According to the glacial landforms and deposits with the optically stimulated luminescence （OSL）dating results, two glacial stages of the last glacial cycle （LGC） and Late Glacial were identified. The Late Glacial...According to the glacial landforms and deposits with the optically stimulated luminescence （OSL）dating results, two glacial stages of the last glacial cycle （LGC） and Late Glacial were identified. The Late Glacial stage （Meteorological Station glacier advance） took place about 11 ka （11.3±1.2 ka）, and the last glacial maximum （LGM）, named Black Wind Mouth glacier advance, occurred at 20 ka （20.0±2.1 ka）. Based on the Ohmura＇s formula in which there is a relationship between summer （JJA） atmospheric temperature （T） and the annual precipitation （P） at ELA, the present theoretical equilibrium line altitude （ELAt） in Changbai Mountains was 3380±100 m. Six methods of accumulation-area ratio （AAR）, maximum elevation of lateral moraines （MELM）, toe-to headwall altitude ratios （THAR）, the terminal to summit altitudinal （TSAM）, the altitude of cirque floor （CF）, and the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area （Hofer） were used for calculation of the former ELAs in different stages. These methods provided the ELA for a range of 2250-2383 m with an average value of 2320±20 m during the LGM, which is 200 m higher than the value of previous investigation. The snowlines during the Late Glacial are 2490 m on northern slope, and 2440 m on western slope. The results show that the snowline on northern slope is 50 m higher than that on western slope during the Late Glacial, and the average snowline is 2465m. The/kElP, values were more than 1000 m during the LGM, and about 920 m lower than now during the Late Glacial stage respectively. Compared with Taiwan Residents and Japanese mountains in East Asia during the LGM, the effect of the uplift on ELA in Changbai Mountains during the glaciations （i.e. 20 m uplift in the LGM and 11 m in the Late Glacial） is not obvious.展开更多
We devise an approach to Bayesian statistics and their applications in the analysis of the Monty Hall problem. We combine knowledge gained through applications of the Maximum Entropy Principle and Nash equilibrium str...We devise an approach to Bayesian statistics and their applications in the analysis of the Monty Hall problem. We combine knowledge gained through applications of the Maximum Entropy Principle and Nash equilibrium strategies to provide results concerning the use of Bayesian approaches unique to the Monty Hall problem. We use a model to describe Monty’s decision process and clarify that Bayesian inference results in an “irrelevant, therefore invariant” hypothesis. We discuss the advantages of Bayesian inference over the frequentist inference in tackling the uneven prior probability Monty Hall variant. We demonstrate that the use of Bayesian statistics conforms to the Maximum Entropy Principle in information theory and Bayesian approach successfully resolves dilemmas in the uneven probability Monty Hall variant. Our findings have applications in the decision making, information theory, bioinformatics, quantum game theory and beyond.展开更多
This paper presents not only practical but also instructive mathematical models to simulate tree network formation using the Poisson equation and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Then, the implications for entropic...This paper presents not only practical but also instructive mathematical models to simulate tree network formation using the Poisson equation and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Then, the implications for entropic theories are discussed from the viewpoint of Maximum Entropy Production (MEP). According to the MEP principle, open systems existing in the state far from equilibrium are stabilized when entropy production is maximized, creating