Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate ...Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate matters(UPM)throughout the sintering process were elucidated,and measures to control adhesion on grate bars were developed.Research findings indicated that a small quantity of UPM were found on grate bar during the initial sintering stages(ignition stage and middle stageⅠandⅡ).The main compositions of UPM were FexOy-rich,CaO-rich,and aluminium silicate-rich particles.In contrast,corrosive substances like alkali metal compounds were almost absent.These UPM adhered onto grate bar primarily through inertial impaction.When moving to the final sintering stages(middle stageⅢand temperature rising stage),many UPM rich in corrosive substances like NaCl and KCl adhered to the grate bar.These UPM adhered to grate bar through thermal diffusion and vortex deposition.Solid waste water washing technology can greatly decrease the quantity of UPM(rich in NaCl and KCl)on the grate bar due to vortex deposition and thermal diffusion,and it represents a potentially promising way to control adhesion and corrosion on grate bars.展开更多
The high-quality laminated source rock organic matter(OM)originated from planktonic algae,and its sedimentation was affected by global climate change significantly in the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation of the western Q...The high-quality laminated source rock organic matter(OM)originated from planktonic algae,and its sedimentation was affected by global climate change significantly in the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation of the western Qaidam Basin.However,coupling research on the paleoenvironment change and OM enrichment during the sedimentation period of the source rock is still lacking.This study from the aspects of sedimentary petrology,geochemistry and paleontology palynology,the paleoenvironment of source rock is restored and the OM enrichment model is established in the study area.Firstly,kerogen maceral identification indicates that the kerogen maceral is mainly composed of Botryococcus,accompanied with amorphous organic matter and plant debris.Secondly,arid climate and relatively active tectonic were observed during the deposition of the source rock.The water column was received felsic source from the continental island arc tectonic background,and has the environmental characteristics of relatively saline,shallow depth,medium low productivity,fast sedimentation rate and anoxic reduction and so on.Lastly,the first-order controlling factors for the OM enrichment are anoxic water conditions and suitable sedimentation rate,and the secondary controlling factor is paleoproductivity.Through the coupling study of paleoclimate,paleoenvironment and OM enrichment,the paleoclimate high frequency alternating evolution was the root cause of sedimentary environment change and OM enrichment of the laminated shale in the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation.The study on the OM enrichment mechanism of algae in Qaidam provides a good model for understanding the coupling relationship between the algae bloom in the saline lake basins and the environments,and provides important theoretical basis for predicting shale oil“sweet spot”and production well sites arrangement for the continental saline lacustrine basins.展开更多
Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used ...Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.展开更多
Nitrogen isotope compositions(δ15N)of sedimentary rocks are usually used to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and nitrogen(N)biogeochemical cycle.Theδ15N values of crude oils inherit the characteristics of relevant s...Nitrogen isotope compositions(δ15N)of sedimentary rocks are usually used to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and nitrogen(N)biogeochemical cycle.Theδ15N values of crude oils inherit the characteristics of relevant source rocks and can well reflect the information of hydrocarbon-forming organisms and environment in ancient water column.However,studies on theδ15N of crude oils are limited due to the low N content.In this study,a new efficient method is applied to the marine oils from the Bashituo(BST)and Halahatang(HLHT)areas of the Tarim Basin to obtain the nitrogenous components(i.e.,nonhydrocarbons and asphaltenes)for the achievement of N concentration.The carbon and nitrogen isotopes of these components and the biomarkers of oils were measured.Theδ15N values in asphaltenes(δ15NAsp)are significantly heavier than those in nonhydrocarbons(δ15NNSOs)in these oils,which are attributed to the potential directional N transfer and kinetic isotope fractionation during the thermal evolution of organic matters(OM).Theδ15NAspvalues have significant correlations with OM origin associated parameters and weak correlations with environmental parameters,suggesting that the difference inδ15NAspvalues is mainly resulted from biological source rather than redox conditions.Theδ15NNSOsvalues have a closer relationship with the redox condition than biological characteristics,indicating that they have a good response to paleoenvironmental variation in the water column,which is not completely overprinted by the difference of OM origin.Different redox conditions give rise to distinct nitrogen cycles,resulting in variousδ15N values.Anammox occurs in the water column of the Early Cambrian dominated by physically stratified conditions with significant isotope fractionation,resulting in relatively heavierδ15N of OM in the BST area.In the Middle-Late Ordovician period,the limited suboxic zone leads to an insignificant positive bias ofδ15N caused by partial denitrification in the HLHT oils.The evaluation ofδ15N in nitrogenous fractions enables a more comprehensive reconstruction of N cycle for ancient oceans.展开更多
