In the legal and philosophical study of torture,two major problems arise:Why is torture evil(Problem 1)?And is there a form of permissible torture(Problem 2)?The key issue in Problem 1 is demonstrating the uniqueness ...In the legal and philosophical study of torture,two major problems arise:Why is torture evil(Problem 1)?And is there a form of permissible torture(Problem 2)?The key issue in Problem 1 is demonstrating the uniqueness of the evils of torture,while Problem 2 aims to find a suitable theory to balance the“intuitive rejection”and“intuition of exceptional cases”in the ticking bomb scenario.Existing mainstream approaches have generally failed to resolve these issues.However,Matthew Kramer’s view of torture addresses both aspects of these problems.For Problem 1,Kramer adopts a perpetrator-centered viewpoint,arguing that torture undermines the moral integrity of the perpetrator.Regarding Problem 2,he suggests that the situation we face is a moral conflict in which the use of torture is morally wrong but might be the best action in a given context,granting it a weaker form of permissibility.However,in terms of the evils of torture,Kramer fails to explain its uniqueness.His theory cannot apply to all types of torture,and his perpetrator-centered argument contains logical flaws.Regarding the permissibility of torture,while Kramer’s overall approach is correct,he does not provide a reasonable explanation of the moral obligation to“forbid torture”or the prima facie surrounding it.A correct view of torture should adhere to an inmate-centered viewpoint,understanding the evils of torture in an additive manner in Problem 1,and acknowledging the existence of moral conflict in Problem 2.It should not only demonstrate that,in some situations,the use of torture may be the morally best option,but also show that the moral obligation to prohibit torture is simply outweighed under these circumstances.展开更多
Wheeler pointed ouuailat the period of Matthews＇ chaotic function （MCF） is often too short to be suitable for crypto- graphic usage in the manner of computer statistics, but this statement was given only through di...Wheeler pointed ouuailat the period of Matthews＇ chaotic function （MCF） is often too short to be suitable for crypto- graphic usage in the manner of computer statistics, but this statement was given only through digital computation. In this paper, we proved by theoretical and practical method that period exists in MCF and analyzed the underlying reason. With two chaotic functions working together we presented a modified MCF （MMCF） that is non-periodic. The simulation tests with reconstruction of phase space showed that our modified MCF is of no period. And we described how to implement a cryptographic usage with MMCF.展开更多
Dengue fever is a serious vector-borne infectious viral disease found worldwide. Dengue fever forecasting is in demand in the front line of epidemic prevention and control work. The goal of this study was to evaluate ...Dengue fever is a serious vector-borne infectious viral disease found worldwide. Dengue fever forecasting is in demand in the front line of epidemic prevention and control work. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using only notified case home locations to predict new cases and village locations. We took the Tainan City dengue fever outbreak in 2015 as the research subject and divided it into 5 periods according to epidemic temporal change. In each period, the predicted variable was the location of the reported cases in the previous week, the previous 2 weeks, and the previous 3 weeks. In addition, we used 21 preset distances with a radius of 0 to 2000 m at intervals of 100 m to predict the villages where new cases would appear. Accounting for 4 predictors of a confusion matrix at each preset distance, these predictors were used in calculations using the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) as the basis for model evaluation. In the lag phase, the optimal predictor was within 1700 m in the 3-week forecast. In the exponential phase, the optimal predictor was within 300 m in the 1-week forecast. In the stationary phase, the optimal predictor was within 100 m in the 3-week forecast and within 200 m in the 2-week forecast. In the early decline phase, the optimal predictor was 0 m in the 1-week forecast. In the late decline phase, the optimal predictor was within 200 m in the 2-week forecast. According to MCC calculations and comparisons among the 5 studied periods, the best MCC score was in the exponential phase, a stage of rapid increase of new cases. The results of this study suggest that the epidemic forecasting model based on the location of notified cases has a high reference value for epidemic control and prevention.展开更多
Credit card companies must be able to identify fraudulent credit card transactions so that clients are not charged for items they did not purchase. Previously, many machine learning approaches and classifiers were use...Credit card companies must be able to identify fraudulent credit card transactions so that clients are not charged for items they did not purchase. Previously, many machine learning approaches and classifiers were used to detect fraudulent transactions. However, because fraud patterns are always changing, it is becoming increasingly vital to investigate new frauds and develop the model based on the new patterns. The purpose of this research is to create a machine learning classifier that not only detects fraud but also detects legitimate transactions. As a result, the model should have excellent accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. As a result, we began with a large dataset in this study and used four machine learning classifiers: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, and Random Forest. The random forest classifier scored 99.96% overall accuracy with the best precision, recall, f1-score, and Matthews correlation coefficient in the experiments.展开更多
Children's philosophy is "an organized and systematic study of children's physical and mental development, personality traits, behavioral representations and thoughts". Children's philosophy has ...Children's philosophy is "an organized and systematic study of children's physical and mental development, personality traits, behavioral representations and thoughts". Children's philosophy has been closely connected with children's literature since its birth. Since knowledge is human nature, children's philosophy is fundamentally a child's nature. Children are full of philosophical thinking about all kinds of things in daily life. However, due to children's difficulty in understanding the connotation of philosophy, further development of children's philosophy education is difficult. As a kind of literature closely related to children's spiritual world, children's literature always keeps its artistic attention to the philosophical instinct in childhood. All philosophical thinking of children's literature should be naturally integrated into its unique literary expression. From the perspective of children's philosophy, children's philosophy education is realized through children's literature.展开更多
Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-202...Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.Design/methodology/approach:This study utilizes a power law model to explore the relationship between research funding and citations of related papers.The study here analyzes 3,539 recorded documents by Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine and a broader dataset of 183,016 documents related to the fields of physics,medicine,and chemistry recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:Results reveal that in chemistry and medicine,funded researches published in papers of Nobel Laureates have higher citations than unfunded studies published in articles;vice versa high citations of Nobel Laureates in physics are for unfunded studies published in papers.Instead,when overall data of publications and citations in physics,chemistry and medicine are analyzed,all papers based on funded researches show higher citations than unfunded ones.Originality/value:Results clarify the driving role of research funding for science diffusion that are systematized in general properties:a)articles concerning funded researches receive more citations than(un)funded studies published in papers of physics,chemistry and medicine sciences,generating a high Matthew effect(a higher growth of citations with the increase in the number of papers);b)research funding increases the citations of articles in fields oriented to applied research(e.g.,chemistry and medicine)more than fields oriented towards basic research(e.g.,physics).Practical implications:The results here explain some characteristics of scientific development and diffusion,highlighting the critical role of research funding in fostering citations and the expansion of scientific knowledge.This finding can support decision-making of policymakers and R&D managers to improve the effectiveness in allocating financial resources in science policies to generate a higher positive scientific and societal impact.展开更多
Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relati...Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relationship between research funding and citations of papers using 831,337 documents recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:The original results reveal general characteristics of the diffusion of science in research fields:a)Funded articles receive higher citations compared to unfunded papers in journals;b)Funded articles exhibit a super-linear growth in citations,surpassing the increase seen in unfunded articles.This finding reveals a higher diffusion of scientific knowledge in funded articles.Moreover,c)funded articles in both basic and applied sciences demonstrate a similar expected change in citations,equivalent to about 1.23%,when the number of funded papers increases by 1%in journals.This result suggests,for the first time,that funding effect of scientific research is an invariant driver,irrespective of the nature of the basic or applied sciences.Originality/value:This evidence suggests empirical laws of funding for scientific citations that explain the importance of robust funding mechanisms for achieving impactful research outcomes in science and society.These findings here also highlight that funding for scientific research is a critical driving force in supporting citations and the dissemination of scientific knowledge in recorded documents in both basic and applied sciences.Practical implications:This comprehensive result provides a holistic view of the relationship between funding and citation performance in science to guide policymakers and R&D managers with science policies by directing funding to research in promoting the scientific development and higher diffusion of results for the progress of human society.展开更多
The idea of Philosophy for Children （P4C） initiated by Matthew Lipman aims to foster critical and creative thinking in children through the pedagogy of a community of inquiry. In his formulation of P4C, Lipman empha...The idea of Philosophy for Children （P4C） initiated by Matthew Lipman aims to foster critical and creative thinking in children through the pedagogy of a community of inquiry. In his formulation of P4C, Lipman emphasizes the role of logical reasoning in thinking and assumes a mutually reinforcing relationship between critical and creative thinking. In this paper, I present an example of a real classroom dialogue which illustrates the inherent tension between logical and creative thinking, as well as the need to go beyond critical thinking. I then proceed to argue for the importance of communication in creating and sustaining a genuine community of inquiry. In conclusion, I suggest that John Dewey＇s view of communication as essentially transformative, aesthetic, educative, and moral can be made the basis for envisioning an alternative focus of P4C--namely, the ideal of artful communication, which has far-reaching implications for realizing the democratic idea of ＂community＂ in a community of inquiry.展开更多
Matthew Arnold is a great Victorian poet and a leading social critic."Dover Beach"is one of Arnold's most famous poems. Critics differ widely on how to interpret Matthew Arnold's choice of"Sopho...Matthew Arnold is a great Victorian poet and a leading social critic."Dover Beach"is one of Arnold's most famous poems. Critics differ widely on how to interpret Matthew Arnold's choice of"Sophocles"in it. Many critics argue that the introduction of the Greek author Sophocles in the second stanza strengthened the theme in a large degree by forming a contrast between the present and past. Some others think that Arnold chooses Sophocles because he appreciates Hellenism. But most of the critics attempt to discover a specific reference to Sophocles. In this article, the author is going to discuss why reasons mentioned above can not explain the role"Sophocles"played in improving the theme of"Dover Beach"and prove that"Sophocles"was used by Arnold, a pious Christian, to grieve for the collapse of faith.展开更多
基金This text represents a periodic outcome of the Beijing Social Science Fund Youth Project(Project Approval Number 22FXC018).