dissipative structures with low entropy such as the tree-shaped network. We prepare two simulation models: one is the Poisson equation model that simulates the state far from equilibrium, and the other is the Laplace equation model that simulates the isolated state or the state near thermodynamic equilibrium. The output of these equations is considered to be positively correlated to entropy production of the system. Setting the Poisson equation model so that entropy production is maximized, tree network formation is advanced. We suppose that this is due to the invocation of the MEP principle, that is, entropy of the system is lowered by emitting maximal entropy out of the system. On the other hand, tree network formation is not observed in the Laplace equation model. Our simulation results will offer the persuasive evidence that certifies the effect of the MEP principle.展开更多
根据冰川地貌和地形特征、岩性、冰川沉积物的风化程度以及OSL测年结果,认为长白山地区发育两期冰川作用,即末次冰盛期和晚冰期,测年结果分别为20.0±2.1ka和11.3±1.2ka。根据平衡线（ELA）处6~8月多年平均气温（T）和年降水量...根据冰川地貌和地形特征、岩性、冰川沉积物的风化程度以及OSL测年结果,认为长白山地区发育两期冰川作用,即末次冰盛期和晚冰期,测年结果分别为20.0±2.1ka和11.3±1.2ka。根据平衡线（ELA）处6~8月多年平均气温（T）和年降水量（P）的关系,计算长白山现代理论雪线高度为3380±100m。通过积累区面积比率AAR（accumulation-arearatio）、冰川末端到山顶高度TSAM（the terminal to summit altitudinal）,冰川末端至分水岭平均高度Hofer（the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area）、末端至冰斗后壁比率THAR（toe-to headwall altitude ratios）、冰斗底部高程CF（cirque-floor altitudes method）、侧碛堤最大高度法MELM（maximum elevation of lateral moraines）等方法计算该区末次冰盛期雪线高度为2250~2383m,平均值2320±20m。考虑到末次冰盛期后地壳上升20m,当时雪线的实际高度为2300±20m,冰盛期的雪线降低值为1080±100m。晚冰期北坡和西坡的雪线高度分别为2490m和2440m,平均值2465m,考虑新构造运动后的雪线实际高度2454m,降低值926±100m。长白山新构造运动（LGM上升约20m,晚冰期上升约11m）在末次冰盛期以来对冰川发育的影响不明显。展开更多
最大功率点跟踪(Maximum Power Point Tracking,简称MPPT)控制电路及控制方法是提高光伏器件利用效果的有效手段,但是检测光伏器件输出端电压、电流的传感器增加了硬件电路的成本和体积。从功率平衡角度对逆变器工作电流与光伏器件输出...最大功率点跟踪(Maximum Power Point Tracking,简称MPPT)控制电路及控制方法是提高光伏器件利用效果的有效手段,但是检测光伏器件输出端电压、电流的传感器增加了硬件电路的成本和体积。从功率平衡角度对逆变器工作电流与光伏器件输出功率之间的关系进行分析,结果表明控制系统逆变器的输出电流可实现光伏器件的MPPT控制。由于该方法利用了逆变器并网工作所必需的检测信号,从而避免了对光伏器件输出信号的检测,降低了成本。实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.40571016
文摘According to the glacial landforms and deposits with the optically stimulated luminescence （OSL）dating results, two glacial stages of the last glacial cycle （LGC） and Late Glacial were identified. The Late Glacial stage （Meteorological Station glacier advance） took place about 11 ka （11.3±1.2 ka）, and the last glacial maximum （LGM）, named Black Wind Mouth glacier advance, occurred at 20 ka （20.0±2.1 ka）. Based on the Ohmura＇s formula in which there is a relationship between summer （JJA） atmospheric temperature （T） and the annual precipitation （P） at ELA, the present theoretical equilibrium line altitude （ELAt） in Changbai Mountains was 3380±100 m. Six methods of accumulation-area ratio （AAR）, maximum elevation of lateral moraines （MELM）, toe-to headwall altitude ratios （THAR）, the terminal to summit altitudinal （TSAM）, the altitude of cirque floor （CF）, and the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area （Hofer） were used for calculation of the former ELAs in different stages. These methods provided the ELA for a range of 2250-2383 m with an average value of 2320±20 m during the LGM, which is 200 m higher than the value of previous investigation. The snowlines during the Late Glacial are 2490 m on northern slope, and 2440 m on western slope. The results show that the snowline on northern slope is 50 m higher than that on western slope during the Late Glacial, and the average snowline is 2465m. The/kElP, values were more than 1000 m during the LGM, and about 920 m lower than now during the Late Glacial stage respectively. Compared with Taiwan Residents and Japanese mountains in East Asia during the LGM, the effect of the uplift on ELA in Changbai Mountains during the glaciations （i.e. 20 m uplift in the LGM and 11 m in the Late Glacial） is not obvious.
