This is the first of two articles(Part I and Part II)that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation,Ame2020.It includes complete information on the experimental input data that were used to derive the tab...This is the first of two articles(Part I and Part II)that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation,Ame2020.It includes complete information on the experimental input data that were used to derive the tables of recommended values which are given in Part II.This article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction,decay and mass-spectrometric data which were used in a least-squares fit adjustment in order to determine the recommended mass values and their uncertainties.All input data,including both the accepted and rejected ones,are tabulated and compared with the adjusted values obtained from the least-squares fit analysis.Differences with the previous Ame2016 evaluation are discussed and specific examples are presented for several nuclides that may be of interest to Ame users.展开更多
This is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses,Ame2020.Using least-squares adjustments to all evaluated and accepted experimental data,described in Part I,we derived tables with numerical values and gr...This is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses,Ame2020.Using least-squares adjustments to all evaluated and accepted experimental data,described in Part I,we derived tables with numerical values and graphs which supersede those given in Ame2016.The first table presents the recommended atomic mass values and their uncertainties.It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides,a table of various reaction and decay energies,and finally,a series of graphs of separation and decay energies.The last section of this paper provides all input data references that were used in the Ame2020 and the Nubase2020 evaluations.展开更多
This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, AME2016. Using least-squares adjustments to all evaluated and accepted experimental data, described in Part I, we derive tables with numerical valu...This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, AME2016. Using least-squares adjustments to all evaluated and accepted experimental data, described in Part I, we derive tables with numerical values and graphs to replace those given in AME2012. The first table lists the recommended atomic mass values and their uncertainties. It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides, a table of various reaction and decay energies, and finally, a series of graphs of separation and decay energies. The last section of this paper lists all references of the input data used in the AME2016 and the NUBASE2016 evaluations （first paper in this issue）.展开更多
This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, AME2012. From the results of a leastsquares calculation, described in Part I, for all accepted experimental data, we derive here tables and graphs ...This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, AME2012. From the results of a leastsquares calculation, described in Part I, for all accepted experimental data, we derive here tables and graphs to replace those of AME2003. The first table lists atomic masses. It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides, a table of separation energies and reaction energies, and finally, a series of graphs of separation and decay energies. The last section in this paper lists all references to the input data used in Part I of this AME2012 and also to the data included in the NUBASE2012 evaluation （first paper in this issue）.展开更多
Engineering geological and hydro-geological characteristics of foundation rock and surrounding rock mass are the main factors that affect the stability of underground engineering. This paper presents the concept of mu...Engineering geological and hydro-geological characteristics of foundation rock and surrounding rock mass are the main factors that affect the stability of underground engineering. This paper presents the concept of multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models to describe the rock mass, including its structures in different scales and corresponding scale dependence. Four scales including regional scale,engineering scale, laboratory scale and microscale are determined, and the corresponding scaledependent geological structures and their characterization methods are provided. Image analysis and processing method, geostatistics and Monte Carlo simulation technique are used to establish the multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models, in which the main micro-and macro-structures of rock mass in different geological units and scales are reflected and connected. A computer code is developed for numerically analyzing the strength, fracture behavior and hydraulic conductivity of rock mass using the multiscale hierarchical digital models. Using the models and methods provided in this paper, the geological information of rock mass in different geological units and scales can be considered sufficiently,and the influence of downscale characteristics(such as meso-scale) on the upscale characteristics(such as engineering scale) can be calculated by considering the discrete geological structures in the downscale model as equivalent continuous media in the upscale model. Thus the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass may be evaluated rationally and precisely. The multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models and the corresponding methods proposed in this paper provide a unified and simple solution for determining the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass in different scales.展开更多