Sediment resuspension plays an important role in the transport and fate of heavy metals in the aquatic environment. In the present study, the release and binding forms of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb under hydrodynamic conditions w...Sediment resuspension plays an important role in the transport and fate of heavy metals in the aquatic environment. In the present study, the release and binding forms of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb under hydrodynamic conditions were investigated using an annular flume. Two sediments located at YLZ and GBD from Liangshui River, Beijing were resuspended for 10 hr at 0.159 and 0.267 m/see, respectively. The concentrations of suspended particulate matters of YLZ were higher than those of GBD during resuspension, indicating that the former sediment is more sensitive to the velocity. Cr in the dissolved phase stayed nearly constant at about 2.25 and 1.84 I^g/L for YLZ and GBD, respectively, due to the high percentage of its stable binding fractions in both sediments, while Cu, Zn, and Pb showed a fast release in the initial period of time. However, their concentrations in SPM generally decreased with time and were higher at the lower velocity of 0.159 m/see, which resulted from the entrainment and depressing effect of larger size particles with lower heavy metal content, commonly referred to as the ＂particle concentration effect＂. In addition, the binding form and heavy metal fractions were also found to vary during the resuspension event. A decrease in the sulphide/organic matters bounded form in GBD sediment was observed, whereas no visible changes were perceived in YLZ site samples. This phenomenon is due to the oxidation of heavy metal-sulphide binding forms, which originated from its high acid volatile sulphide content in GBD sediment.展开更多
Endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) in the secondary effluent discharged from wastewater treatment plants are of great concern when water reuse is intended. Ozonation and ultrafiltration(UF) are powerful technologies...Endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) in the secondary effluent discharged from wastewater treatment plants are of great concern when water reuse is intended. Ozonation and ultrafiltration(UF) are powerful technologies reported to eliminate EDCs. Due to the importance of effluent organic matters(EfOMs) in secondary effluent, the effects of three kinds of EfOM on the treatment of five EDCs using ozonation and UF were investigated. The three kinds of EfOM studied were humic acid sodium salt(NaAH), bovine serum albumin(BSA)and sodium alginate(NaAg); and the five EDCs were estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol and bisphenol A. The results showed that EfOM accelerated the decay rate of ozone and inhibited the degradation efficiency of EDCs by ozonation in the order NaAH > BSA > NaAg.The ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm(UVA_(280)) has potential for use as a surrogate indicator to assess EDC removal via ozonation without conducting difficult EDC analyses. When the decline in UVA_(280) exceeded 18%, the five EDCs had been completely removed. The UF behavior of NaAH,BSA and NaAg was found to follow the cake filtration law. The fouling potential of EfOM followed the order NaAg > NaAH > BSA; while EfOM on the membrane surface enhanced EDC removal in the order NaAH > BSA > NaAg. The mean retention rate of the membrane was increased by 24%, 10% and 8%, respectively. The properties of EDCs and EfOM cakes both influenced the EDC removal rates due to adsorption, size exclusion and charge attraction.展开更多
Presented here is the influence of membrane pore size and dissolved organic matters on the diffusion coefficient（D） of aqueous arsenate, investigated by the diffusion cell method for the first time. The p H-dependen...Presented here is the influence of membrane pore size and dissolved organic matters on the diffusion coefficient（D） of aqueous arsenate, investigated by the diffusion cell method for the first time. The p H-dependent diffusion coefficient of arsenate was determined and compared with values from previous studies; the coefficient was found to decrease with increasing p H, showing the validity of our novel diffusion cell method. The D value increased dramatically as a function of membrane pore size at small pore sizes, and then increased slowly at pore sizes larger than 2.0 μm. Using the Exp Assoc model, the maximum D value was determined to be 11.2565 × 10^-6cm^2/sec. The presence of dissolved organic matters led to a dramatic increase of the D of arsenate, which could be attributed to electrostatic effects and ionic effects of salts. These results improve the understanding of the diffusion behavior of arsenate, especially the important role of various environmental parameters in the study and prediction of the migration of arsenate in aquatic water systems.展开更多
The distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic(As)in different sized atmospheric particulate matters(PMs),including total suspended particles(TSP),PM_(10),and PM_(2.5),collected from Baoding,China were analyzed.T...The distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic(As)in different sized atmospheric particulate matters(PMs),including total suspended particles(TSP),PM_(10),and PM_(2.5),collected from Baoding,China were analyzed.The average total mass concentrations of As in TSP,PM_(10),and PM_(2.5)were 31.5,35.3,and 54.1μg/g,respectively,with an order of PM_(2.5)>PM_(10)>TSP,revealing that As is prone to accumulate on fine particles.Due to the divergent toxicities of different As species,speciation analysis of As in PMs is further conducted.Most of previous studies mainly focused on inorganic arsenite(iAs^(Ⅲ)),inorganic arsenate(iAs^(Ⅴ)),monomethylarsonate(MMA),and dimethylarsinate(DMA)in PMs,while the identification and sensitive quantification of trimethylarsine oxide(TMAO)were rarely reported.In this study,a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was optimized for As speciation including TMAO in PMs.An anion exchange column was used to separate MMA,DMA and iAs^(Ⅴ),while a cation exchange column to separate TMAO and iAs^(Ⅲ).Results showed that iAs^(Ⅴ) was the dominate component in all the samples,corresponding to a portion of 79.2%±9.3%of the total extractable species,while iAs^(Ⅲ),TMAO and DMA made up the remaining 21%.Our study demonstrated that iAs^(Ⅲ) accounted for about 14.4%±11.4%of the total extracted species,with an average concentration of 1.7±1.6 ng/m^(3).It is worth noting that TMAO was widely present in the samples(84 out of 97 samples),which supported the assumption that TMAO was ubiquitous in atmospheric particles.展开更多