文摘In the legal and philosophical study of torture,two major problems arise:Why is torture evil(Problem 1)?And is there a form of permissible torture(Problem 2)?The key issue in Problem 1 is demonstrating the uniqueness of the evils of torture,while Problem 2 aims to find a suitable theory to balance the“intuitive rejection”and“intuition of exceptional cases”in the ticking bomb scenario.Existing mainstream approaches have generally failed to resolve these issues.However,Matthew Kramer’s view of torture addresses both aspects of these problems.For Problem 1,Kramer adopts a perpetrator-centered viewpoint,arguing that torture undermines the moral integrity of the perpetrator.Regarding Problem 2,he suggests that the situation we face is a moral conflict in which the use of torture is morally wrong but might be the best action in a given context,granting it a weaker form of permissibility.However,in terms of the evils of torture,Kramer fails to explain its uniqueness.His theory cannot apply to all types of torture,and his perpetrator-centered argument contains logical flaws.Regarding the permissibility of torture,while Kramer’s overall approach is correct,he does not provide a reasonable explanation of the moral obligation to“forbid torture”or the prima facie surrounding it.A correct view of torture should adhere to an inmate-centered viewpoint,understanding the evils of torture in an additive manner in Problem 1,and acknowledging the existence of moral conflict in Problem 2.It should not only demonstrate that,in some situations,the use of torture may be the morally best option,but also show that the moral obligation to prohibit torture is simply outweighed under these circumstances.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60673071)
文摘Wheeler pointed ouuailat the period of Matthews＇ chaotic function （MCF） is often too short to be suitable for crypto- graphic usage in the manner of computer statistics, but this statement was given only through digital computation. In this paper, we proved by theoretical and practical method that period exists in MCF and analyzed the underlying reason. With two chaotic functions working together we presented a modified MCF （MMCF） that is non-periodic. The simulation tests with reconstruction of phase space showed that our modified MCF is of no period. And we described how to implement a cryptographic usage with MMCF.
文摘Dengue fever is a serious vector-borne infectious viral disease found worldwide. Dengue fever forecasting is in demand in the front line of epidemic prevention and control work. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using only notified case home locations to predict new cases and village locations. We took the Tainan City dengue fever outbreak in 2015 as the research subject and divided it into 5 periods according to epidemic temporal change. In each period, the predicted variable was the location of the reported cases in the previous week, the previous 2 weeks, and the previous 3 weeks. In addition, we used 21 preset distances with a radius of 0 to 2000 m at intervals of 100 m to predict the villages where new cases would appear. Accounting for 4 predictors of a confusion matrix at each preset distance, these predictors were used in calculations using the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) as the basis for model evaluation. In the lag phase, the optimal predictor was within 1700 m in the 3-week forecast. In the exponential phase, the optimal predictor was within 300 m in the 1-week forecast. In the stationary phase, the optimal predictor was within 100 m in the 3-week forecast and within 200 m in the 2-week forecast. In the early decline phase, the optimal predictor was 0 m in the 1-week forecast. In the late decline phase, the optimal predictor was within 200 m in the 2-week forecast. According to MCC calculations and comparisons among the 5 studied periods, the best MCC score was in the exponential phase, a stage of rapid increase of new cases. The results of this study suggest that the epidemic forecasting model based on the location of notified cases has a high reference value for epidemic control and prevention.
文摘Credit card companies must be able to identify fraudulent credit card transactions so that clients are not charged for items they did not purchase. Previously, many machine learning approaches and classifiers were used to detect fraudulent transactions. However, because fraud patterns are always changing, it is becoming increasingly vital to investigate new frauds and develop the model based on the new patterns. The purpose of this research is to create a machine learning classifier that not only detects fraud but also detects legitimate transactions. As a result, the model should have excellent accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. As a result, we began with a large dataset in this study and used four machine learning classifiers: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, and Random Forest. The random forest classifier scored 99.96% overall accuracy with the best precision, recall, f1-score, and Matthews correlation coefficient in the experiments.