The evaluation of engineering rock mass quality is fundamental work for the engineering activities of rock mass.The increasing scale of rock mass engineering necessitates higher intelligence,timeliness,and accuracy in...The evaluation of engineering rock mass quality is fundamental work for the engineering activities of rock mass.The increasing scale of rock mass engineering necessitates higher intelligence,timeliness,and accuracy in engineering rock mass quality evaluation.As the core aspects of engineering rock mass quality evaluation,the structural characteristics,mechanical characteristics,and quality classification of rock mass have been innovated in recent years.The non-contact measurement technology for rock mass structure and rapid interpretation of rock mass structure information enables the intelligent extraction and analysis of rock mass structure parameters.The modular backpack laboratory system of rock mechanics provides an effective means to acquire rock mechanical parameters on-site conveniently.The theory of statistical mechanics of rock mass(SMRM)integrates various factors such as the rock mass properties,geological environment,and engineering disturbance,providing a theoretical basis for accurately evaluating the weakening and anisotropy of rock mass.The cloud computing platform established based on SMRM can provide technical support for the rapid calculation of rock mass parameters and instant evaluation of the rock mass quality.The development of intelligent evaluation method and technology is altering the conventional technical state of qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluation of engineering rock mass quality,supporting the realization of rock mass engineering construction with intellectualization and informatization.展开更多
This paper presents the NUBASE2016 evaluation that contains the recommended values for nuclear and decay properties of 3437 nuclides in their ground and excited isomeric （T1/2〉 100 ns） states. All nuclides for whic...This paper presents the NUBASE2016 evaluation that contains the recommended values for nuclear and decay properties of 3437 nuclides in their ground and excited isomeric （T1/2〉 100 ns） states. All nuclides for which any experimental information is known were considered. NUSASE2016 covers all data published by October 2016 in primary （journal articles） and secondary （mainly laboratory reports and conference proceedings） references, together with the corresponding bibliographical information. During the development of NUBASE2016, the data available in the ＂Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File＂ （ENSDF） database were consulted and critically assessed for their validity and completeness. Furthermore, a large amount of new data and some older experimental results that were missing from ENSDF were compiled, evaluated and included in NUBASE2016. The atomic mass values were taken from the ＂Atomic Mass Evaluation＂ （AME2016, second and third parts of the present issue）. In cases where no experimental data were available for a particular nuclide, trends in the behavior of specific properties in neighboring nuclides （TNN） were examined. This approach allowed to estimate values for a range of properties that are labeled in NUBASE2016 as ＂non-experimental＂ （flagged ＂#＂）. Evaluation procedures and policies used during the development of this database are presented, together with a detailed table of recommended values and their uncertainties.展开更多
文摘This is the first of two articles(Part I and Part II)that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation,Ame2020.It includes complete information on the experimental input data that were used to derive the tables of recommended values which are given in Part II.This article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction,decay and mass-spectrometric data which were used in a least-squares fit adjustment in order to determine the recommended mass values and their uncertainties.All input data,including both the accepted and rejected ones,are tabulated and compared with the adjusted values obtained from the least-squares fit analysis.Differences with the previous Ame2016 evaluation are discussed and specific examples are presented for several nuclides that may be of interest to Ame users.
基金This work is supported in part by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS,Grant No.XDB34000000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0400504)the U.S.Department of Energy,Of-fice of Science,Office of Nuclear Physics,under Contract No.DE-AC02-06CH11357.
文摘This is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses,Ame2020.Using least-squares adjustments to all evaluated and accepted experimental data,described in Part I,we derived tables with numerical values and graphs which supersede those given in Ame2016.The first table presents the recommended atomic mass values and their uncertainties.It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides,a table of various reaction and decay energies,and finally,a series of graphs of separation and decay energies.The last section of this paper provides all input data references that were used in the Ame2020 and the Nubase2020 evaluations.
基金supported in part by the National Key Program for S&T Research and Development (Contract No. 2016YFA0400504)the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Contract No. 2013CB834401)+3 种基金supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science,Office of Nuclear Physics,under Contract No.DE-AC0206CH11357the support from the China Scholarship Council,grant No. 201404910496the support of “RIKEN Pioneering Project Funding” from the Riken projectthe support of “Light of West China Program” of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, AME2016. Using least-squares adjustments to all evaluated and accepted experimental data, described in Part I, we derive tables with numerical values and graphs to replace those given in AME2012. The first table lists the recommended atomic mass values and their uncertainties. It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides, a table of various reaction and decay energies, and finally, a series of graphs of separation and decay energies. The last section of this paper lists all references of the input data used in the AME2016 and the NUBASE2016 evaluations （first paper in this issue）.