Tetracyclines（TCs） discharged from livestock wastewater have aroused public concerns due to their pharmacological threats to ecosystems and human health. As an important medium in the wastewater, suspended organic m...Tetracyclines（TCs） discharged from livestock wastewater have aroused public concerns due to their pharmacological threats to ecosystems and human health. As an important medium in the wastewater, suspended organic matters（SOMs） play vital roles in antibiotics transport and degradation. However, limited information has been reported in the relevant literature. This study investigated TCs sorption behavior on SOM, withdrawn from swine wastewater. High TCs sorption capacities were detected, with the maximum values ranging from 0.337 to 0.679 mg/g. Increasing p H and temperature led to the decline of sorption capacity. Results from three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry revealed that amide and carboxyl groups were the main functional groups for TCs adsorption. The interactions between SOM and TCs were clarified as predominated by hydrogen-bonding and cation-exchange in acid conditions, and electrostatic repulsion in neutral or alkaline conditions. Adsorption kinetics modeling was conducted, and a satisfactory fitting was achieved with the Freundlich equation. These results indicated that the adsorption process was a rather complex process, involving a combination of cation-exchange and hydrogen-bonding. The results will provide a better understanding of the capability of SOM for TCs transport and abatement in the wastewater treatment process.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a very important role in Chinese people ’ s health-keeping, enjoying an position of the same significance with Western medicine and drugs. Entering into the 21 century, and du...Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a very important role in Chinese people ’ s health-keeping, enjoying an position of the same significance with Western medicine and drugs. Entering into the 21 century, and due to the swift and drastic development in economy and elevation in living quality, the public have come to pay much more展开更多
Effects of natural organic matters(NOM) and hydrated metal oxides(HMO) in sediments on the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were investigated by means of removing NOM and HMO in Liaohe R...Effects of natural organic matters(NOM) and hydrated metal oxides(HMO) in sediments on the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were investigated by means of removing NOM and HMO in Liaohe River sediments sequentially. The results showed that the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB followed pseudo first order kinetics in different sediments. But, the extents and rates of degradation were different, even the other conditions remained the same. Anaerobic degradation rates of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were 0 020 d -1 , 0 009 d -1 and 0 035 month -1 respectively for the sediments without additional carbon resources. However, with addition of carbon resources, the anaerobic degradation rates of γ 666, p, p ' DDT and HCB were 0 071 d -1 , 0 054 d -1 and 0 088 month -1 in the original sediments respectively. After removing NOM, the rates were decreased to 0 047 d -1 , 0 037 d -1 and 0 066 month -1 ; in the sediments removed NOM and HMO, the rates were increased to 0 067 d -1 , 0 059 d -1 and 0 086 month -1 . These results indicated that NOM in the sediments accelerated the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB; the HMO inhibited the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB.展开更多
The explosive increase of construction and demolition waste(CDW) caused the insufficient source separation and emergency disposal at domestic waste landfills in many developing countries. Some organic fractions were i...The explosive increase of construction and demolition waste(CDW) caused the insufficient source separation and emergency disposal at domestic waste landfills in many developing countries. Some organic fractions were introduced to the CDW landfill process and resulted in serious odor pollution. To comprehensively explore the impacts of organic matters on odor emission patterns, five CDW landfills(OIL), with organic matters/inert CDW components(O/I) from 5% to 30%, and the control group only with inert components(IL) or organics(OL) were simulated at the laboratory. The chemical and olfactive characters of odors were evaluated using the emission rate of 94 odorants content(ER_(total)), theory odor concentration(TOC_(total)), and e-nose concentration(ER_(ENC)), and their correlations with waste properties were also analyzed. It was found that the main contributors to ER_(total)(IL: 93.0% NH_(3);OIL: 41.6% sulfides, 31.0% NH_(3), 25.9% oxygenated compounds) and TOC_(total)(IL: 64.1% CH_3SH, 28.2% NH_(3);OIL: 71.7% CH_(3)SH, 24.8% H_(2)S) changed significantly. With the rise of O/I, ER_(total), TOC_(total), and ER_(ENC) increased by 10.9, 20.6, and 2.1 times, respectively. And the organics content in CDW should be less than 10%(i.e., DOC < 101.3 mg/L). The good regressions between waste properties(DOC, DN, pH) and ER_(total),( r = 0.86, 0.86,-0.88, p < 0.05), TOC_(total),( r = 0.82, 0.79, -0.82, p < 0.05) implied that the carbon sources and acidic substances relating to organics degradation might result in that increase. Besides, the correlation analysis results( ER_(ENC) vs. TOC_(total,, r = 0.96, p < 0.01;vs. ER_(ENC), r = 0.86, p < 0.05) indicated that e-nose perhaps was a reliable odor continuous monitoring tool for CDW landfills.展开更多
