clades(A and B)were pointed in the maximum likelihood tree.The clade A included five Brazilian sequences sampled from 1955 to 2015.The Brazilian sequence sampled in 2014 significantly clustered with the Haitian sequence sampled in 2015.The clade B included the remaining 27 sequences sampled in the Central and Southern America from 1957 to 2013.Selective pressure analysis revealed several sites under episodic diversifying selection in envelope surface glycoprotein El,non-structural protein 1 and nonstructural protein 3 with a posterior probability P≤0.01.Homology modelling showed different sites modified by selective pressure and some protein-protein interaction sites at high interaction propensity.Conclusion:Maximum likelihood analysis confirmed the Mayaro virus previous circulation in Haiti and the successful spread to the Caribbean and USA.Selective pressure analysis revealed a strong presence of negatively selected sites,suggesting a probable purging of deleterious polymorphisms in functional genes.Homology model showed the position 31,under selective pressure,located in the edge of the ADP-ribose binding site predicting to possess a high potential of protein-protein interaction and suggesting the possible chance for a protective vaccine,thus preventing Mayaro virus urbanization as with Chikungunya virus.展开更多
基金supported by grants from Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco(FACEPE)(grant 09/2017).
文摘Mayaro virus is an emergent alphavirus that infects humans,leading to Mayaro fever.Approximately fifty percent of infected patients develop arthritis symptoms in the recovery phase,a phase that can last up to a year.The literature about Mayaro virus infection and its immune response is scarce,which may hamper the development of treatment strategies.We summarize changes in cytokines and chemokines in the acute and recovery phase in Mayaro virus infected patients,and relate this molecular characterization with the immune response.VEGF and IL-12/p70 show pronounced changes in patients in the acute phase,suggesting the development of cellular immunity and Th1 response.IL-6,IL-7,CXCL8/IL-8,IL-13,IL-17,and IFN-γare elevated in patients with arthritis symptoms in the long-term recovery phase,which may be related to the continuous inflammatory process,a possible Th2 inhibiting and promoting Th17 process.Although few studies discuss the issue,with a small number of patients and different backgrounds,inflammatory and immune response and manifestations seem to be closely linked.This information may help to develop the appropriate treatment strategies in Mayaro virus infection.Therefore,we analyzed and summarized data available in literature.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the evolution of the pathogen Mayaro virus,causing Mayaro fever(a mosquito-borne disease)and to perform selective pressure analysis and homology modelling.Methods:Nine different datasets were built,one for each protein(from protein C to non-structural protein 4)and the last one for the complete genome.Selective pressure and homology modelling analyses were applied.Results:Two main clades(A and B)were pointed in the maximum likelihood tree.The clade A included five Brazilian sequences sampled from 1955 to 2015.The Brazilian sequence sampled in 2014 significantly clustered with the Haitian sequence sampled in 2015.The clade B included the remaining 27 sequences sampled in the Central and Southern America from 1957 to 2013.Selective pressure analysis revealed several sites under episodic diversifying selection in envelope surface glycoprotein El,non-structural protein 1 and nonstructural protein 3 with a posterior probability P≤0.01.Homology modelling showed different sites modified by selective pressure and some protein-protein interaction sites at high interaction propensity.Conclusion:Maximum likelihood analysis confirmed the Mayaro virus previous circulation in Haiti and the successful spread to the Caribbean and USA.Selective pressure analysis revealed a strong presence of negatively selected sites,suggesting a probable purging of deleterious polymorphisms in functional genes.Homology model showed the position 31,under selective pressure,located in the edge of the ADP-ribose binding site predicting to possess a high potential of protein-protein interaction and suggesting the possible chance for a protective vaccine,thus preventing Mayaro virus urbanization as with Chikungunya virus.