文摘We devise an approach to Bayesian statistics and their applications in the analysis of the Monty Hall problem. We combine knowledge gained through applications of the Maximum Entropy Principle and Nash equilibrium strategies to provide results concerning the use of Bayesian approaches unique to the Monty Hall problem. We use a model to describe Monty’s decision process and clarify that Bayesian inference results in an “irrelevant, therefore invariant” hypothesis. We discuss the advantages of Bayesian inference over the frequentist inference in tackling the uneven prior probability Monty Hall variant. We demonstrate that the use of Bayesian statistics conforms to the Maximum Entropy Principle in information theory and Bayesian approach successfully resolves dilemmas in the uneven probability Monty Hall variant. Our findings have applications in the decision making, information theory, bioinformatics, quantum game theory and beyond.
文摘This paper presents not only practical but also instructive mathematical models to simulate tree network formation using the Poisson equation and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Then, the implications for entropic theories are discussed from the viewpoint of Maximum Entropy Production (MEP). According to the MEP principle, open systems existing in the state far from equilibrium are stabilized when entropy production is maximized, creating dissipative structures with low entropy such as the tree-shaped network. We prepare two simulation models: one is the Poisson equation model that simulates the state far from equilibrium, and the other is the Laplace equation model that simulates the isolated state or the state near thermodynamic equilibrium. The output of these equations is considered to be positively correlated to entropy production of the system. Setting the Poisson equation model so that entropy production is maximized, tree network formation is advanced. We suppose that this is due to the invocation of the MEP principle, that is, entropy of the system is lowered by emitting maximal entropy out of the system. On the other hand, tree network formation is not observed in the Laplace equation model. Our simulation results will offer the persuasive evidence that certifies the effect of the MEP principle.
文摘根据冰川地貌和地形特征、岩性、冰川沉积物的风化程度以及OSL测年结果,认为长白山地区发育两期冰川作用,即末次冰盛期和晚冰期,测年结果分别为20.0±2.1ka和11.3±1.2ka。根据平衡线（ELA）处6~8月多年平均气温（T）和年降水量（P）的关系,计算长白山现代理论雪线高度为3380±100m。通过积累区面积比率AAR（accumulation-arearatio）、冰川末端到山顶高度TSAM（the terminal to summit altitudinal）,冰川末端至分水岭平均高度Hofer（the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area）、末端至冰斗后壁比率THAR（toe-to headwall altitude ratios）、冰斗底部高程CF（cirque-floor altitudes method）、侧碛堤最大高度法MELM（maximum elevation of lateral moraines）等方法计算该区末次冰盛期雪线高度为2250~2383m,平均值2320±20m。考虑到末次冰盛期后地壳上升20m,当时雪线的实际高度为2300±20m,冰盛期的雪线降低值为1080±100m。晚冰期北坡和西坡的雪线高度分别为2490m和2440m,平均值2465m,考虑新构造运动后的雪线实际高度2454m,降低值926±100m。长白山新构造运动（LGM上升约20m,晚冰期上升约11m）在末次冰盛期以来对冰川发育的影响不明显。
文摘最大功率点跟踪(Maximum Power Point Tracking,简称MPPT)控制电路及控制方法是提高光伏器件利用效果的有效手段,但是检测光伏器件输出端电压、电流的传感器增加了硬件电路的成本和体积。从功率平衡角度对逆变器工作电流与光伏器件输出功率之间的关系进行分析,结果表明控制系统逆变器的输出电流可实现光伏器件的MPPT控制。由于该方法利用了逆变器并网工作所必需的检测信号,从而避免了对光伏器件输出信号的检测,降低了成本。实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。