In order to discuss the content distributions and fluxes of heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary, the contents of heavy metals （Zn,...In order to discuss the content distributions and fluxes of heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary, the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni） have been analyzed. During a tidal cycle, the average contents of heavy metals are in the order of Zn〉Ni〉Pb〉Co〉〉Cd. The average contents in ebb tide are generally higher than that in flood tide. However, at the inshore Sta. 11, influenced by the contamination from the nearby waste treatment plant, the average contents of Zn and Ni in flood tide are higher than those in ebb fide and at the offshore Sta. 10, the content of Cd in flood tide higher than that in ebb tide due to marine-derived materials. The five heavy metals, mainly terrigenous, are transported towards east-northeast, and settle down with suspended matters in the area between Sta. 11 and Sta. 10. Influenced by marine-derived materials, the flux value of Cd does not alter significantly with obviously changing in flux direction towards northwest. The source of heavy metals, the salinity of water and the concentration of suspended matters are the main factors controlling the content distributions of heavy metals during a tidal cycle. There is a positive correlation between the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Co and Ni） and the salinity of water, while the opposite correlation between the contents and the concentrations of suspended matters. Because of marine-derived materials, the content of Cd is not correlated with the concentration of suspended matters and the salinity of water.展开更多
Soil samples collected from a 25-year long-term fertilizer experiment carried out on the Earth-cumulic-Orthic Anthrosols in semi-humid farmland ecological system, were used to study the distribution of soil organic ma...Soil samples collected from a 25-year long-term fertilizer experiment carried out on the Earth-cumulic-Orthic Anthrosols in semi-humid farmland ecological system, were used to study the distribution of soil organic matters, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammoniate nitrogen in different grades of soil macro-aggregates in order to study the effects of long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. It is showed that the percentage of mass of the soil macro-aggregates with long-term application of fertilizers with sizes of 5-2 mm is increased compared with that of the samples with no fertilizer. It is easier to form lager size soil macro-aggregates by the long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen are all higher after treatments with different combinations of fertilizers, while there is a little effect on the contents of ammoniate nitrogen. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen in the grades of soil macro-aggregates from the plough layers of the treated farmland exhibited significant difference. Moreover, the contents of organic matters and total nitrogen in the soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 mm is the highest in all treated soil samples. The contents of nitrate nitrogen in soil macro-aggregates increased with the increasing of soil macro-aggregate size except those applied with chemical fertilizer and lower amount of corn stover. The results of correlation analysis revealed that there exists a significantly positive correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 5-2 mm and the contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil samples. However, the correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 rnm and the contents of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen is significantly negative.The study showed that the highest contributing rates of macro-aggregates fractions to soil fertility is from the soil macro-aggregates fraction with the size of 1-0.25 mm in most of the cases.展开更多
The particle matter,particularly the suspended particle matter(PM≤2.5)in the air is not only a risk factor for human health,but also affects the survival and physiological features of plants.Plants show advantages in...The particle matter,particularly the suspended particle matter(PM≤2.5)in the air is not only a risk factor for human health,but also affects the survival and physiological features of plants.Plants show advantages in the adsorption of particle matter,while the factors,such as the leaf shape,leaf distribution density and leaf surface microstructure,such as grooves,folds,stomata,flocculent projections,micro-roughness,long fuzz,short pubescence,wax and secretory products,appeared to play an important role determing their absorption capacity.In this paper,the research progress on the capture or adsorption of atmospheric particles was summarized,and the forest vegetation and woody plants were discuessed.In addition,special attentions were paid to the effect of haze-fog weather on greenhouse plant,the different responses of plant leaves to dust particles and suspended particles,as well as the effect of suspended particles on morphological change of plants.In the future,research should focus on the mechanism of the influence of particulate matter on plants.More advanced effective and convenient research methods like spectral detection method also need to be developed.This paper may provide reference for future studies on plants’response to haze and particle matter.展开更多
Objective To investigate phosphorus limitation and its effect on the removal efficiency of organic matters in drinking water biological treatment. Methods Bacterial growth potential (BGP) method and a pair of parallel...Objective To investigate phosphorus limitation and its effect on the removal efficiency of organic matters in drinking water biological treatment. Methods Bacterial growth potential (BGP) method and a pair of parallel pilot-scale biofilters were used for the two objectives, respectively. Results The addition of phosphorus could substantially increase the BGPs of the water samples and the effect was stronger than that of the addition of carbon. When nothing was added into the influents, both CODMn removals of the parallel biofilters (BF1 and BF2) were about 15%. When phosphate was added into its influent, BF1 performed a CODMn removal, 6.02 percentage points higher than the control filter (BF2) and its effluent had a higher biological stability. When the addition dose was <20μg. L-1, no phosphorus pollution would occur and there was a good linear relationship between the microbial utilization of phosphorus and the removal efficiency of organic matters. Conclusions Phosphorus was a limiting nutrient and its limitation was stronger than that of carbon. The addition of phosphate was a practical way to improve the removal efficiency of organic matters in drinking water biological treatment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274344)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(Nos.2022JJ30723 and 2023JJ20068)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC3042).