文摘This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, AME2012. From the results of a leastsquares calculation, described in Part I, for all accepted experimental data, we derive here tables and graphs to replace those of AME2003. The first table lists atomic masses. It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides, a table of separation energies and reaction energies, and finally, a series of graphs of separation and decay energies. The last section in this paper lists all references to the input data used in Part I of this AME2012 and also to the data included in the NUBASE2012 evaluation （first paper in this issue）.
基金the Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 51522903)the National Key Research and Development Plan (Grant No. 2016YFC0501104)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1361103, 51479094 and 51379104)the Open Research Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering,Tsinghua University (Grant Nos. 2015-KY-04, 2016-KY-02 and 2016KY-05)
文摘Engineering geological and hydro-geological characteristics of foundation rock and surrounding rock mass are the main factors that affect the stability of underground engineering. This paper presents the concept of multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models to describe the rock mass, including its structures in different scales and corresponding scale dependence. Four scales including regional scale,engineering scale, laboratory scale and microscale are determined, and the corresponding scaledependent geological structures and their characterization methods are provided. Image analysis and processing method, geostatistics and Monte Carlo simulation technique are used to establish the multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models, in which the main micro-and macro-structures of rock mass in different geological units and scales are reflected and connected. A computer code is developed for numerically analyzing the strength, fracture behavior and hydraulic conductivity of rock mass using the multiscale hierarchical digital models. Using the models and methods provided in this paper, the geological information of rock mass in different geological units and scales can be considered sufficiently,and the influence of downscale characteristics(such as meso-scale) on the upscale characteristics(such as engineering scale) can be calculated by considering the discrete geological structures in the downscale model as equivalent continuous media in the upscale model. Thus the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass may be evaluated rationally and precisely. The multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models and the corresponding methods proposed in this paper provide a unified and simple solution for determining the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass in different scales.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41831290 and 42177142)the Key R&D Project from Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2020C03092)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2023-YBSF-486).
文摘The evaluation of engineering rock mass quality is fundamental work for the engineering activities of rock mass.The increasing scale of rock mass engineering necessitates higher intelligence,timeliness,and accuracy in engineering rock mass quality evaluation.As the core aspects of engineering rock mass quality evaluation,the structural characteristics,mechanical characteristics,and quality classification of rock mass have been innovated in recent years.The non-contact measurement technology for rock mass structure and rapid interpretation of rock mass structure information enables the intelligent extraction and analysis of rock mass structure parameters.The modular backpack laboratory system of rock mechanics provides an effective means to acquire rock mechanical parameters on-site conveniently.The theory of statistical mechanics of rock mass(SMRM)integrates various factors such as the rock mass properties,geological environment,and engineering disturbance,providing a theoretical basis for accurately evaluating the weakening and anisotropy of rock mass.The cloud computing platform established based on SMRM can provide technical support for the rapid calculation of rock mass parameters and instant evaluation of the rock mass quality.The development of intelligent evaluation method and technology is altering the conventional technical state of qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluation of engineering rock mass quality,supporting the realization of rock mass engineering construction with intellectualization and informatization.
基金This work has been undertaken with the efidorsement of the IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants （SUNAMCO）.
文摘This paper presents the NUBASE2016 evaluation that contains the recommended values for nuclear and decay properties of 3437 nuclides in their ground and excited isomeric （T1/2〉 100 ns） states. All nuclides for which any experimental information is known were considered. NUSASE2016 covers all data published by October 2016 in primary （journal articles） and secondary （mainly laboratory reports and conference proceedings） references, together with the corresponding bibliographical information. During the development of NUBASE2016, the data available in the ＂Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File＂ （ENSDF） database were consulted and critically assessed for their validity and completeness. Furthermore, a large amount of new data and some older experimental results that were missing from ENSDF were compiled, evaluated and included in NUBASE2016. The atomic mass values were taken from the ＂Atomic Mass Evaluation＂ （AME2016, second and third parts of the present issue）. In cases where no experimental data were available for a particular nuclide, trends in the behavior of specific properties in neighboring nuclides （TNN） were examined. This approach allowed to estimate values for a range of properties that are labeled in NUBASE2016 as ＂non-experimental＂ （flagged ＂#＂）. Evaluation procedures and policies used during the development of this database are presented, together with a detailed table of recommended values and their uncertainties.