文摘Children's philosophy is "an organized and systematic study of children's physical and mental development, personality traits, behavioral representations and thoughts". Children's philosophy has been closely connected with children's literature since its birth. Since knowledge is human nature, children's philosophy is fundamentally a child's nature. Children are full of philosophical thinking about all kinds of things in daily life. However, due to children's difficulty in understanding the connotation of philosophy, further development of children's philosophy education is difficult. As a kind of literature closely related to children's spiritual world, children's literature always keeps its artistic attention to the philosophical instinct in childhood. All philosophical thinking of children's literature should be naturally integrated into its unique literary expression. From the perspective of children's philosophy, children's philosophy education is realized through children's literature.
文摘Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.Design/methodology/approach:This study utilizes a power law model to explore the relationship between research funding and citations of related papers.The study here analyzes 3,539 recorded documents by Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine and a broader dataset of 183,016 documents related to the fields of physics,medicine,and chemistry recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:Results reveal that in chemistry and medicine,funded researches published in papers of Nobel Laureates have higher citations than unfunded studies published in articles;vice versa high citations of Nobel Laureates in physics are for unfunded studies published in papers.Instead,when overall data of publications and citations in physics,chemistry and medicine are analyzed,all papers based on funded researches show higher citations than unfunded ones.Originality/value:Results clarify the driving role of research funding for science diffusion that are systematized in general properties:a)articles concerning funded researches receive more citations than(un)funded studies published in papers of physics,chemistry and medicine sciences,generating a high Matthew effect(a higher growth of citations with the increase in the number of papers);b)research funding increases the citations of articles in fields oriented to applied research(e.g.,chemistry and medicine)more than fields oriented towards basic research(e.g.,physics).Practical implications:The results here explain some characteristics of scientific development and diffusion,highlighting the critical role of research funding in fostering citations and the expansion of scientific knowledge.This finding can support decision-making of policymakers and R&D managers to improve the effectiveness in allocating financial resources in science policies to generate a higher positive scientific and societal impact.
文摘Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relationship between research funding and citations of papers using 831,337 documents recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:The original results reveal general characteristics of the diffusion of science in research fields:a)Funded articles receive higher citations compared to unfunded papers in journals;b)Funded articles exhibit a super-linear growth in citations,surpassing the increase seen in unfunded articles.This finding reveals a higher diffusion of scientific knowledge in funded articles.Moreover,c)funded articles in both basic and applied sciences demonstrate a similar expected change in citations,equivalent to about 1.23%,when the number of funded papers increases by 1%in journals.This result suggests,for the first time,that funding effect of scientific research is an invariant driver,irrespective of the nature of the basic or applied sciences.Originality/value:This evidence suggests empirical laws of funding for scientific citations that explain the importance of robust funding mechanisms for achieving impactful research outcomes in science and society.These findings here also highlight that funding for scientific research is a critical driving force in supporting citations and the dissemination of scientific knowledge in recorded documents in both basic and applied sciences.Practical implications:This comprehensive result provides a holistic view of the relationship between funding and citation performance in science to guide policymakers and R&D managers with science policies by directing funding to research in promoting the scientific development and higher diffusion of results for the progress of human society.
文摘The idea of Philosophy for Children （P4C） initiated by Matthew Lipman aims to foster critical and creative thinking in children through the pedagogy of a community of inquiry. In his formulation of P4C, Lipman emphasizes the role of logical reasoning in thinking and assumes a mutually reinforcing relationship between critical and creative thinking. In this paper, I present an example of a real classroom dialogue which illustrates the inherent tension between logical and creative thinking, as well as the need to go beyond critical thinking. I then proceed to argue for the importance of communication in creating and sustaining a genuine community of inquiry. In conclusion, I suggest that John Dewey＇s view of communication as essentially transformative, aesthetic, educative, and moral can be made the basis for envisioning an alternative focus of P4C--namely, the ideal of artful communication, which has far-reaching implications for realizing the democratic idea of ＂community＂ in a community of inquiry.
文摘Matthew Arnold is a great Victorian poet and a leading social critic."Dover Beach"is one of Arnold's most famous poems. Critics differ widely on how to interpret Matthew Arnold's choice of"Sophocles"in it. Many critics argue that the introduction of the Greek author Sophocles in the second stanza strengthened the theme in a large degree by forming a contrast between the present and past. Some others think that Arnold chooses Sophocles because he appreciates Hellenism. But most of the critics attempt to discover a specific reference to Sophocles. In this article, the author is going to discuss why reasons mentioned above can not explain the role"Sophocles"played in improving the theme of"Dover Beach"and prove that"Sophocles"was used by Arnold, a pious Christian, to grieve for the collapse of faith.