文摘Controlling the adhesion of potentially corrosive substances from flue gas on grate bar is crucial for extending the operational lifespan of the equipment.The adhesive behaviour and mechanism of ultrafine particulate matters(UPM)throughout the sintering process were elucidated,and measures to control adhesion on grate bars were developed.Research findings indicated that a small quantity of UPM were found on grate bar during the initial sintering stages(ignition stage and middle stageⅠandⅡ).The main compositions of UPM were FexOy-rich,CaO-rich,and aluminium silicate-rich particles.In contrast,corrosive substances like alkali metal compounds were almost absent.These UPM adhered onto grate bar primarily through inertial impaction.When moving to the final sintering stages(middle stageⅢand temperature rising stage),many UPM rich in corrosive substances like NaCl and KCl adhered to the grate bar.These UPM adhered to grate bar through thermal diffusion and vortex deposition.Solid waste water washing technology can greatly decrease the quantity of UPM(rich in NaCl and KCl)on the grate bar due to vortex deposition and thermal diffusion,and it represents a potentially promising way to control adhesion and corrosion on grate bars.
基金supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2024DJ8702)the Science and Technology Research Project of the China National Petroleum Corporation(No.2024DJ87)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42272029)the“Light of West China”Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.xbzglzb2022025)。
文摘The high-quality laminated source rock organic matter(OM)originated from planktonic algae,and its sedimentation was affected by global climate change significantly in the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation of the western Qaidam Basin.However,coupling research on the paleoenvironment change and OM enrichment during the sedimentation period of the source rock is still lacking.This study from the aspects of sedimentary petrology,geochemistry and paleontology palynology,the paleoenvironment of source rock is restored and the OM enrichment model is established in the study area.Firstly,kerogen maceral identification indicates that the kerogen maceral is mainly composed of Botryococcus,accompanied with amorphous organic matter and plant debris.Secondly,arid climate and relatively active tectonic were observed during the deposition of the source rock.The water column was received felsic source from the continental island arc tectonic background,and has the environmental characteristics of relatively saline,shallow depth,medium low productivity,fast sedimentation rate and anoxic reduction and so on.Lastly,the first-order controlling factors for the OM enrichment are anoxic water conditions and suitable sedimentation rate,and the secondary controlling factor is paleoproductivity.Through the coupling study of paleoclimate,paleoenvironment and OM enrichment,the paleoclimate high frequency alternating evolution was the root cause of sedimentary environment change and OM enrichment of the laminated shale in the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation.The study on the OM enrichment mechanism of algae in Qaidam provides a good model for understanding the coupling relationship between the algae bloom in the saline lake basins and the environments,and provides important theoretical basis for predicting shale oil“sweet spot”and production well sites arrangement for the continental saline lacustrine basins.
文摘Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41972127)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFA0719000)。
文摘Nitrogen isotope compositions(δ15N)of sedimentary rocks are usually used to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and nitrogen(N)biogeochemical cycle.Theδ15N values of crude oils inherit the characteristics of relevant source rocks and can well reflect the information of hydrocarbon-forming organisms and environment in ancient water column.However,studies on theδ15N of crude oils are limited due to the low N content.In this study,a new efficient method is applied to the marine oils from the Bashituo(BST)and Halahatang(HLHT)areas of the Tarim Basin to obtain the nitrogenous components(i.e.,nonhydrocarbons and asphaltenes)for the achievement of N concentration.The carbon and nitrogen isotopes of these components and the biomarkers of oils were measured.Theδ15N values in asphaltenes(δ15NAsp)are significantly heavier than those in nonhydrocarbons(δ15NNSOs)in these oils,which are attributed to the potential directional N transfer and kinetic isotope fractionation during the thermal evolution of organic matters(OM).Theδ15NAspvalues have significant correlations with OM origin associated parameters and weak correlations with environmental parameters,suggesting that the difference inδ15NAspvalues is mainly resulted from biological source rather than redox conditions.Theδ15NNSOsvalues have a closer relationship with the redox condition than biological characteristics,indicating that they have a good response to paleoenvironmental variation in the water column,which is not completely overprinted by the difference of OM origin.Different redox conditions give rise to distinct nitrogen cycles,resulting in variousδ15N values.Anammox occurs in the water column of the Early Cambrian dominated by physically stratified conditions with significant isotope fractionation,resulting in relatively heavierδ15N of OM in the BST area.In the Middle-Late Ordovician period,the limited suboxic zone leads to an insignificant positive bias ofδ15N caused by partial denitrification in the HLHT oils.The evaluation ofδ15N in nitrogenous fractions enables a more comprehensive reconstruction of N cycle for ancient oceans.
基金supported by the National Science & Technology Major Project of China (No. 2009ZX07209004)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2007CB407304)
文摘Sediment resuspension plays an important role in the transport and fate of heavy metals in the aquatic environment. In the present study, the release and binding forms of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb under hydrodynamic conditions were investigated using an annular flume. Two sediments located at YLZ and GBD from Liangshui River, Beijing were resuspended for 10 hr at 0.159 and 0.267 m/see, respectively. The concentrations of suspended particulate matters of YLZ were higher than those of GBD during resuspension, indicating that the former sediment is more sensitive to the velocity. Cr in the dissolved phase stayed nearly constant at about 2.25 and 1.84 I^g/L for YLZ and GBD, respectively, due to the high percentage of its stable binding fractions in both sediments, while Cu, Zn, and Pb showed a fast release in the initial period of time. However, their concentrations in SPM generally decreased with time and were higher at the lower velocity of 0.159 m/see, which resulted from the entrainment and depressing effect of larger size particles with lower heavy metal content, commonly referred to as the ＂particle concentration effect＂. In addition, the binding form and heavy metal fractions were also found to vary during the resuspension event. A decrease in the sulphide/organic matters bounded form in GBD sediment was observed, whereas no visible changes were perceived in YLZ site samples. This phenomenon is due to the oxidation of heavy metal-sulphide binding forms, which originated from its high acid volatile sulphide content in GBD sediment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51808008)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No.E2017409004)the Youth Foundation of Hebei Province Education Department (No.QN2016224)
文摘Endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) in the secondary effluent discharged from wastewater treatment plants are of great concern when water reuse is intended. Ozonation and ultrafiltration(UF) are powerful technologies reported to eliminate EDCs. Due to the importance of effluent organic matters(EfOMs) in secondary effluent, the effects of three kinds of EfOM on the treatment of five EDCs using ozonation and UF were investigated. The three kinds of EfOM studied were humic acid sodium salt(NaAH), bovine serum albumin(BSA)and sodium alginate(NaAg); and the five EDCs were estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol and bisphenol A. The results showed that EfOM accelerated the decay rate of ozone and inhibited the degradation efficiency of EDCs by ozonation in the order NaAH > BSA > NaAg.The ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm(UVA_(280)) has potential for use as a surrogate indicator to assess EDC removal via ozonation without conducting difficult EDC analyses. When the decline in UVA_(280) exceeded 18%, the five EDCs had been completely removed. The UF behavior of NaAH,BSA and NaAg was found to follow the cake filtration law. The fouling potential of EfOM followed the order NaAg > NaAH > BSA; while EfOM on the membrane surface enhanced EDC removal in the order NaAH > BSA > NaAg. The mean retention rate of the membrane was increased by 24%, 10% and 8%, respectively. The properties of EDCs and EfOM cakes both influenced the EDC removal rates due to adsorption, size exclusion and charge attraction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41530643,41273133)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB14020203)
文摘Presented here is the influence of membrane pore size and dissolved organic matters on the diffusion coefficient（D） of aqueous arsenate, investigated by the diffusion cell method for the first time. The p H-dependent diffusion coefficient of arsenate was determined and compared with values from previous studies; the coefficient was found to decrease with increasing p H, showing the validity of our novel diffusion cell method. The D value increased dramatically as a function of membrane pore size at small pore sizes, and then increased slowly at pore sizes larger than 2.0 μm. Using the Exp Assoc model, the maximum D value was determined to be 11.2565 × 10^-6cm^2/sec. The presence of dissolved organic matters led to a dramatic increase of the D of arsenate, which could be attributed to electrostatic effects and ionic effects of salts. These results improve the understanding of the diffusion behavior of arsenate, especially the important role of various environmental parameters in the study and prediction of the migration of arsenate in aquatic water systems.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB0605101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22076198 and 91543107)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2017ZZD07)。
文摘The distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic(As)in different sized atmospheric particulate matters(PMs),including total suspended particles(TSP),PM_(10),and PM_(2.5),collected from Baoding,China were analyzed.The average total mass concentrations of As in TSP,PM_(10),and PM_(2.5)were 31.5,35.3,and 54.1μg/g,respectively,with an order of PM_(2.5)>PM_(10)>TSP,revealing that As is prone to accumulate on fine particles.Due to the divergent toxicities of different As species,speciation analysis of As in PMs is further conducted.Most of previous studies mainly focused on inorganic arsenite(iAs^(Ⅲ)),inorganic arsenate(iAs^(Ⅴ)),monomethylarsonate(MMA),and dimethylarsinate(DMA)in PMs,while the identification and sensitive quantification of trimethylarsine oxide(TMAO)were rarely reported.In this study,a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was optimized for As speciation including TMAO in PMs.An anion exchange column was used to separate MMA,DMA and iAs^(Ⅴ),while a cation exchange column to separate TMAO and iAs^(Ⅲ).Results showed that iAs^(Ⅴ) was the dominate component in all the samples,corresponding to a portion of 79.2%±9.3%of the total extractable species,while iAs^(Ⅲ),TMAO and DMA made up the remaining 21%.Our study demonstrated that iAs^(Ⅲ) accounted for about 14.4%±11.4%of the total extracted species,with an average concentration of 1.7±1.6 ng/m^(3).It is worth noting that TMAO was widely present in the samples(84 out of 97 samples),which supported the assumption that TMAO was ubiquitous in atmospheric particles.
基金supported by the Xiamen Science and Technology Planning Project (No. 3502Z20162002)
文摘Tetracyclines（TCs） discharged from livestock wastewater have aroused public concerns due to their pharmacological threats to ecosystems and human health. As an important medium in the wastewater, suspended organic matters（SOMs） play vital roles in antibiotics transport and degradation. However, limited information has been reported in the relevant literature. This study investigated TCs sorption behavior on SOM, withdrawn from swine wastewater. High TCs sorption capacities were detected, with the maximum values ranging from 0.337 to 0.679 mg/g. Increasing p H and temperature led to the decline of sorption capacity. Results from three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry revealed that amide and carboxyl groups were the main functional groups for TCs adsorption. The interactions between SOM and TCs were clarified as predominated by hydrogen-bonding and cation-exchange in acid conditions, and electrostatic repulsion in neutral or alkaline conditions. Adsorption kinetics modeling was conducted, and a satisfactory fitting was achieved with the Freundlich equation. These results indicated that the adsorption process was a rather complex process, involving a combination of cation-exchange and hydrogen-bonding. The results will provide a better understanding of the capability of SOM for TCs transport and abatement in the wastewater treatment process.
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a very important role in Chinese people ’ s health-keeping, enjoying an position of the same significance with Western medicine and drugs. Entering into the 21 century, and due to the swift and drastic development in economy and elevation in living quality, the public have come to pay much more
文摘Effects of natural organic matters(NOM) and hydrated metal oxides(HMO) in sediments on the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were investigated by means of removing NOM and HMO in Liaohe River sediments sequentially. The results showed that the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB followed pseudo first order kinetics in different sediments. But, the extents and rates of degradation were different, even the other conditions remained the same. Anaerobic degradation rates of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB were 0 020 d -1 , 0 009 d -1 and 0 035 month -1 respectively for the sediments without additional carbon resources. However, with addition of carbon resources, the anaerobic degradation rates of γ 666, p, p ' DDT and HCB were 0 071 d -1 , 0 054 d -1 and 0 088 month -1 in the original sediments respectively. After removing NOM, the rates were decreased to 0 047 d -1 , 0 037 d -1 and 0 066 month -1 ; in the sediments removed NOM and HMO, the rates were increased to 0 067 d -1 , 0 059 d -1 and 0 086 month -1 . These results indicated that NOM in the sediments accelerated the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB; the HMO inhibited the anaerobic degradation of γ 666, p,p' DDT and HCB.
基金supported by the Project of Scientific Research Plan of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.17DZ1202404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51678357,U1662128)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1900704)。
文摘The explosive increase of construction and demolition waste(CDW) caused the insufficient source separation and emergency disposal at domestic waste landfills in many developing countries. Some organic fractions were introduced to the CDW landfill process and resulted in serious odor pollution. To comprehensively explore the impacts of organic matters on odor emission patterns, five CDW landfills(OIL), with organic matters/inert CDW components(O/I) from 5% to 30%, and the control group only with inert components(IL) or organics(OL) were simulated at the laboratory. The chemical and olfactive characters of odors were evaluated using the emission rate of 94 odorants content(ER_(total)), theory odor concentration(TOC_(total)), and e-nose concentration(ER_(ENC)), and their correlations with waste properties were also analyzed. It was found that the main contributors to ER_(total)(IL: 93.0% NH_(3);OIL: 41.6% sulfides, 31.0% NH_(3), 25.9% oxygenated compounds) and TOC_(total)(IL: 64.1% CH_3SH, 28.2% NH_(3);OIL: 71.7% CH_(3)SH, 24.8% H_(2)S) changed significantly. With the rise of O/I, ER_(total), TOC_(total), and ER_(ENC) increased by 10.9, 20.6, and 2.1 times, respectively. And the organics content in CDW should be less than 10%(i.e., DOC < 101.3 mg/L). The good regressions between waste properties(DOC, DN, pH) and ER_(total),( r = 0.86, 0.86,-0.88, p < 0.05), TOC_(total),( r = 0.82, 0.79, -0.82, p < 0.05) implied that the carbon sources and acidic substances relating to organics degradation might result in that increase. Besides, the correlation analysis results( ER_(ENC) vs. TOC_(total,, r = 0.96, p < 0.01;vs. ER_(ENC), r = 0.86, p < 0.05) indicated that e-nose perhaps was a reliable odor continuous monitoring tool for CDW landfills.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41076022the National Basic Research Program(973Program)of China under contract No.2002CB412400
文摘In order to discuss the content distributions and fluxes of heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary, the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni） have been analyzed. During a tidal cycle, the average contents of heavy metals are in the order of Zn〉Ni〉Pb〉Co〉〉Cd. The average contents in ebb tide are generally higher than that in flood tide. However, at the inshore Sta. 11, influenced by the contamination from the nearby waste treatment plant, the average contents of Zn and Ni in flood tide are higher than those in ebb fide and at the offshore Sta. 10, the content of Cd in flood tide higher than that in ebb tide due to marine-derived materials. The five heavy metals, mainly terrigenous, are transported towards east-northeast, and settle down with suspended matters in the area between Sta. 11 and Sta. 10. Influenced by marine-derived materials, the flux value of Cd does not alter significantly with obviously changing in flux direction towards northwest. The source of heavy metals, the salinity of water and the concentration of suspended matters are the main factors controlling the content distributions of heavy metals during a tidal cycle. There is a positive correlation between the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Co and Ni） and the salinity of water, while the opposite correlation between the contents and the concentrations of suspended matters. Because of marine-derived materials, the content of Cd is not correlated with the concentration of suspended matters and the salinity of water.
基金The study was supported by the National Natural Sci—ence Foundation of China(30571116)．
文摘Soil samples collected from a 25-year long-term fertilizer experiment carried out on the Earth-cumulic-Orthic Anthrosols in semi-humid farmland ecological system, were used to study the distribution of soil organic matters, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammoniate nitrogen in different grades of soil macro-aggregates in order to study the effects of long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. It is showed that the percentage of mass of the soil macro-aggregates with long-term application of fertilizers with sizes of 5-2 mm is increased compared with that of the samples with no fertilizer. It is easier to form lager size soil macro-aggregates by the long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen are all higher after treatments with different combinations of fertilizers, while there is a little effect on the contents of ammoniate nitrogen. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen in the grades of soil macro-aggregates from the plough layers of the treated farmland exhibited significant difference. Moreover, the contents of organic matters and total nitrogen in the soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 mm is the highest in all treated soil samples. The contents of nitrate nitrogen in soil macro-aggregates increased with the increasing of soil macro-aggregate size except those applied with chemical fertilizer and lower amount of corn stover. The results of correlation analysis revealed that there exists a significantly positive correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 5-2 mm and the contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil samples. However, the correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 rnm and the contents of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen is significantly negative.The study showed that the highest contributing rates of macro-aggregates fractions to soil fertility is from the soil macro-aggregates fraction with the size of 1-0.25 mm in most of the cases.
基金This work was funded under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(31801259)the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province(20170204020NY).
文摘The particle matter,particularly the suspended particle matter(PM≤2.5)in the air is not only a risk factor for human health,but also affects the survival and physiological features of plants.Plants show advantages in the adsorption of particle matter,while the factors,such as the leaf shape,leaf distribution density and leaf surface microstructure,such as grooves,folds,stomata,flocculent projections,micro-roughness,long fuzz,short pubescence,wax and secretory products,appeared to play an important role determing their absorption capacity.In this paper,the research progress on the capture or adsorption of atmospheric particles was summarized,and the forest vegetation and woody plants were discuessed.In addition,special attentions were paid to the effect of haze-fog weather on greenhouse plant,the different responses of plant leaves to dust particles and suspended particles,as well as the effect of suspended particles on morphological change of plants.In the future,research should focus on the mechanism of the influence of particulate matter on plants.More advanced effective and convenient research methods like spectral detection method also need to be developed.This paper may provide reference for future studies on plants’response to haze and particle matter.
文摘Objective To investigate phosphorus limitation and its effect on the removal efficiency of organic matters in drinking water biological treatment. Methods Bacterial growth potential (BGP) method and a pair of parallel pilot-scale biofilters were used for the two objectives, respectively. Results The addition of phosphorus could substantially increase the BGPs of the water samples and the effect was stronger than that of the addition of carbon. When nothing was added into the influents, both CODMn removals of the parallel biofilters (BF1 and BF2) were about 15%. When phosphate was added into its influent, BF1 performed a CODMn removal, 6.02 percentage points higher than the control filter (BF2) and its effluent had a higher biological stability. When the addition dose was <20μg. L-1, no phosphorus pollution would occur and there was a good linear relationship between the microbial utilization of phosphorus and the removal efficiency of organic matters. Conclusions Phosphorus was a limiting nutrient and its limitation was stronger than that of carbon. The addition of phosphate was a practical way to improve the removal efficiency of organic matters in drinking water biological treatment.
